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Coty Inc., together with its subsidiaries, manufactures, markets, distributes, and sells beauty products worldwide. It operates through Prestige and Consumer Beauty segments. The company provides fragrance, color cosmetics, and skin and body care products. It offers Prestige products primarily through prestige retailers, including perfumeries, department stores, e-retailers, direct-to-consumer websites, and duty-free shops under the Burberry, Bottega Veneta, Calvin Klein, Cavalli, Chloe, Davidoff, Escada, Gucci, Hugo Boss, Jil Sander, Joop!, Kylie Jenner, Lacoste, Lancaster, Marc Jacobs, Miu Miu, Orveda, philosophy, SKKN BY KIM, and Tiffany & Co. brands. The company provides Consumer Beauty products primarily through hypermarkets, supermarkets, drug stores, pharmacies, mid-tier department stores, traditional food and drug retailers, and e-commerce retailers under the Adidas, Beckham, Biocolor, Bozzano, Bourjois, Bruno Banani, CoverGirl, Jovan, Max Factor, Mexx, Monange, Nautica, Paixao, Rimmel, Risque, Sally Hansen, and 007 James Bond brands. Coty Inc. also sells its products through third-party distributors to approximately 120 countries and territories. The company was founded in 1904 and is based in New York, New York. Coty Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Cottage Holdco B.V.

Coty

coty

The global body blurring cosmetics market is anticipated to reach approximately US$ 8,500 million in 2022 and increase at a compound annual growth rate of roughly 7.4% from 2022 to 2023. By 2032, it is anticipated that sales of body-blurring cosmetics would have exceeded a market valuation of around US$ 17,

Body Blurring Cosmetics Market is Expected to Reach at a ~US$ 17,500 Million by 2032 | FMI

Unilever both made commitments to increase spend with diverse ingredient and packaging suppliers; LVMH Möet Hennessy Louis Vuitton sent out an internal memo declaring its "unyielding dedication to inclusivity" and rolled out plans for unconscious bias employee trainings;

Tracking Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Progress at Beauty's 20 Biggest Companies

Coty (COTY) doesn't possess the right combination of the two key ingredients for a likely earnings beat in its upcoming report. Get prepared with the key expectations.

Coty (COTY) Earnings Expected to Grow: Should You Buy?

‘Feel-good beauty’ defines the year for the beauty industry.

Our Top 20 Global Beauty Companies of 2023 Report

Summary Coty is a resilient beauty company with a diverse product line and global distribution. The company has made significant progress in its turnaround efforts, reducing debt and improving profitability.

Coty: The Beauty Industry's Hidden Gem

Fintel reports that on October 23, 2023, Raymond James maintained coverage of Coty Inc - (NYSE:COTY) with a Outperform recommendation. Analyst Price Forecast Suggests 45.10% Upside As of October 5, 2023,

Raymond James Maintains Coty Inc - (COTY) Outperform Recommendation

Coty Inc. is a global beauty company that has become a case study in innovation and growth. With a rich history and a commitment to staying ahead of the curve, Coty has evolved into a powerhouse in the beauty industry. The story of Coty Inc. begins in 1904 ...

Coty Inc.: A Case Study in Innovation and Growth

When Coty CEO Sue Nabi took the reins of the company behind Kylie Cosmetics and CoverGirl, she became the fifth CEO in five years at the struggling beauty giant. She was also the first in years to come from inside the beauty products industry, a background ...

CEO of Coty, which invested in Kim Kardashian’s beauty brand, says celebrities only win repeat customers if they focus on this one aspect

According to the company's investor presentation outlining the specifics of the deal, e.l.f. is set to acquire Naturium for $355 million through a combination of cash and stock. Naturium's current annual revenue run rate is approximately $90 million, signaling that e.l.f. is paying 4 times sales for the skincare company.

Got $1,000? Here Is 1 Cosmetics Company to Buy Hand Over Fist

So to keep my arsenal of cosmetics neat and tiny, I rely on a few beauty organizers. Searching for the best makeup organizers, you’ll find there’s really something for everyone. From acrylic ...

12 Makeup Organizers to Help You Declutter and Simplify Your Beauty Regimen

Chen covers the NA sector, focusing on stocks such as The Estée Lauder Companies, Levi Strauss & Co, and Beauty Health. Coty has an analyst consensus of Moderate Buy, with a price target ...

Analysts Offer Insights on NA Companies: Norwegian Cruise Line (NCLH) and Coty (COTY)

Analysts fell to the sidelines weighing in on Norwegian Cruise Line (NCLH – Research Report) and Coty (COTY – Research Report) with neutral

Let's learn about via these 86 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Sustainability /Learn Repo 1. 5 Emerging Climate Tech Startups to Watch in 2022 and Beyond Climate change is a global challenge that can no longer be denied, and technology is here to help. Meet 5 most promising ClimateTech startups to watch in 2022! 2. Why We Should All Pay Attention To Recent Food Tech Innovations There is a lot of food tech innovations out there that have been popping up over the past few years. And food tech has become a fairly popular industry to be in 3. Greed To Green: Inside The New Trend Of Regenerative Finance How can we go from an extractive to a regenerative economic system? ReFi is the web3 answer, using crypto and blockchain to tackle climate change. 4. Sustainable Agriculture, Space Colonization, And Food Security Challenges As humans colonize space, advances in key agricultural technologies are key to achieving long term survivability and also help Earth at the same time. 5. Smart Factories And Sustainability: Is Zero Waste Possible In Manufacturing? Under the influence of Industry 4.0 and IoT, businesses are ready to switch to smart factories. The uniqueness of the moment lies in the fact that any developing and developed state is able to create a powerful foundation for sustainable development in the future. The smart factory is the element of the Factory of the Future paradigm, which in fact is a brick in building the innovative economy of the future, and mechanical engineering, by virtue of its innovative nature. 6. 3D Printed Houses? Here’s Why That’s Good News for the Housing Shortage The gulf between those who are sanguine and those who are circumspect about 3D building construction is as great as the one between the cutting-edge city of Dubai and the woods of upstate New York, which also happen to be two places where the technology has been put to use. 7. Harvard Researchers have Created Shape-Shifting Wool Fabric Researchers from Harvard University have developed a biodegradable and sustainable wool-like fabric tech with pre-programmed shape memory. 8. How AI Empower Sustainable Growth of the Organisations The propagation of artificial intelligence (AI) is making a significant impact on society, changing the way how we work, live, and communicate. AI today is allowing the world to diagnose diseases and develop clinical pathways. It is also being used to match individuals’ skill sets with job openings and create smart traffic that leads to the reduction of pollution. There are many examples of applying AI technologies in the sustainable growth of the planet and organisations. 9. Scaling a Digital Business for Sustainability: 5 Tips to Follow If you’re a digital business owner, this is the best time for you to focus on growth, expansion, and sustainability. 10. Capgemini Growth Rates Double as Sustainability Efforts Expand Capgemini is furthering their environmental sustainability efforts in 2022, and has already dropped company-wide carbon emissions by 29%. 11. "Stay hungry and go your own way", advised Felix Paul Wagner, Managing Partner of Next Mobility Lab Next Mobility Labs was nominated as one of the best startups in Mainz, Germany in Startups of the Year hosted by HackerNoon. 12. Volcanos and New Proof Methods are great, but Bitcoin's Energy Problem Falls on the Community The environmental cost of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies is high, but the answer doesn't only lay with energy production and better proof methods 13. The Problem with Buzzwords and Megatrends: Marketers Beware! Almost all technology products seem to be enhanced by AI, with a foot in the Metaverse and working for a sustainable future. What does all this buzz mean? 14. About Mac Sunsetting macOS Catalina Every Apple computer released prior to 2013 will be rendered obsolete and insecure, thanks to the impending death of macOS Catalina. 15. Wannie Park, Zen Ecosystems CEO, On Current Energy Infrastracture And Circular Economy Zen Ecosystems, Startups of the year nominee, provides sustainable energy solutions for small to medium-sized businesses. Here's an interview with their CEO. 16. Towards a Greener World: Discussing Sustainable Investments with Stan Bharti Forbes & Manhattan Founder Stan Bharti on his career, ideas on sustainable investing, and the future of green investments. 17. Is Cloud Computing Really More Sustainable? We've all heard the environmental benefits of cloud computing, but there are some cons as well. Is the cloud really more sustainable? 18. "Is This How Our Story is Due to End?" #COP26 Are we investing in the right things or failing to see the bigger picture in pursuit of short-term goals? 19. Making User Activity on Your Website CO2 Neutral Enrex continually looks for innovative methods in applying offsetting services in digital industries. 20. Virtual Sampling: Reducing Waste in Design & Product Development Virtual sampling has become an applicable alternative for brands to utilize in their production process. A brand like Hugo Boss are adopting this. 21. Make Your App or Site Carbon Neutral in 3 Steps 22. World's First Crypto-Fashion week: Recap And Analysis The first crypto fashion week just happened, making way for a new wave of fashion but without the materiality. 23. Sustainable Computing beyond the Cloud Extreme increases in data streams are expanding the cloud's carbon footprint; a sustainable alternative to Cloud dependence has been developed. 24. Fuelling EV Adoption: the UK’s Petrol Crisis Could See a Rise in Electric Vehicle Stock Prices Let’s take a deeper look at the opportunities that are potentially rising through the UK petrol shortage. 25. The rise of Virtual Fashion and the very first Crypto-Fashion week The first crypto fashion week just happened, making way for a new wave of fashion but without the materiality. 26. Carina Ayden On Being an Environmentalist Founder Building Resilient Products Carina Ayden, the founder of Unimaginable foods, shares her perspective on the sustainable lifestyle and becoming an environmentalist. 27. Our Code Is Harming The Planet, We Need Carbon Aware Design Patterns Our Code Is Harming The Planet. Can Carbon Aware Design Patterns Help Us Fix It? 28. Hacking the Asphalt Economy, an Infographic A look at the asphalt economy - the most recycled material on the planet. 29. Apple Co-Founder Steve Wozniak is Developing Energy Efficiency NFTs The Genesis NFTs are a resource for making the necessary energy efficiency upgrades to businesses as part of the Energy Efficiency NFT initiative. 30. Cloudflare Helps Reduce The Environmental Impact of Internet Carbon Emissions Cloudflare is releasing sustainable edge computing services and energy-efficient features to help build sustainability directly into your own applications. 31. Blockchain Application to Transform Supply Chains Towards Sustainability The self-updating and verifiable nature of the blockchain means that it can be useful in improving supply chains in an efficient and sustainable manner. 32. Why Sponsor Open Source Projects? Here's Five Simple Reasons Why sponsor open-source projects? How does your modest donation help the open-source ecosystem in making a better and sustainable problem-solving environment? 33. Introducing CloseKnit: Healthy Community For Neighbours Every good story starts at the beginning. I was five when the train jolted from standstill, slowly carrying my parents and me away from the crumbling USSR. Most of the people who I cared for in life stood outside, waving. In due time, I’ll get to see them all again — but I did not know that back then. 34. How to Solve Real Problems so that Great Products Build Themselves Natasha from hackernoon.com asks Product Strategist Dani Laity to unpack the sustainable tech product strategies and monetization models powering Aurora Sustainability—2020 Noonie Nominee in for Best Use of Tech for Good in hackernoon.com’s annual internet awards! 🚀 35. The Uprising of A Sustainable Ecosystem for the Circular Future Welcome to ÀLA.HAUSSE, The World's First Sustainable AI-Powered P2P Multifunctional Ecosystem, for Me and You. 36. An Opportunity for Clean Energy through the Ethereum Blockchain The energy industry is consistently catalyzed by innovations and is at present undergoing a double transformation- digitization is changing on the basis of value creation in this emergent sector and second, there is a smart energy transition towards renewables. 37. Female Entrepreneur Miki Agrawal Champions Global Sustainability Initiatives With TUSHY Miki Agrawal champions ongoing global sustainability and eco-friendly hygiene through her professional and personal life. 38. Can a Sustainable Business be Created on the Back of Sustainability? Starkman certainly walks the walk on sustainability, and it's best displayed in three ways, an internal belief, a dedication to people, and to planet 39. Sustainable Clothes Made From Recycled Plastic Fashion brands across the globe are striving to reduce the industry’s negative environmental impact by creating new clothing using only plastic materials. 40. People and Technology Can Restore the Planet It's hard to be optimistic when we are inundated by news of our rapidly deteriorating planet every single day. Sometimes it's hard to shake the feeling that everything is on fire, because some days it literally is. 41. Are Fish Robots Going to Save the Oceans? In this slogging thread, our community discusses the new robo-fish that comes to help us save the oceans from microplastic waste. 42. Top Sustainability Issues Plaguing the Tech World in 2020 Innovation is usually seen as the key to solving environmental problems, IoT and AI being at the core of sustainability roadmap. 43. Chinese Economy 2023: Back to Normal? China's economic and industry outlook for 2023. 44. AI for the Earth: Ushering in a Sustainability Revolution Does AI have the potential to save the planet and revert the existing global damages caused by industrialization? Let's find out. 45. Can Satellites Help Combat Global Warming? In this slogging thread, our technology channel took the chance to discuss this news about the possibility of satellites helping fight global warming. 46. How the Blockchain Can Help Us Build a More Sustainable World Learn from the masters and create a sustainable future powered by blockchain today for yourself and your organization. 47. As Pressure Mounts, Energy Companies Turn to 7 Key Technologies to Tackle Emissions As pressure mounts for corporations to reduce their environmental footprint, energy giants have ramped up investments into clean energy. 48. The Future of Bitcoin Network Will be Powered by Green Energy: Unhashed #11 Unhashed is a QnA series where I speak with top execs of new and established blockchain projects to unravel the mystery of blockchain & crypto. 49. The rise of “green” products only means we’re still adding up, albeit now without guilt In the modern aspiration economy, everything is done with intention- from what you wash your clothes with, to what you cook, to how you treat your skin. 50. Writing Proper Code Is Vital: Here's Why November of last year, OVO Energy sponsored a study finding that “If every Brit sent one less thank you email a day, we would save 16,433 tonnes of carbon a year — the same as 81,152 flights [from the UK] to Madrid.” 51. More Proof that Venture Capitalists Don’t Care About Diversity, Equity, or Inclusion Venture Capital is already known for being remarkably not diverse. Yet despite some investors being blasted for tone-deaf actions in June related to racial equity, most have not taken any lessons from the past, and fewer have updated their investment strategies to acknowledge their complicity in propagating inequality. 52. 'RecycleSmart is Uber for Waste Management,' says Marco, CTO and Founder Our Startup is called RecycleSmart and we are ‘Uber for Waste.‘ You book a pickup, prepare your (hard to recycle) waste, and we collect it and recycle. 53. The Rise of Sustainable Cities in Africa Over 55 percent of the world’s population lives in cities and, by 2050, that number is projected to rise to an astounding 68 percent. As people across the globe are increasingly moving to urban areas, there has been a corresponding rise in the awareness of the environmental impact of billions of people living on the planet. As people relocate, they are also examining the individual implications of their daily lives. 54. From Trash to Treasure: Unlocking the Potential of Trash to Cash Business Models The “Trash to Cash” business model is a concept where companies turn waste and unused items into valuable commodities that can generate revenue. 55. Sustainability in Ecommerce: What Are The Possibilities? Find out how to create a sustainable brand for your online business as well as the numerous possibilities that sustainable e-commerce offers businesses. 56. Everything You Need To Know About The Yearn.Finance Cryptocurrency (YFI) Data imbalance refers to when the classes in a dataset are not equally distributed, which can then lead to potential risks in training a model. 57. How to Choose a Sustainable Smartphone Our phones can be a source of joy, frustration but also e-waste. Here are some thoughts about what a more sustainable phone looks like. 58. Community Building Platforms: Reviewing Discourse, Discord, Ghost, and More Thoughts on how to integrate multiple systems, while building community and sustainable income. 59. Financial Products That Combine The Innovation and Purpose: The Choice of Conscious Consumers Consumers look for products that enable them to contribute to sustainability. Banks and fintech companies can address this need with innovation. 60. How the Environment is Paying for our Prime Day Discounts The Lightning Deal timer is ticking away. You're frantically scraping through hundreds of discounts. Finally, after a barrage of Prime deals and discounts, you find the one: a deeply discounted, 30% off Amazon Echo. 61. Why Business Owners Should Pay Attention to Sustainable Startups and Entrepreneurs Why sustainable startup initiatives are becoming more popular among younger investors and why business owners should take notice of this growing trend. 62. Recycling Spoiled Milk to Make Fashionable T-Shirts Mi Terro uses its very own reengineering technology to create milk fibers from spoiled milk. Potentially replacing the use of plastic in the fashion industry. 63. Hacking a Sustainable Future [Infographic] A look at how sustainability and eCommerce can go hand in hand. 64. 2020 Was The Year Electric Vehicles Truly Arrived 2020: Year of the EV Launch 65. MobileCoin is the World's First Carbon-Negative Cryptocurrency MobileCoin has a significantly smaller impact on our planet and uses far less energy compared to other cryptocurrencies. This is how... 66. Sustainability In Blockchain The environmental impact of the blockchain is not to be underestimated. Finding a way to make it more sustainable is an important task that needs to be done. 67. CO2 Has Never Smelt So Good: Making Perfume out of Carbon Emissions LanzaTech has coined the term carbon-negative to define the process of creating perfumes alongside Coty. 68. Connecting The Dots Between Blockchain and Sustainability Growing up in South Africa, the team at Wildcards witnessed first-hand the impact of poaching, pollution, poisoning and other forms of destructive human behavior leading to the extinction and endangerment of hundreds of animal species. 69. Art for good, but are NFTs the answer or part of the problem? Artists are taking to NFT platforms, but that causes a sustainability dilemma. Could a better mix of technology and circular economy be a better fit? 70. GHG-Removal Could Be the Biggest Market of the 21st Century GHG-removal is a $10trln annual market opportunity that is yet to be tapped by new investors, innovators and entrepreneurs. 71. Towards Sustainable Sneakers: 1 Pair of Sneakers Emits 13 kg of CO2 Did you know each pair of sneakers emits 13 kg of CO2? That’s equivalent to keeping your lights on for one week straight! 72. Building a Sustainable and Value-driven Crypto Ecosystem Short dive into what must be done for crypto so survive. 73. Our Guide for Unmaintained Open Source Projects There are some really great guides for starting a new open source projects, yet when it comes to dealing with a possibly abandoned, unmaintained project, there is no definitive guide for users, contributors, or maintainers. 74. Adidas FutureCraft: Toward Sustainable Shoes Sportswear brand Adidas has just announced the release of their newest running shoe made from recycled material. 75. What Retailers Can Do with Excessive Inventory Pile Up from the Pandemic Are retailers focusing on sustainable options to move excessive inventory? 76. How Blockchain Technology Improves Environmental Sustainability We are seeing blockchain reach a wider breadth of applications than it seems at first glance. That includes its role in increasing sustainability. 77. How Can Technology be Sustainable? We live in a world where tech waste and climate change are a reality. In this slogging thread, we couldn't help but wonder how can technology be sustainable. 78. Shelf Edge Technology: Digital Price Tags Using Renewable Energy Sustainable, cost-effective, and consumer-friendly: digital price tags are entering the fashion industry through shelf-edge technology. 79. Blockchain Tech in the Fashion Industry: Transparency, Traceability, and Efficiency Blockchain technology gives us essential knowledge and provides an insight into the fashion supply chain. 80. Novel Solutions for Inclusive Digital Currencies An efficient, interoperable, scalable, and quantum encrypted CBDC solution for sovereign monetary systems of the future, possible today. 81. 6 most Eco-friendly Cryptocurrencies in 2021 Crypto is still in its early stage, it's a bit eccentric, very economic, educational, effective, efficient, elaborate, enthralling even. But is it eco-friendly? 82. Three Effective Strategies to Collectively Alter Our Carbon Footprint Our current efforts to solve climate change suck and also don’t suck enough. In this piece I have collated some research on sucking carbon out of the air, carbon pricing, Australia’s current renewable plans and carbon consumption habits. 83. 7 Ways to Promote Sustainability in the Workplace We want to work, live, and play in a way that isn’t going to cost us the planet and, where possible, can potentially restore nature to what it once was. 84. Introducing The Triple Layer Business Model Canvas The Business Model Canvas is a great tool for entrepreneurs, yet one that is not without flaws. 85. Argentina’s Steady And Visionary Path To Space Is An Inspiring Tale Which path is required for us to reach new worlds? Argentina’s history in the space industry shows an unwavering course of perseverance and resilience. 86. Discovering Web3 Gaming with Long Do and Laura Cullell In this exciting AMA, we're joined by Long Do and Laura Cullell from Anomura, an NFT pixel art play-and-earn gaming experience. Thank you for checking out the 86 most read stories about Sustainability on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

86 Stories To Learn About Sustainability

Anatomy, Zoology and Physiology

Field, Forest and Farm by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE GRAIN OF WHEAT CHAPTER XXXII. THE GRAIN OF WHEAT “Now turn your attention to this picture of an ivy seed cut through lengthwise. Where is the germ or little plant in its egg? It is that little white thing, rather long and narrow, embedded in the substance of the seed at one end. A fine line marks the division of the two cotyledons, which are now pressed close together. Next to them comes the tigella, or little stalk, ending in the radicle, or rootlet. Notice, my friends, how small these cotyledons are, how different from the enormous nursing-leaves of the almond, acorn, broad bean, kidney bean, and pea. These poor little plant-udders must soon get dried up, and if there were no other resources available at the time of germination the ivy would speedily starve to death. Longitudinal Section of Ivy Seed “But look: under the skin of the seed we find a goodly store of farinaceous matter, in which the germ is embedded. Almost the whole of the seed consists of this accumulation of flour. So here we have the food-supply that will supplement that contained in the cotyledons, a very insufficient provision in itself. This granary of plenty within which the germ is lodged, this storehouse of food is called the [ ]perisperm. The almond, acorn, pea, bean, with a host of others, are quite lacking in anything of the sort, having under the skin only the germ and nothing more, absolutely nothing. The reason for this difference is plain enough. The almond, bean, pea, acorn, with their big cotyledons bursting with nutritive matter, do not need a supplementary ration; the germ will be sufficiently suckled by the udders nature has provided in the form of these cotyledons. But the ivy, with its poor little cotyledons, calls for help, and finds it in the farinaceous storehouse of the perisperm. 156 “Thus a seed may have a double supply of nourishment to meet the needs of the young plant: that contained in the cotyledons and that stored up in the perisperm. Cotyledons are never lacking, but the perisperm is not found in all seeds. There is none in the almond, acorn, chestnut, apricot, bean, or pea; but to make up for this lack their cotyledons are of considerable size. On the other hand, buckwheat, chickweed, and ivy, whose cotyledons are small, are provided with a perisperm. All this may be reduced to one general rule. Cotyledons and perisperm play similar parts: they both help to nourish the little plant in its infancy. So, generally speaking, the seed with large cotyledons has no perisperm, while the seed with small cotyledons has one. Longitudinal Section of a Grain of Wheat “I have just told you that many plants have only one cotyledon. I will add that this cotyledon is usually very small. It is especially in these plants that the perisperm is present. The grain of wheat offers [ ]a notable illustration of this truth. Cut lengthwise and looked at through a magnifying-glass, this seed would reveal to us what is represented in the picture I now show you. At the bottom and toward one side is the germ, forming but a very small part of the seed. At c is the single cotyledon, whence will come the first leaf, the seminal leaf. At e is the gemmule, which will furnish the next leaves. At the opposite end is a short nipple, the radicle, whence the root will spring. Now compare the tiny cotyledon of the wheat with the two voluminous ones of the almond. The latter, with their rich store of nourishment, will easily be able to feed the young plant until it has vigorous roots; but the cotyledon of the wheat, so poor and slender—can it nourish the young plant? Certainly not. Then the wheat germ must without fail have a storehouse of provisions. This storehouse is the perisperm (pr), a farinaceous mass constituting nearly the whole of the seed. This same perisperm, the first food of the wheat’s first shoot, is also the chief food of man; it is what, under the millstone, becomes flour, of which bread is made. But how can the farinaceous substance of the perisperm nourish the plant? A very simple experiment will show us. Put some wheat in a saucer and keep it slightly moist. In a short time the seed will germinate. As soon as the young sprouts show their green points [ ]take one of the grains: you will find it softened all through. You can crush it between your fingers and squeeze out a white fluid, very sweet to the taste and much resembling some sort of milk. What has taken place ought not to be beyond your power to surmise from the account I gave you of the wonderful change starch may undergo. The perisperm of the wheat-grain consists chiefly of starch. During germination this accumulation of starch is converted into a sugary substance, into glucose in fact. Thence comes the sort of plant-milk with which the seed is now swollen. The germ is immersed in this sweet liquid; it imbibes it, soaks it up almost as a fine sponge would; and with the matter thus absorbed it augments its own substance, which lengthens into root, stem, and leaves. With what furnishes us bread the grain of wheat suckles the starting wheat-stalk.” 157 158 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2022). Field, Forest and Farm. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67813/pg67813-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE GRAIN OF WHEAT

Field, Forest and Farm by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . GERMINATION CHAPTER XXIX. GERMINATION “The germ in the heart of the seed is in a state that may be likened to deep sleep: its life is, as it were, arrested, suspended. But under the stimulus of certain conditions it awakens, throws off its coverings, gathers strength from its stored-up food, unfolds its first leaves, and appears above ground. This opening of the seed is called germination. Moisture, warmth, and air are the determining causes; without their coöperation the seed would remain a certain length of time in good condition for sowing, after which it would wither and lose its germinating power. “No seed germinates without the help of moisture. Water plays a multiple part. First it soaks into the germ and the parts surrounding it, causing these to swell more than the envelope, so that the latter, however hard a shell it may be, is burst open. Through the cracks of this broken envelope the gemmule pushes out on one side and the radicle on the other, and henceforth the little plant enjoys the benefit of sun and air. Germination is more or less slow according to the degree of resistance offered by the walls of the seed. If these are hard and stony it is only with extreme slowness that the germ absorbs [ ]moisture and manages to burst its cell. Therefore, to shorten the period of germination care is taken to thin the shells of excessively hard seeds by rubbing them with a stone. 139 “Besides the mechanical part played by water in opening the seed, it has still another relating to nutrition. The various changes undergone by the alimentary contents of the perisperm and the cotyledons in becoming liquefied and capable of absorption cannot take place without the aid of water. Furthermore, this liquid is indispensable for dissolving the nutritive ingredients, introducing them into the young plant, and distributing them evenly throughout. It is plain, then, that if the seed remains dry it is absolutely impossible for it to germinate, and that in order to preserve seeds the first condition is to protect them from moisture. “With moisture there must also be warmth. As a general rule, germination proceeds most satisfactorily when the thermometer registers between ten and twenty degrees centigrade, our spring and autumn temperature. Outside these limits, be it above or below, germination is retarded, ceasing altogether in extreme temperatures. “The coöperation of air is not less necessary. Seeds might have the proper temperature and sufficient moisture, but if air were lacking germination would not follow. This capital condition explains to us why seeds planted too deep fail to come up; why germination is much easier in soil that is mellow and can be permeated by the air than in soil that is [ ]compact; why delicate seeds should be covered with very little earth or even simply sown on the surface of the moist ground; and, finally, why ground on being broken often becomes covered with fresh vegetation from the sprouting of seeds that have for years lain dormant in the soil, needing only to be stirred up and brought into contact with the air in order to germinate. 140 “Under like conditions of temperature, moisture, and air, by no means all seeds require the same length of time for germinating. Common garden cress germinates in about two days. Spinach, turnips, and beans take three days to come up; lettuce, four; melons and pumpkins, five; cereals, about a week. Two years and sometimes more are needed by the rose-bush, the hawthorn, and various stone-fruit trees. Generally seeds with thick and hard shells are slow in germinating on account of the obstacle they oppose to the penetration of moisture. Finally, when sown fresh, immediately after coming to maturity, seeds germinate quicker than when old, because old seeds have to recover by a prolonged sojourn in the ground the moisture lost through prolonged drying. “According to their kind, seeds retain for a longer or shorter period their power of germinating; but why this vitality is more enduring in one instance and less so in another, we cannot tell. Neither the bulk of the seed nor the character of its outside coverings, nor the presence or absence of a perisperm, appears to decide its longevity. Such and such a [ ]seed lives for whole years, even centuries, while another loses its germinating power in a few months, from no cause that we can discover. Thus the seeds of the angelica will not come up unless they are sown immediately after maturing; but beans have been known to germinate after being kept more than a hundred years, and rye after a hundred and forty. Excluded from the air, certain seeds may be kept for centuries, always ready to germinate whenever favorable conditions shall present themselves. This explains why strawberry, bluet, and camomile seeds from ancient tombs have germinated just as new seeds would have done. Finally, rush seeds have been made to germinate that were dug up from great depths in the Island of the Seine, the original site of Paris. Doubtless those seeds dated from the time when Paris, under the name of Lutetia, consisted of a few mud and reed huts on the marshy borders of the stream. But despite these remarkable exceptions let us never forget that recent seed is preferable to old for sowing; it comes up better and in greater abundance. 141 “We have just seen that certain seeds are very slow in coming up, as for example the peach, apricot, and plum, whose thick shells resist the moisture required for germination. Put directly into the ground in the very places that the young plants are to occupy later, these seeds would be exposed to not a few dangers during their leisurely germination. Prolonged rains might make them rot; various marauders that are partial to them, such as rats, field-mice, [ ]jays, magpies, and crows, might dig them up and devour them. Besides, they would occupy for a long time, with no profit to any one, the ground in which they had been planted. All these objections are avoided by making a preliminary planting after a method known as stratification, from the Latin word stratum, meaning bed or layer. In a large, deep earthen pan, with holes in its bottom, or in any other suitable receptacle, such as a box, a pot, or a tub, likewise pierced with holes, it is the practice to place first a layer of small pebbles. The holes at the bottom and this layer of pebbles are to give easy access to the air and drain off the excess of water after each irrigation. Next comes a bed of fine sandy soil, then a layer or stratum of seeds arranged side by side, and on top of that a second bed of earth. On this is placed another stratum of seeds, which in its turn is covered with earth; and so the process goes on with alternating layers of seeds and earth until the receptacle is full. Then it is watered and placed in a cellar or a dark shed. All that is necessary after this is to keep the contents of pan or tub sufficiently moist by an occasional sprinkling. Enclosed thus in a small space easy to watch over, with no danger from marauding animals, and without needlessly occupying ground that might be used for other purposes, the seeds can now take their own time to break their hard shells and can germinate with all the slowness natural to them. 142 “When the shells at last crack open and the radicle appears, it is time to proceed to the final planting. [ ]The half-germinated seeds are then put into the ground one by one in an open field, each at the exact spot the young plant is to occupy. 143 “Stratification offers still another advantage. Fruit trees as well as other trees have a stout tap-root which bores vertically into the ground to a considerable depth and gives a good deal of trouble if transplanting is undertaken. To alter this tap-root into a root not growing so deep, but branching horizontally, would be decidedly advantageous. In speaking of the root we saw what the nursery-man does to obtain this result. He passes the sharp edge of his spade under the base of each tree-trunk so as to sever the tap-roots of his young plantations. In stratification the method is much simpler and success surer. With his thumb-nail the gardener nips off the tip of the tender radicle before the final planting is done. That is all. Deprived of its growing end the young root henceforth branches out horizontally instead of descending vertically.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2022). Field, Forest and Farm. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67813/pg67813-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

Its germinating power

Field, Forest and Farm by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE SEED’S FOOD-SUPPLY CHAPTER XXVIII. THE SEED’S FOOD-SUPPLY “When it has leaves and roots that are sufficiently developed, the little almond-tree will nourish itself by drawing what it needs from the earth and air. But until then it must live, it must grow stronger, and it must increase a little in size. As nothing can come from nothing, the germinating seed must find somewhere the material for its first growth. This cannot be in the soil so long as the radicle is nothing but a point, incapable of any work; neither can it be in the air so long as the little leaf-bud has not unfolded and developed into foliage. The seed, then, must have a certain supply of nutriment stored up within itself. Let us turn our attention to this prepared stock of food. “In the almond we have studied the gemmule or leaf-bud, the radicle, and the tigella; but there still remain two large pieces, easily separable from each other, and constituting by themselves alone almost the entire bulk of the seed. These two pieces are the plant’s first pair of leaves, but leaves of a peculiar structure, being very thick, fleshy, and relatively enormous in size. They are the alimentary reservoirs, the storehouses of food from which in its beginning the young plant must draw its sustenance. [ ]When germination begins, these two large leaves, swollen with nutritive matter, yield little by little a part of their substance to the tiny plant and suckle it, as it were. They might therefore be called vegetable udders, nursing-leaves, but science calls them cotyledons. The unhatched chick in its shell has the yolk of the egg to furnish substance for its growth, the young lamb has its mother’s milk, the germ of the plant has the juice of the cotyledons. 135 “The same structure, with two cotyledons of great size and easy to observe, may be found in the broad bean, pea, kidney bean, and acorn, and in the stones of the peach, apricot, and plum. It would also be found in the pips of pears and apples as well as in the seeds of most of our cultivated plants, but more difficult to distinguish in proportion to the smallness of the seed. In every instance the seed would be found to have two cotyledons as food-storehouses, and also a gemmule and a radicle united by the tigella. Other plants, on the contrary, like maize, wheat, and the other cereals, as also the lily, tulip, and iris, have but one cotyledon, one nursing-leaf for the new vegetable organism. “It is not always easy, especially when the seed is very small, to ascertain whether it has two cotyledons or only one; but as soon as germination has begun, this difficulty disappears. Then the seed with two cotyledons is seen to push up two leaves, the very first to appear, situated opposite each other, and very often differing in shape from those that come later. In the radish, for example, they are [ ]heart-shaped; in the carrot, long and narrow like little tongues. These two leaves that precede the others are known as seminal leaves. They come from the two cotyledons, which generally open in the air and grow green while nourishing the young plant with a part of their substance; but sometimes, as in the acorn, they remain hidden underground. On the other hand, seeds having but one cotyledon come up with only one seminal leaf, generally narrow and long. This is what we observe if we watch the germination of a grain of wheat. 136 “A simpler and quicker method may be used for ascertaining how many cotyledons a seed has. Hold a leaf up to the light and you will see its texture traversed by a multitude of little cords which serve it as a kind of framework. These cords are called veins or nerves. Now then, if you compare the leaf of a pear-tree with a blade of wheat, or reed, you will see that in the former the veins are more and more subdivided and ramified, joining one another and thus forming a network with irregular meshes, while in the latter the veins do not branch, but run in parallel lines without forming meshes. We should find the same difference of framework between the leaves of the elm, poplar, and plane-tree, on the one hand, and those of the iris, narcissus, and tulip, on the other. This difference being established, I will add that with few exceptions, of no interest to us here, every plant with netted-veined leaves has two cotyledons in its seed, and that every plant with parallel-veined leaves has but one. Consequently [ ]it is only necessary to glance at the foliage in order to know whether the seed has two cotyledons or only one. I will say further that pines, firs, and the other resinous trees have as many as ten cotyledons, which show themselves as a delicate tuft of leaves when the little plant comes out of the ground.” 137 Uncle Paul then led the children into the garden to fix in their minds by observation the lesson they had just learned. “Gather haphazard,” said he, “the first leaves you come to; then examine them and tell me how many cotyledons the seed must contain. First, here is the iris, with large blue flowers and sword-shaped leaves.” “I see,” said Jules, “veins running in regular lines side by side, without ever joining one another. Since these veins are parallel the iris seed has only one cotyledon.” “And this blade of grass, this also that I pick from a corn-stalk?” asked his uncle. “They, too, have parallel veins, both of them; and so their seeds must have only one cotyledon.” “And this grape-leaf, this leaf of the cherry tree?” “It’s my turn now,” Emile hastened to interpose. “The veins form a sort of lace with very fine meshes. The grape and the cherry have two cotyledons.” “It is as easy as that, my friends. The leaf with its arrangement of veins shows us the fundamental characteristics of the plant. It tells us whether the germ is fed by one nursing-leaf or two, whether the young plant comes up with one seminal leaf or two.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2022). Field, Forest and Farm. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67813/pg67813-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE SEED’S FOOD-SUPPLY

AN INVADER.—THE HARICOT-WEEVIL

THE PEA-WEEVIL—BRUCHUS PISI

THE ELEPHANT-BEETLE

PINGUICULA

CULTIVATED PLANTS: CEREAL AND CULINARY PLANTS

THE UNFINISHED BOOK

THE MOVEMENTS AND HABITS OF PLANTS

Twining Plants

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Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, the Laws of Organic Life by Erasmus Darwin is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK]. Section XXXVIII: Of the Oxygenation of the Blood in the Lungs, and in the Placenta SECTION XXXVIII. OF THE OXYGENATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE LUNGS, AND IN THE PLACENTA . From the recent discoveries of many ingenious philosophers it appears, that during respiration the blood imbibes the vital part of the air, called oxygene, through the membranes of the lungs; and that hence respiration may be aptly compared to a slow combustion. As in combustion the oxygene of the atmosphere unites with some phlogistic or inflammable body, and forms an acid (as in the production of vitriolic acid from sulphur, or carbonic acid from charcoal,) giving out at the same time a quantity of the matter of heat; so in respiration the oxygene of the air unites with the phlogistic part of the blood, and probably produces phosphoric or animal acid, changing the colour of the blood from a dark to a bright red; and probably some of the matter of heat is at the same time given out according to the theory of Dr. Crawford. But as the evolution of heat attends almost all chemical combinations, it is probable, that it also attends the secretions of the various fluids from the blood; and that the constant combinations or productions of new fluids by means of the glands constitute the more general source of animal heat; this seems evinced by the universal evolution of the matter of heat in the blush of shame or of anger; in which at the same time an increased secretion of the perspirable matter occurs; and the partial evolution of it from topical inflammations, as in gout or rheumatism, in which there is a secretion of new blood-vessels. I Some medical philosophers have ascribed the heat of animal bodies to the friction of the particles of the blood against the sides of the vessels. But no perceptible heat has ever been produced by the agitation of water, or oil, or quicksilver, or other fluids; except those fluids have undergone at the same time some chemical change, as in agitating milk or wine, till they become sour. Besides the supposed production of phosphoric acid, and change of colour of the blood, and the production of carbonic acid, there would appear to be something of a more subtile nature perpetually acquired from the atmosphere; which is too fine to be long contained in animal vessels, and therefore requires perpetual renovation; and without which life cannot continue longer than a minute or two; this ethereal fluid is probably secreted from the blood by the brain, and perpetually dissipated in the actions of the muscles and organs of sense. That the blood acquires something from the air, which is immediately necessary to life, appears from an experiment of Dr. Hare (Philos. Transact. abridged, Vol. III. p. 239.) who found, "that birds, mice, &c. would live as long again in a vessel, where he had crowded in double the quantity of air by a condensing engine, than they did when confined in air of the common density." Whereas if some kind of deleterious vapour only was exhaled from the blood in respiration; the air, when condensed into half its compass, could not be supposed to receive so much of it. . Sir Edward Hulse, a physician of reputation at the beginning of the present century, was of opinion, that the placenta was a respiratory organ, like the gills of fish; and not an organ to supply nutriment to the fœtus; as mentioned in Derham's Physico-theology. Many other physicians seem to have espoused the same opinion, as noticed by Haller. Elem. Physiologiæ, T. 1. Dr. Gipson published a defence of this theory in the Medical Essays of Edinburgh, Vol. I. and II. which doctrine is there controverted at large by the late Alexander Monro; and since that time the general opinion has been, that the placenta is an organ of nutrition only, owing perhaps rather to the authority of so great a name, than to the validity of the arguments adduced in its support. The subject has lately been resumed by Dr. James Jeffray, and by Dr. Forester French, in their inaugural dissertations at Edinburgh and at Cambridge; who have defended the contrary opinion in an able and ingenious manner; and from whose Theses I have extracted many of the following remarks. II First, by the late discoveries of Dr. Priestley, M. Lavoisier, and other philosophers, it appears, that the basis of atmospherical air, called oxygene, is received by the blood through the membranes of the lungs; and that by this addition the colour of the blood is changed from a dark to a light red. Secondly, that water possesses oxygene also as a part of its composition, and contains air likewise in its pores; whence the blood of fish receives oxygene from the water, or from the air it contains, by means of their gills, in the same manner as the blood is oxygenated in the lungs of air-breathing animals; it changes its colour at the same time from a dark to a light red in the vessels of their gills, which constitute a pulmonary organ adapted to the medium in which they live. Thirdly, that the placenta consists of arteries carrying the blood to its extremities, and a vein bringing it back, resembling exactly in structure the lungs and gills above mentioned; and that the blood changes its colour from a dark to a light red in passing through these vessels. This analogy between the lungs and gills of animals, and the placenta of the fetus, extends through a great variety of other circumstances; thus air-breathing creatures and fish can live but a few minutes without air or water; or when they are confined in such air or water, as has been spoiled by their own respiration; the same happens to the fetus, which, as soon as the placenta is separated from the uterus, must either expand its lungs, and receive air, or die. Hence from the structure, as well as the use of the placenta, it appears to be a respiratory organ, like the gills of fish, by which the blood in the fetus becomes oxygenated. From the terminations of the placental vessels not being observed to bleed after being torn from the uterus, while those of the uterus effuse a great quantity of florid arterial blood, the terminations of the placental vessels would seem to be inserted into the arterial ones of the mother; and to receive oxygenation from the passing currents of her blood through their coats or membranes; which oxygenation is proved by the change of the colour of the blood from dark to light red in its passage from the placental arteries to the placental vein. The curious structure of the cavities or lacunæ of the placenta, demonstrated by Mr. J. Hunter, explain this circumstance. That ingenious philosopher has shewn, that there are numerous cavities of lacunæ formed on that side of the placenta, which is in contact with the uterus; those cavities or cells are filled with blood from the maternal arteries, which open into them; which blood is again taken up by the maternal veins, and is thus perpetually changed. While the terminations of the placental arteries and veins are spread in fine reticulation on the sides of these cells. And thus, as the growing fetus requires greater oxygenation, an apparatus is produced resembling exactly the air-cells of the lungs. In cows, and other ruminating animals, the internal surface of the uterus is unequal like hollow cups, which have been called cotyledons; and into these cavities the prominencies of the numerous placentas, with which the fetus of those animals is furnished, are inserted, and strictly adhere; though they may be extracted without effusion of blood. These inequalities of the uterus, and the numerous placentas in consequence, seem to be designed for the purpose of expanding a greater surface for the terminations of the placental vessels for the purpose of receiving oxygenation from the uterine ones; as the progeny of this class of animals are more completely formed before their nativity, than that of the carnivorous classes, and must thence in the latter weeks of pregnancy require greater oxygenation. Thus calves and lambs can walk about in a few minutes after their birth; while puppies and kittens remain many days without opening their eyes. And though on the separation of the cotyledons of ruminating animals no blood is effused, yet this is owing clearly to the greater power of contraction of their uterine lacunæ or alveoli. See Medical Essays, Vol. V. page 144. And from the same cause they are not liable to a sanguiferous menstruation. The necessity of the oxygenation of the blood in the fetus is farther illustrated by the analogy of the chick in the egg; which appears to have its blood oxygenated at the extremities of the vessels surrounding the yolk; which are spread on the air-bag at the broad end of the egg, and may absorb oxygene through that moist membrane from the air confined behind it; and which is shewn by experiments in the exhausted receiver to be changeable though the shell. This analogy may even be extended to the growing seeds of vegetables; which were shewn by Mr. Scheele to require a renovation of the air over the water, in which they were confined. Many vegetable seeds are surrounded with air in their pods or receptacles, as peas, the fruit of staphylea, and lichnis vesicaria; but it is probable, that those seeds, after they are shed, as well as the spawn of fish, by the situation of the former on or near the moist and aerated surface of the earth, and of the latter in the ever-changing and ventilated water, may not be in need of an apparatus for the oxygenation of their first blood, before the leaves of one, and the gills of the other, are produced for this purpose. . . There are many arguments, besides the strict analogy between the liquor amnii and the albumen ovi, which shew the former to be a nutritive fluid; and that the fetus in the latter months of pregnancy takes it into its stomach; and that in consequence the placenta is produced for some other important purpose. III 1 First, that the liquor amnii is not an excrementitious fluid is evinced, because it is found in greater quantity, when the fetus is young, decreasing after a certain period till birth. Haller asserts, "that in some animals but a small quantity of this fluid remains at the birth. In the eggs of hens it is consumed on the eighteenth day, so that at the exclusion of the chick scarcely any remains. In rabbits before birth there is none." Elem. Physiol. Had this been an excrementitious fluid, the contrary would probably have occurred. Secondly, the skin of the fetus is covered with a whitish crust or pellicle, which would seem to preclude any idea of the liquor amnii being produced by any exsudation of perspirable matter. And it cannot consist of urine, because in brute animals the urachus passes from the bladder to the alantois for the express purpose of carrying off that fluid; which however in the human fetus seems to be retained in the distended bladder, as the feces are accumulated in the bowels of all animals. . The nutritious quality of the liquid, which surrounds the fetus, appears from the following considerations. 1. It is coagulable by heat, by nitrous acid, and by spirit of wine, like milk, serum of blood, and other fluids, which daily experience evinces to be nutritious. 2. It has a saltish taste according to the accurate Baron Haller, not unlike the whey of milk, which it even resembles in smell. 3. The white of the egg which constitutes the food of the chick, is shewn to be nutritious by our daily experience; besides the experiment of its nutritious effects mentioned by Dr. Fordyce in his late Treatise on Digestion, p. 178; who adds, that it much resembles the essential parts of the serum of blood. 2 . A fluid similar to the fluid, with which the fetus is surrounded, except what little change may be produced by a beginning digestion, is found in the stomach of the fetus; and the white of the egg is found, in the same manner in the stomach of the chick. 3 Numerous hairs, similar to those of its skin, are perpetually found among the contents of the stomach in new-born calves; which must therefore have licked themselves before their nativity. Blasii Anatom. See Sect. . on Instinct. XVI. 2 The chick in the egg is seen gently to move in its surrounding fluid, and to open and shut its mouth alternately. The same has been observed in puppies. Haller's El. Phys. I. 8. p. 201. A column of ice has been seen to reach down the œsophagus from the mouth to the stomach in a frozen fetus; and this ice was the liquor amnii frozen. The meconium, or first fæces, in the bowels of new-born infants evince, that something has been digested; and what could this be but the liquor amnii together with the recrements of the gastric juice and gall, which were necessary for its digestion? There have been recorded some monstrous births of animals without heads, and consequently without mouths, which seem to have been delivered on doubtful authority, or from inaccurate observation. There are two of such monstrous productions however better attested; one of a human fetus, mentioned by Gipson in the Scots Medical Essays; which having the gula impervious was furnished with an aperture into the wind-pipe, which communicated below into the gullet; by means of which the liquor amnii might be taken into the stomach before nativity without danger of suffocation, while the fetus had no occasion to breathe. The other monstrous fetus is described by Vander Wiel, who asserts, that he saw a monstrous lamb, which had no mouth; but instead of it was furnished with an opening in the lower part of the neck into the stomach. Both these instances evidently favour the doctrine of the fetus being nourished by the mouth; as otherwise there had been no necessity for new or unnatural apertures into the stomach, when the natural ones were deficient? From these facts and observations we may safely infer, that the fetus in the womb is nourished by the fluid which surrounds it; which during the first period of gestation is absorbed by the naked lacteals; and is afterwards swallowed into the stomach and bowels, when these organs are perfected; and lastly that the placenta is an organ for the purpose of giving due oxygenation to the blood of the fetus; which is more necessary, or at least more frequently necessary, than even the supply of food. The question of the great Harvey becomes thus easily answered. "Why is not the fetus in the womb suffocated for want of air, when it remains there even to the tenth month without respiration: yet if it be born in the seventh or eighth month, and has once respired, it becomes immediately suffocated for want of air, if its respiration be obstructed?" For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to the Tentamen Medicum of Dr. Jeffray, printed at Edinburgh in 1786. And it is hoped that Dr. French will some time give his theses on this subject to the public. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Darwin, Erasmus, 2005. Zoonomia, Vol. Or, the Laws of Organic Life. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15707/15707-h/15707-h.htm#sect_XXXVIII This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

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