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Navigation with Large Language Models: Discussion and References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Amit Kumar Chatterjee, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University & Department of Physics, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira; (2) Satoshi Takada, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering and Institute of Engineering; (3) Hisao Hayakawa, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University. Table of Links Introduction Model and Protocol Different Regimes in d˜− Γ˜ Plain and Multiple QMPE QMPE in Region (d): Second-order Ep QMPE in Region (a1): Oscillations Summary Appendix A: Eigenvectors of L in region (d) Appendix B: Eigenvectors of L in region (a1) Appendix C: QMPE in region (b): purely exponential relaxation Appendix D: QMPE in region (e): 3rd order EP References References [1] N. C. Keim, J. D. Paulsen, Z. Zeravcic, S. Sastry and S. R. Nagel, Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 035002 (2019).. [2] J. Gill, Solid State Commun. 39, 1203 (1981). [3] R. M. Fleming and L. F. Schneemeyer, Phys. Rev. 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Multiple Quantum Mpemba Effect: Exceptional Points and Oscillations: References

Authors: (1) Ruohan Zhang, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI), Stanford University & Equally contributed; zharu@stanford.edu; (2) Sharon Lee, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University & Equally contributed; zharu@stanford.edu; (3) Minjune Hwang, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University & Equally contributed; zharu@stanford.edu; (4) Ayano Hiranaka, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University & Equally contributed; zharu@stanford.edu; (5) Chen Wang, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (6) Wensi Ai, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (7) Jin Jie Ryan Tan, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (8) Shreya Gupta, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (9) Yilun Hao, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (10) Ruohan Gao, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University; (11) Anthony Norcia, Department of Psychology, Stanford University (12) Li Fei-Fei, 1Department of Computer Science, Stanford University & Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI), Stanford University; (13) Jiajun Wu, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University & Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI), Stanford University. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Brain-Robot Interface (BRI): Background The NOIR System Experiments Results Conclusion, Limitations, and Ethical Concerns Acknowledgments & References Appendix 1: Questions and Answers about NOIR Appendix 2: Comparison between Different Brain Recording Devices Appendix 3: System Setup Appendix 4: Task Definitions Appendix 5: Experimental Procedure Appendix 6: Decoding Algorithms Details Appendix 7: Robot Learning Algorithm Details Abstract We present Neural Signal Operated Intelligent Robots (NOIR), a general-purpose, intelligent brain-robot interface system that enables humans to command robots to perform everyday activities through brain signals. Through this interface, humans communicate their intended objects of interest and actions to the robots using electroencephalography (EEG). Our novel system demonstrates success in an expansive array of 20 challenging, everyday household activities, including cooking, cleaning, personal care, and entertainment. The effectiveness of the system is improved by its synergistic integration of robot learning algorithms, allowing for NOIR to adapt to individual users and predict their intentions. Our work enhances the way humans interact with robots, replacing traditional channels of interaction with direct, neural communication. Project website: https://noir-corl.github.io/ Brain-Robot Interface; Human-Robot Interaction Keywords: 1 Introduction Brain-robot interfaces (BRIs) are a pinnacle achievement in the realm of art, science, and engineering. This aspiration, which features prominently in speculative fiction, innovative artwork, and groundbreaking scientific studies, entails creating robotic systems that operate in perfect synergy with humans. A critical component of such systems is their ability to communicate with humans. In human-robot collaboration and robot learning, humans communicate their intents through actions [1], button presses [2, 3], gaze [4–7], facial expression [8], language [9, 10], etc [11, 12]. However, the prospect of direct communication through neural signals stands out to be the most thrilling but challenging medium. We present Neural Signal Operated Intelligent Robots (NOIR), a general-purpose, intelligent BRI system with non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG). The primary principle of this system is hierarchical shared autonomy, where humans define high-level goals while the robot actualizes the goals through the execution of low-level motor commands. Taking advantage of the progress in neuroscience, robotics, and machine learning, our system distinguishes itself by extending beyond previous attempts to make the following contributions. First, NOIR is general-purpose in its diversity of tasks and accessibility. We show that humans can accomplish an expansive array of 20 daily everyday activities, in contrast to existing BRI systems that are typically specialized at one or a few tasks or exist solely in simulation [13–22]. Additionally, the system can be used by the general population, with a minimum amount of training. Second, the “I” in NOIR means that our robots are intelligent and adaptive. The robots are equipped with a library of diverse skills, allowing them to perform low-level actions without dense human supervision. Human behavioral goals can naturally be communicated, interpreted, and executed by the robots with parameterized primitive skills, such as Pick(obj-A) or MoveTo(x,y). Additionally, our robots are capable of learning human intended goals during their collaboration. We show that by leveraging the recent progress in foundation models, we can make such a system more adaptive with limited data. We show that this can significantly increase the efficiency of the system. The key technical contributions of NOIR include a modular neural signal decoding pipeline for human intentions. Decoding human intended goals (e.g., “pick up the mug from the handle”) from neural signals is extremely challenging. We decompose human intention into three components: What object to manipulate, How to interact with the object, and Where to interact, and show that such signals can be decoded from different types of neural data. These decomposed signals naturally correspond to parameterized robot skills and can be communicated effectively to the robots. In 20 household activities involving tabletop or mobile manipulations, three human subjects successfully used our system to accomplish these tasks with their brain signals. We demonstrate that few-shot robot learning from humans can significantly improve the efficiency of our system. This approach to building intelligent robotic systems, which utilizes human brain signals for collaboration, holds immense potential for the development of critical assistive technologies for individuals with or without disabilities and to improve the quality of their life. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

NOIR: Neural Signal Operated Intelligent Robots for Everyday Activities

NOIR: দৈনন্দিন কার্যকলাপের জন্য নিউরাল সিগন্যাল পরিচালিত বুদ্ধিমান রোবট

NOIR: Mit neuronalen Signalen betriebene intelligente Roboter für alltägliche Aktivitäten

NOIR: Robots inteligentes operados por señales neuronales para actividades cotidianas

NOIR : robots intelligents actionnés par des signaux neuronaux pour les activités quotidiennes

NOIR: रोजमर्रा की गतिविधियों के लिए न्यूरल सिग्नल संचालित इंटेलिजेंट रोबोट

NOIR: 日常活動のための神経信号で動作するインテリジェント ロボット

느와르(NOIR): 일상 활동을 위한 신경 신호로 작동되는 지능형 로봇

NOIR: Robôs Inteligentes Operados por Sinais Neurais para Atividades Diárias

NOIR: интеллектуальные роботы, управляемые нейронными сигналами, для повседневной деятельности

NOIR: Günlük Faaliyetler için Nöral Sinyalle Çalışan Akıllı Robotlar

NOIR: Robot thông minh vận hành bằng tín hiệu thần kinh cho các hoạt động hàng ngày

NOIR：用于日常活动的神经信号操作智能机器人

What data management in 2024 and beyond will look like hangs on one question. Can open data formats lead to a best-of-breed data management platform? It will take Interoperability across clouds and formats, as well as on the semantics and governance layer. Sixth Platform. Atlas. Debezium. DCAT. Egeria. Nessie. Mesh. Paimon. Transmogrification. This veritable word soup sounds like something that jumped out of a role-playing game. In reality, these are all terms related to data management. These terms may tell us something about the mindscape of people involved in data management tools and nomenclature, but that’s a different story. Data management is a long-standing and ever-evolving practice. The days of “Big Data” have long faded and data has now taken a back seat in terms of hype and attention. is the new toy people are excited about, shining a light on AI and machine learning for the masses. Generative AI Data management may seem dull in comparison. However, there is something people who have been into AI before it was cool understand well, and people who are new to this eventually realize too: AI is only as good as the data it operates on. There is an evolutionary chain leading from . Some organizations were well aware of this a decade ago. Others will have to learn the hard way today. data to analytics to AI Exploring and understanding how, where, and when data is stored, managed, integrated and used as well as related aspects of data formats, interoperability, semantics, and governance may be hard and unglamorous work. But it is what generates value for organizations, along with -like word soups. RPG Peter Corless and Alex Merced understand this. Their engagement with data goes back to way before their current roles as Director of Product Marketing at and Developer Advocate at , respectively. We caught up to talk about the state of data management in 2024, and where it may be headed. StarTree Dremio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Meq247f31-A&embedable=true The sixth data platform For many organizations today, data management comes down to handing over their data to one of the “Big 5” data vendors: , Azure, and , plus Snowflake and Databricks. However, analysts David Vellante and George Gilbert believe that the need of modern data applications coupled with the evolution of open storage management may lead to the emergence of a “sixth data platform”. Amazon Microsoft Google The notion of the “sixth data platform” was the starting point for this conversation with Corless and Merced. is that open data formats may enable interoperability, leading the transition away from vertically integrated vendor-controlled platforms towards independent management of data storage and permissions. The sixth data platform hypothesis It’s an interesting scenario and one that would benefit users by forcing vendors to compete for every workload based on the business value delivered, irrespective of lock-in. But how close are we to realizing this? To answer this question, we need to examine open data formats and their properties. In turn, to understand data formats a brief historical overview is needed. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7s8xSTxkYk&embedable=true We might call this table stakes, and it’s not just a pun. Historically, organizations would resort to using data warehouses for their analytics needs. These were databases specifically designed for analytics, as opposed to transactional applications. Traditional data warehouses worked, but scaling them was an issue as Merced pointed out. Scaling traditional data warehouses was expensive and cumbersome because it meant buying new hardware with storage and computing bundled. This was the problem Hadoop was meant to solve when introduced in the early 2010s, by separating storage and compute. Hadoop made scaling easier, but it was cumbersome to use. This is why an SQL interface was eventually created for Hadoop via , making it more accessible. Hive used metadata and introduced a protocol for mapping files, which was what Hadoop operated on, to tables, which is what SQL operates on. That was the beginning of open data formats. Apache Hive Data lakes, data lakehouses, and open data formats Hadoop also signified the emergence of the data lake. Since storage was now cheap and easy to add, that opened up the possibility of storing all data in one big Hadoop store: the data lake. Eventually, however, , which is the realm the “Big 5” operate on. Hadoop and on-premise compute and storage gave way to the cloud “The idea of a data lakehouse was, hey, you know what? We love this decoupling of compute and storage. We love the cloud. But wouldn’t it be nice if we didn’t have to duplicate the data and we could just operate over the data store you already have, your data lake, and then just take all that data warehouse functionality and start trying to move it on there?”, as Merced put it. However, as he added, that turned out to be a tall order, because there were elements of traditional data management missing. Other cloud-based data management platforms introduced notions like automated sharding, partitioning, distribution, and replication. That came as part of the move away from data centers and file systems towards the cloud and APIs to access data. But for data lakehouses, these things are not a given. This is where open data formats such as and come in. They all have some things in common, such as the use of metadata to abstract and optimize file operations and being agnostic about storage. However, Hudi and Delta Lake both continued to build on what Hive started, while Iceberg departed from that. Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, Delta Lake https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=043GGYTZCbk&embedable=true A detailed open data format comparison is a nuanced exercise, but perhaps the most important question is: Does interoperability exist between open data formats, and if yes, on what level? For the sixth data platform vision to become a reality, Interoperability should exist among clouds and formats, as well as on the semantics and governance level. Interoperability of the same format between different cloud storage vendors is possible, but not easy. It can be done, but it’s not an inherent feature of the data formats themselves. It’s done on the application level, either via custom integration or by using something like Dremio. And there will be egress and network costs from transferring files outside the cloud where they reside. Interoperability of different formats is also possible, but not perfect. It can be done by using a third-party application, but there are also a couple of other options like or . Neither works 100%, as Delta Uniform batches transactions and OneTable is for migration purposes. Delta Uniform OneTable As Merced noted, creating a solution that works 100% would probably incur a lot of overhead and complexity as metadata would have to be synchronized across formats. Merced thinks these solutions are motivated at least partially by Iceberg’s growth and the desire to ensure third-party tools can work with the Iceberg ecosystem. To federate or not to federate? What’s certain is that there’s always gonna be sprinkles of data in other systems or multiple clouds. That’s why federation and virtualization that can work at scale is needed, as Corless noted. Schema management is complicated enough on one system, and trying to manage changes across three different systems would not make things easier. Whether data is left where it originally resides and used via federated queries, or ingested in one storage location is a key architectural question. As such, there are tradeoffs involved that need to be understood. Even within federation, there are different ways to go about it – Dremio, GraphQL, Pinot, Trino, and more. “How do data consumers want to size up these problems? How can we give them predictive ways to plan for these trade-offs? They could use federated queries, or a hybrid table of real time and batch data. We don’t even have a grammar to describe those kinds of hybrid or complex data products these days”, Corless said. Corless has a slightly different point of view, focusing on real-time data and processing. This is what StarTree does, as it builds on t. Pinot is a real-time distributed OLAP datastore, designed to answer OLAP queries with low latency. Apache Pino Corless also noted that the choice of data format depends on several parameters. Some formats are optimized for in-memory use, like Others like are optimized for disk storage. Apache Arrow. Apache Parquet There are attempts to have common representations of data both in-memory and on storage, motivated by the need to leverage tiered storage. Tiered storage may utilize different media, ranging from in-memory to SSD to some sort of blob storage. “People want flexibility in where and how they store their data. If they have to do transmogrification in real time, that largely defeats the purpose of what they’re trying to do with tiered storage. Is there something like the best, most universal format? Whenever you’re optimizing for something, you’re optimizing away from something else. But I’m very eager to see where that kind of universal representation of data is taking us right now.”, Corless said. Semantics and governance Regardless of where or how data is stored, however, true interoperability should also include semantics and governance. This is where the current state of affairs leaves a lot to be desired. As Merced shared, the way all table formats work is that the metadata has information about the table, but not about the overall catalog of tables. That means they are not able to document the semantics of tables and how they relate to each other. A standard format of doing that doesn’t exist yet. Merced also noted that there is something that addresses this gap, but it only works for Iceberg tables. is an open-source platform that creates a catalog, thus making tracking and versioning Iceberg tables and views possible. Project Nessie Nessie also incorporates elements of governance, and Merced noted that Nessie will eventually have Delta Lake support too. Databricks on its part offers which works with Delta Lake, but it’s a proprietary product. There is no lack of data catalog products in the market, but none of that can really be considered the solution to semantics and data interoperability. Unity Catalog Corless on his part noted that there a standard called DCAT. DCAT, which stands for Data Catalog Vocabulary, is an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. DCAT was recently updated to v.3, it’s been around for over a decade, and it’s precisely aimed at interoperability. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pb53L77_nS8&embedable=true The fact that DCAT is not used widely has probably more to do with vendors reinventing the wheel and/or aiming for lock-in, as well as clients not being more proactive in requiring interoperability standards than with DCAT itself, as per Corless. Unfortunately, it seems like what data is to AI, governance is to data for most organizations: a distant second at best. Forty-two percent of data and analytics leaders do not assess, measure or monitor their data and analytics governance, according to a . Those who said they measured their governance activity mainly focused on achieving compliance-oriented goals. 2020 Gartner survey The onset of . was an effort to standardize governance for data lakes leveraging DCAT and other metadata vocabularies. Today, however, both Data Lakes and Atlas seem to have fallen out of fashion. GDPR in 2018 marked the opportunity for governance to leverage metadata and semantics to rise up Apache Atlas A new project called was spun out of Atlas, aiming to address more than data lakes. Furthermore, there is another open standard for metadata and data lineage called and several lineage platforms that support it, including Egeria. Egeria OpenLineage Conclusion So, what is the verdict? Is the sixth data platform possible for data management in 2024 or is it a pipedream? Merced thinks that we’re already starting to see it. In his view, using open formats like Apache Iceberg, Apache Arrow, and Apache Parquet can create a greater level of interoperability. This interoperability is still imperfect, he noted, but it’s a much better state of things than in the past. Dremio’s thesis is to be an open data lakehouse, not just operating on the data lake, but across tools and data sources. Corless thinks that we’re going to see a drive toward clusters of clusters, or systems of systems. There’s going to be a reinforced drive towards the automation of integration. More like Lego bricks that snap together easily, rather than Ikea furniture that comes with a hex wrench. But for that to happen, he noted, we’ll need a language and a grammar so that systems and people can both understand each other. The ingredients for a sixth data platform are either there, or close enough. As complexity and fragmentation explode, a language and grammar for interoperability sounds like a good place to start. Admittedly, interoperability and semantics are hard. Even that, however, may be more of a people and market issue than a technical one. DCAT and OpenLineage are just some of the vocabularies out there. Even things as infamously hard to define as data mesh and data products have a vocabulary of their own – the . Data Product Descriptor Specification Perhaps then the right stance here would be cautious optimism. Also published . here

Data Management in 2024: Will Open Data Formats Shape a “Sixth Platform”?

COMPRESSED AIR PRODUCTION.

It looks like large-scale fears about the rise of artificial intelligence have reached the ears of OpenAI as the ChatGPT creator looks to aussage those concerns. The Microsoft-backed company said it is creating a new research team to "steer and control AI systems much smarter than us" and prevent it from going rogue. As part of those efforts, the company will dedicate 20% of its compute power to date over the next four years to solving the problem of alignment, which focuses on ensuring AI remains beneficial to humans. So far though, OpenAI says it cannot prevent a superintelligent AI from going rogue. Yikes! Furthermore, the company was candid about when it expects a so-called superintelligent AI to be available to the world at large: sometime this decade. "We focus on superintelligence rather than AGI to stress a much higher capability level. We have a lot of uncertainty over the speed of development of the technology over the next few years, so we choose to aim for the more difficult target to align a much more capable system," the company said. OpenAI taking a preemptive step to have fail safes in place before something goes terribly, terribly wrong is an encouraging start, but is also akin to self regulation in the AI industry. Industry self regulation is a slippery slope, so there's no telling how this will work. Halo x World of Warcraft? Coming Right Up! Xbox fans hoping to see a World of Warcraft subscription in their Gamepass subscription might not have to wait for long after a U.S. judge cleared a key hurdle in Microsoft's pending acquisition of videogame maker Activision Blizzard, Reuters reported. The Windows maker was facing resistance from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which argued the merger would hurt gamers and is bad for competition, including by limiting the wildly successful Call of Duty franchise to Xbox consoles. Microsoft has already argued that limiting the games to its own consoles would hurt its bottom line and pointed at the 10-year contracts it has reached with rivals (except Playstation maker Sony) that would give them continued access to the Call of Duty games. After hearing arguments from both sides, U.S. District Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley in San Francisco sided with Microsoft, concluding that the U.S. FTC had failed to show "it is likely to succeed on its assertion the combined firm will probably pull Call of Duty from Sony PlayStation, or that its ownership of Activision content will substantially lessen competition in the video game library subscription and cloud gaming markets." The report further said Britain's Competition and Markets Authority is also backtracking on its previous opposition to the deal, now offering to work with Microsoft on addressing its concerns so the deal can go through. And just like that, Microsoft is now much, much closer to buying Activision Blizzard for nearly $69 billion in one of the largest merger transactions in video gaming history. Microsoft ranked #6 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings while Activision Blizzard was on the #26 spot. 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. In Other News.. 📰 More than a quarter of jobs in the OECD rely on skills that could be easily automated in the coming artificial intelligence revolution, and workers fear they could lose their jobs to AI — via Reuters.
US judge blocks Biden officials from contacting social media sites — via The Verge.
Google quietly ditched plans for an AI-powered chatbot app for Gen Z — via CNBC.
Google hit with lawsuit alleging it stole data from millions of users to train its AI tools — via CNN.
Meta exec says ‘the metaverse hype is dead’ and he’s happy: ‘Now we can put our heads down to build’ — via Fortune.
Microsoft cuts more jobs — via Axios. And that's a wrap! Don't forget to share this newsletter with your family and friends! See y'all next week. PEACE! ☮️ — Sheharyar Khan, Editor, Business Tech @ HackerNoon It looks like large-scale fears about the rise of artificial intelligence have reached the ears of OpenAI as the ChatGPT creator looks to aussage those concerns. The Microsoft -backed company said it is creating a new research team to "steer and control AI systems much smarter than us" and prevent it from going rogue. Microsoft Microsoft said said As part of those efforts, the company will dedicate 20% of its compute power to date over the next four years to solving the problem of alignment, which focuses on ensuring AI remains beneficial to humans. So far though, OpenAI says it cannot prevent a superintelligent AI from going rogue. Yikes! focuses focuses cannot prevent cannot prevent Furthermore, the company was candid about when it expects a so-called superintelligent AI to be available to the world at large: sometime this decade. "We focus on superintelligence rather than AGI to stress a much higher capability level. We have a lot of uncertainty over the speed of development of the technology over the next few years, so we choose to aim for the more difficult target to align a much more capable system," the company said. OpenAI taking a preemptive step to have fail safes in place before something goes terribly, terribly wrong is an encouraging start, but is also akin to self regulation in the AI industry. Industry self regulation is a slippery slope , so there's no telling how this will work. slippery slope slippery slope Halo x World of Warcraft? Coming Right Up! Halo x World of Warcraft? Coming Right Up! Xbox fans hoping to see a World of Warcraft subscription in their Gamepass subscription might not have to wait for long after a U.S. judge cleared a key hurdle in Microsoft 's pending acquisition of videogame maker Activision Blizzard , Reuters reported . Microsoft Microsoft Activision Blizzard Activision Blizzard reported reported The Windows maker was facing resistance from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which argued the merger would hurt gamers and is bad for competition, including by limiting the wildly successful Call of Duty franchise to Xbox consoles. Microsoft has already argued that limiting the games to its own consoles would hurt its bottom line and pointed at the 10-year contracts it has reached with rivals (except Playstation maker Sony ) that would give them continued access to the Call of Duty games. Call of Duty Sony Sony Call of Duty After hearing arguments from both sides, U.S. District Judge Jacqueline Scott Corley in San Francisco sided with Microsoft, concluding that the U.S. FTC had failed to show "it is likely to succeed on its assertion the combined firm will probably pull Call of Duty from Sony PlayStation, or that its ownership of Activision content will substantially lessen competition in the video game library subscription and cloud gaming markets." The report further said Britain's Competition and Markets Authority is also backtracking on its previous opposition to the deal, now offering to work with Microsoft on addressing its concerns so the deal can go through. And just like that, Microsoft is now much, much closer to buying Activision Blizzard for nearly $69 billion in one of the largest merger transactions in video gaming history. much, much closer much, much closer Microsoft ranked #6 on HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings while Activision Blizzard was on the #26 spot. Tech Company Rankings 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. 👋 You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. You’re reading part 2 of HackerNoon's Tech Company News Brief, a weekly collection of tech goodness that combines HackerNoon's proprietary data with internet trends to determine which companies are rising and falling in the public consciousness. Part 1 went live yesterday. Prefer reading the whole thing a day early AND in one go? No problemo! Just subscribe here to receive the complete newsletter in your inbox every Tuesday. part 2 Part 1 Part 1 here complete In Other News.. 📰 In Other News.. 📰 More than a quarter of jobs in the OECD rely on skills that could be easily automated in the coming artificial intelligence revolution, and workers fear they could lose their jobs to AI — via Reuters. US judge blocks Biden officials from contacting social media sites — via The Verge. Google quietly ditched plans for an AI-powered chatbot app for Gen Z — via CNBC. Google hit with lawsuit alleging it stole data from millions of users to train its AI tools — via CNN. Meta exec says ‘the metaverse hype is dead’ and he’s happy: ‘Now we can put our heads down to build’ — via Fortune. Microsoft cuts more jobs — via Axios. More than a quarter of jobs in the OECD rely on skills that could be easily automated in the coming artificial intelligence revolution, and workers fear they could lose their jobs to AI — via Reuters . Reuters Reuters US judge blocks Biden officials from contacting social media sites — via The Verge . The Verge The Verge Google quietly ditched plans for an AI-powered chatbot app for Gen Z — via CNBC . CNBC CNBC Google hit with lawsuit alleging it stole data from millions of users to train its AI tools — via CNN . CNN CNN Meta exec says ‘the metaverse hype is dead’ and he’s happy: ‘Now we can put our heads down to build’ — via Fortune . Fortune Fortune Microsoft cuts more jobs — via Axios . Axios Axios And that's a wrap! Don't forget to share this newsletter with your family and friends! See y'all next week. PEACE! ☮️ — Sheharyar Khan, Editor, Business Tech @ HackerNoon

OpenAI Has Everything Under Control 😎

ওপেনএআই-এর নিয়ন্ত্রণে সবকিছু আছে

OpenAI hat alles unter Kontrolle 😎

OpenAI tiene todo bajo control 😎

OpenAI a tout sous contrôle 😎

OpenAI के पास सब कुछ नियंत्रण में है 😎

OpenAI はすべてを制御します 😎

OpenAI는 모든 것을 통제합니다 🙂

OpenAI tem tudo sob controle 😎

OpenAI Her Şey Kontrol Altında 😎

OpenAI kiểm soát mọi thứ 😎

OpenAI 一切尽在掌控之中😎

Section I.—Stationary Engines

Section I.—James Watt and his Inventions

The era of movie tie-in games is long past us. There was a time when just about every blockbuster movie coming out each summer had to have a game adaptation and scores of other merchandise, including toys and t-shirts. Unfortunately, a lot of these video games were pretty rough (don’t ever play the game adaption of Batman & Robin for the PS1). However, some of these movie tie-in games were actually good, and some of them were good. really While the industry has shifted from movie tie-ins from small-time, scrappy studios in favor of big-budget licensed games from huge developers like Insomniac, it is worth appreciating what gamers had a decade or two ago. Some of these games would lay the groundwork for the biggest games today, including Marvel’s Spider-Man and even Call of Duty. So let’s look at the best games that adapted silver screen pictures to home console pixels. 10 Movie Tie-In Games That Were Actually Good 10. Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith (PS2, Xbox, GBA) 9. Disney’s Aladdin  (Sega Genesis) 8. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (PS2) 7. Peter Jackson’s King Kong 6. The Godfather: The Game 5. X-Men Origins: Wolverine 4. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King 3. The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape From Butcher Bay 2. Spider-Man 2 1. GoldenEye 007 10. Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith (GBA) While the quality of will always be a contentious topic among the Star Wars fan base, one thing that’s certain is that there is no shortage of great game adaptations for the franchise. The controversial prequel trilogy is no exception. Star Wars Episode 3 saw a full console release on PS2 and GameCube but had a particularly good Game Boy Advance version that some gamers would even consider better than the full console version. Star Wars films The GBA version of Revenge of the Sith is a fantastic slash-em-up game where players can swap between Obi-Wan or Anakin whenever they like, and it features some really tight gameplay mechanics. Players can traverse twelve levels that look about as good as any recreation of the movie that a 32-bit handheld could hope for at the time and partake in some clever platforming sections while mowing down hordes of droids. While it didn’t shake the world of handheld game adaptations, it’s still quite novel in its faithful recreation of the movie. 9. Disney’s Aladdin (Sega Genesis) As part of the golden era of Disney games from the 90s, Aladdin joins The Lion King and The Jungle Book as some of the best Disney movie tie-in games ever released. However, one of the biggest debates among fans is choosing whether the version or the SNES version of Aladdin is the better one. While fans may never settle that debate, the Sega Genesis does have a few advantages that make it better than the SNES and put it on this list. Sega Genesis The Genesis version had the advantage of getting actual footage from the movie to aid its development and, as a result, had movie-accurate animations for all of Aladdin’s movements. Not to mention that the Genesis version of Aladdin was the first entirely hand-drawn video game. Additionally, Aladdin gets to wield a sword in this version of the game. A feature that Shinji Mikami (known for his work on Resident Evil and also got his start on the SNES version of Aladdin) says is what makes the Genesis version the superior one. 8. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (PS2) While Hogwarts Legacy is only a matter of months away and promises to fulfill the open-world school of witchcraft and wizardry fantasy that gamers have always wanted, it was Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets for the PS2 that accomplished this feat years ago. This was the first open-world game set in this universe, and it did a good job of making the experience fun all the way back in 2002. Harry could ride his broom all around the school grounds, participate in Quidditch, attend class and earn house points. The class sections of the game were particularly fun, as the dungeon-like structure of each class felt very inspired by the . Also of note is the incredible and very whimsical soundtrack composed by Jeremy Soule, who you might know for his work on The Elder Scrolls series and Icewind Dale. Legend of Zelda games 7. Peter Jackson’s King Kong A game adaption of Peter Jackson’s King Kong doesn’t sound all too appealing at first glance, but this game actually has some great elements. Players can take the role of the movie’s main character, Jack Driscoll, in a simple yet . The sense of scale throughout Skull Island is fantastic as Jack takes down huge monsters and giant T-Rexes with nothing but some firearms and a spear. Also, the shooting mechanics are surprisingly good for a game like this. fun first-person shooter experience Of course, there are the non-human sections of the game where you can control King Kong, which is fun. Watching Kong grapple with a T-Rex is always good entertainment, but it's more of a compliment to the delightful first-person shooter sections. Peter Jackson is a known gamer, and it makes sense that a movie tie-in game for one of his works would make this list. And it won’t be the last. 6. The Godfather: The Game Anyone who has watched The Godfather might wonder how such an iconic movie can even be adapted to the video game medium. Surprisingly, The Godfather: The Game is a good movie tie-in, playing out like a clone set in the 1940s. It stands out in a few ways, notably with its mafia-shakedown style of brawling mechanics where players can beat wise guys to a pulp. GTA The player takes the role of a gang member under the Corleone family, and the whole story unfolds like a side plot not told in the main Godfather movie. However, multiple key scenes are faithfully recreated and look quite good for the time. Mob game fans should definitely try to go back and revisit this one. 5. X-Men Origins: Wolverine X-Men Origins: Wolverine was panned at the cinema in 2009, but its saving grace was that it gave us a video game adaption that same year. After many years of X-Men games featuring as part of an ensemble cast, Logan would finally take center stage in his own game. X-Men Origins: Wolverine is the ultimate hack-and-slash brawler for the ruthless mutant, and it’s as bloody and destructive as one could hope for in a video game based around an angry guy with blades coming out of his knuckles. Wolverine The set-piece moments were fantastic and used many of the movie’s settings to the game’s advantage. It’s also a surprisingly good way to experience the rather poor X-Men Origins: Wolverine plot. It would probably be better to forget the movie existed and just remember this game instead. From its bloody combat to its rewarding progression system, X-Men Origins: Wolverine is still one of the best games about the mutant and was more than expected for a movie tie-in game in 2009. Insomniac’s upcoming adaption of the hero has some big shoes to fill. 4. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King The Lord of the Rings is one of the most legendary film trilogies of all time, ushering in a new era of fantasy and sci-fi movies and television that we are still in the middle of today. It's only fitting that its movie tie-in games live up to the pedigree of the films. Admittedly, the game adaptations of The Two Towers and The Return of the King didn’t break any new ground regarding fighting mechanics, but they didn’t have to. They were fun and faithful to the movies. The Return of the King, in particular, is where EA really hit its stride with these games by introducing co-op and making one of the best multiplayer slash-em-ups of the . Actual movie cutscenes were spliced into the game and transitioned seamlessly from cutscene to gameplay, making the whole game feel as epic as the movies. As an added bonus, The Return of the King let you play as any character in the Fellowship once the main story was finished, and you could have wacky scenarios like Frodo taking on waves of orcs at the front of the Black Gate. PS2/GameCube era 3. The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape From Butcher Bay Vin Diesel is always looking for the next game he can pop up in. The guy is a massive geek who loves gaming, , and religiously hitting the weight room. While The Chronicles of Riddick film he starred in didn’t seem to get much traction, it left behind a solid movie tie-in. One that is considered a cult classic in today’s gaming cultural zeitgeist. Dungeons & Dragons Released for the Xbox in 2004, Escape from Butcher Bay is a first-person stealth action game developed by Starbreeze Studios, now known for making Payday 2. It’s sort of like a mixture of GoldenEye 007 and Splinter Cell inside the awfully cool sci-fi universe of The Chronicles of Riddick. Vin Diesel even directly assisted the game’s development with help crafting the plot and character designs. These days, gamers look back fondly on Escape from Butcher Bay and even consider it one of the greatest cult classics of the sixth console generation. 2. Spider-Man 2 Spider-Man 2 on the PS2 and GameCube set the standard for superhero movie tie-in games at the time and is still cherished as one of the best superhero games of all time. Almost every Spider-Man game released since Spider-Man 2 has had to contend with this game, and rarely do they live up to its standard. Part of what makes Spider-Man 2 so good is its realistic physics-based web-swinging that actually relies on sticking to buildings and using momentum to move forward. It wouldn’t be until released in 2018 for the PS4 that the king would be dethroned; however, some purists still love the original movie tie-in game over everything else. Toss in a fun cast of villains, including Rhino, Mysterio, Shocker, Black Cat, and Doc Ock, and an excellent rendition of NYC that felt huge at the time, and there is a lot to love here for fans of the web-head. Spider-Man 2 is one of the best superhero games ever, beyond its licensed game origins. Insomniac’s Spider-Man game 1. GoldenEye 007 Possibly the most cherished game of all time, GoldenEye 007 for the is one of the best movie tie-in games ever, if not the best one. Starting with its awesome single-player story and unmatched soundtrack to its incredible competitive multiplayer offering, GoldenEye is the complete package. Interestingly enough, the game's multiplayer component wasn’t even created until the last minute and ended up being the game’s most famous feature. Nintendo 64 GoldenEye 007 laid the groundwork for future FPS games like Medal of Honor and Call of Duty with its new approach to stick-based movement and shooting mechanics. The game remains so popular over twenty years later that it is even getting a re-release on the Nintendo Switch and Xbox consoles sometime next year. It makes sense that GoldenEye is so beloved, seeing as it was made by Rare in 1997, right before it would make the legendary Banjo and Kazooie games. Beyond its license and movie tie-in origins, GoldenEye 007 remains one of the best games of all time, period. Saying Goodbye to Movie Tie-In Games The gaming industry has grown beyond its days of seeing video games as extensions of toys and merchandise, and as a result, movie tie-in games are a thing of the past. But that doesn’t mean they weren’t important. Before streaming services made it so you could watch movies whenever you wanted, playing the game adaptations of movies in the theater was how we could relive the best moments of these films in our homes before they came out on DVD. And as it just so happens, some of these movie tie-in games were actually good and even influenced some of the biggest gaming franchises right now. So while movie tie-in games are a thing of the past, their legacy is felt in today's great games. More in Gaming: What Will Netflix Games Look Like, and How Will Users Play Them, in 2023? What We Learned From the VR Gaming Market The Essential Guide to Sonic Characters: Friends and Foes

10 Movie Tie-In Games That Were Actually Good

Moby-Dick; or The Whale, by Herman Melville is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter 99: The Doubloon [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] CHAPTER 99. The Doubloon. Ere now it has been related how Ahab was wont to pace his quarter-deck, taking regular turns at either limit, the binnacle and mainmast; but in the multiplicity of other things requiring narration it has not been added how that sometimes in these walks, when most plunged in his mood, he was wont to pause in turn at each spot, and stand there strangely eyeing the particular object before him. When he halted before the binnacle, with his glance fastened on the pointed needle in the compass, that glance shot like a javelin with the pointed intensity of his purpose; and when resuming his walk he again paused before the mainmast, then, as the same riveted glance fastened upon the riveted gold coin there, he still wore the same aspect of nailed firmness, only dashed with a certain wild longing, if not hopefulness. But one morning, turning to pass the doubloon, he seemed to be newly attracted by the strange figures and inscriptions stamped on it, as though now for the first time beginning to interpret for himself in some monomaniac way whatever significance might lurk in them. And some certain significance lurks in all things, else all things are little worth, and the round world itself but an empty cipher, except to sell by the cartload, as they do hills about Boston, to fill up some morass in the Milky Way. Now this doubloon was of purest, virgin gold, raked somewhere out of the heart of gorgeous hills, whence, east and west, over golden sands, the head-waters of many a Pactolus flows. And though now nailed amidst all the rustiness of iron bolts and the verdigris of copper spikes, yet, untouchable and immaculate to any foulness, it still preserved its Quito glow. Nor, though placed amongst a ruthless crew and every hour passed by ruthless hands, and through the livelong nights shrouded with thick darkness which might cover any pilfering approach, nevertheless every sunrise found the doubloon where the sunset left it last. For it was set apart and sanctified to one awe-striking end; and however wanton in their sailor ways, one and all, the mariners revered it as the white whale’s talisman. Sometimes they talked it over in the weary watch by night, wondering whose it was to be at last, and whether he would ever live to spend it. Now those noble golden coins of South America are as medals of the sun and tropic token-pieces. Here palms, alpacas, and volcanoes; sun’s disks and stars; ecliptics, horns-of-plenty, and rich banners waving, are in luxuriant profusion stamped; so that the precious gold seems almost to derive an added preciousness and enhancing glories, by passing through those fancy mints, so Spanishly poetic. It so chanced that the doubloon of the Pequod was a most wealthy example of these things. On its round border it bore the letters, REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR: QUITO. So this bright coin came from a country planted in the middle of the world, and beneath the great equator, and named after it; and it had been cast midway up the Andes, in the unwaning clime that knows no autumn. Zoned by those letters you saw the likeness of three Andes’ summits; from one a flame; a tower on another; on the third a crowing cock; while arching over all was a segment of the partitioned zodiac, the signs all marked with their usual cabalistics, and the keystone sun entering the equinoctial point at Libra. Before this equatorial coin, Ahab, not unobserved by others, was now pausing. “There’s something ever egotistical in mountain-tops and towers, and all other grand and lofty things; look here,—three peaks as proud as Lucifer. The firm tower, that is Ahab; the volcano, that is Ahab; the courageous, the undaunted, and victorious fowl, that, too, is Ahab; all are Ahab; and this round gold is but the image of the rounder globe, which, like a magician’s glass, to each and every man in turn but mirrors back his own mysterious self. Great pains, small gains for those who ask the world to solve them; it cannot solve itself. Methinks now this coined sun wears a ruddy face; but see! aye, he enters the sign of storms, the equinox! and but six months before he wheeled out of a former equinox at Aries! From storm to storm! So be it, then. Born in throes, ’tis fit that man should live in pains and die in pangs! So be it, then! Here’s stout stuff for woe to work on. So be it, then.” “No fairy fingers can have pressed the gold, but devil’s claws must have left their mouldings there since yesterday,” murmured Starbuck to himself, leaning against the bulwarks. “The old man seems to read Belshazzar’s awful writing. I have never marked the coin inspectingly. He goes below; let me read. A dark valley between three mighty, heaven-abiding peaks, that almost seem the Trinity, in some faint earthly symbol. So in this vale of Death, God girds us round; and over all our gloom, the sun of Righteousness still shines a beacon and a hope. If we bend down our eyes, the dark vale shows her mouldy soil; but if we lift them, the bright sun meets our glance half way, to cheer. Yet, oh, the great sun is no fixture; and if, at midnight, we would fain snatch some sweet solace from him, we gaze for him in vain! This coin speaks wisely, mildly, truly, but still sadly to me. I will quit it, lest Truth shake me falsely.” “There now’s the old Mogul,” soliloquized Stubb by the try-works, “he’s been twigging it; and there goes Starbuck from the same, and both with faces which I should say might be somewhere within nine fathoms long. And all from looking at a piece of gold, which did I have it now on Negro Hill or in Corlaer’s Hook, I’d not look at it very long ere spending it. Humph! in my poor, insignificant opinion, I regard this as queer. I have seen doubloons before now in my voyagings; your doubloons of old Spain, your doubloons of Peru, your doubloons of Chili, your doubloons of Bolivia, your doubloons of Popayan; with plenty of gold moidores and pistoles, and joes, and half joes, and quarter joes. What then should there be in this doubloon of the Equator that is so killing wonderful? By Golconda! let me read it once. Halloa! here’s signs and wonders truly! That, now, is what old Bowditch in his Epitome calls the zodiac, and what my almanac below calls ditto. I’ll get the almanac and as I have heard devils can be raised with Daboll’s arithmetic, I’ll try my hand at raising a meaning out of these queer curvicues here with the Massachusetts calendar. Here’s the book. Let’s see now. Signs and wonders; and the sun, he’s always among ’em. Hem, hem, hem; here they are—here they go—all alive:—Aries, or the Ram; Taurus, or the Bull and Jimimi! here’s Gemini himself, or the Twins. Well; the sun he wheels among ’em. Aye, here on the coin he’s just crossing the threshold between two of twelve sitting-rooms all in a ring. Book! you lie there; the fact is, you books must know your places. You’ll do to give us the bare words and facts, but we come in to supply the thoughts. That’s my small experience, so far as the Massachusetts calendar, and Bowditch’s navigator, and Daboll’s arithmetic go. Signs and wonders, eh? Pity if there is nothing wonderful in signs, and significant in wonders! There’s a clue somewhere; wait a bit; hist—hark! By Jove, I have it! Look you, Doubloon, your zodiac here is the life of man in one round chapter; and now I’ll read it off, straight out of the book. Come, Almanack! To begin: there’s Aries, or the Ram—lecherous dog, he begets us; then, Taurus, or the Bull—he bumps us the first thing; then Gemini, or the Twins—that is, Virtue and Vice; we try to reach Virtue, when lo! comes Cancer the Crab, and drags us back; and here, going from Virtue, Leo, a roaring Lion, lies in the path—he gives a few fierce bites and surly dabs with his paw; we escape, and hail Virgo, the Virgin! that’s our first love; we marry and think to be happy for aye, when pop comes Libra, or the Scales—happiness weighed and found wanting; and while we are very sad about that, Lord! how we suddenly jump, as Scorpio, or the Scorpion, stings us in the rear; we are curing the wound, when whang come the arrows all round; Sagittarius, or the Archer, is amusing himself. As we pluck out the shafts, stand aside! here’s the battering-ram, Capricornus, or the Goat; full tilt, he comes rushing, and headlong we are tossed; when Aquarius, or the Water-bearer, pours out his whole deluge and drowns us; and to wind up with Pisces, or the Fishes, we sleep. There’s a sermon now, writ in high heaven, and the sun goes through it every year, and yet comes out of it all alive and hearty. Jollily he, aloft there, wheels through toil and trouble; and so, alow here, does jolly Stubb. Oh, jolly’s the word for aye! Adieu, Doubloon! But stop; here comes little King-Post; dodge round the try-works, now, and let’s hear what he’ll have to say. There; he’s before it; he’ll out with something presently. So, so; he’s beginning.” “I see nothing here, but a round thing made of gold, and whoever raises a certain whale, this round thing belongs to him. So, what’s all this staring been about? It is worth sixteen dollars, that’s true; and at two cents the cigar, that’s nine hundred and sixty cigars. I won’t smoke dirty pipes like Stubb, but I like cigars, and here’s nine hundred and sixty of them; so here goes Flask aloft to spy ’em out.” “Shall I call that wise or foolish, now; if it be really wise it has a foolish look to it; yet, if it be really foolish, then has it a sort of wiseish look to it. But, avast; here comes our old Manxman—the old hearse-driver, he must have been, that is, before he took to the sea. He luffs up before the doubloon; halloa, and goes round on the other side of the mast; why, there’s a horse-shoe nailed on that side; and now he’s back again; what does that mean? Hark! he’s muttering—voice like an old worn-out coffee-mill. Prick ears, and listen!” “If the White Whale be raised, it must be in a month and a day, when the sun stands in some one of these signs. I’ve studied signs, and know their marks; they were taught me two score years ago, by the old witch in Copenhagen. Now, in what sign will the sun then be? The horse-shoe sign; for there it is, right opposite the gold. And what’s the horse-shoe sign? The lion is the horse-shoe sign—the roaring and devouring lion. Ship, old ship! my old head shakes to think of thee.” “There’s another rendering now; but still one text. All sorts of men in one kind of world, you see. Dodge again! here comes Queequeg—all tattooing—looks like the signs of the Zodiac himself. What says the Cannibal? As I live he’s comparing notes; looking at his thigh bone; thinks the sun is in the thigh, or in the calf, or in the bowels, I suppose, as the old women talk Surgeon’s Astronomy in the back country. And by Jove, he’s found something there in the vicinity of his thigh—I guess it’s Sagittarius, or the Archer. No: he don’t know what to make of the doubloon; he takes it for an old button off some king’s trowsers. But, aside again! here comes that ghost-devil, Fedallah; tail coiled out of sight as usual, oakum in the toes of his pumps as usual. What does he say, with that look of his? Ah, only makes a sign to the sign and bows himself; there is a sun on the coin—fire worshipper, depend upon it. Ho! more and more. This way comes Pip—poor boy! would he had died, or I; he’s half horrible to me. He too has been watching all of these interpreters—myself included—and look now, he comes to read, with that unearthly idiot face. Stand away again and hear him. Hark!” “I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.” “Upon my soul, he’s been studying Murray’s Grammar! Improving his mind, poor fellow! But what’s that he says now—hist!” “I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.” “Why, he’s getting it by heart—hist! again.” “I look, you look, he looks; we look, ye look, they look.” “Well, that’s funny.” “And I, you, and he; and we, ye, and they, are all bats; and I’m a crow, especially when I stand a’top of this pine tree here. Caw! caw! caw! caw! caw! caw! Ain’t I a crow? And where’s the scare-crow? There he stands; two bones stuck into a pair of old trowsers, and two more poked into the sleeves of an old jacket.” “Wonder if he means me?—complimentary!—poor lad!—I could go hang myself. Any way, for the present, I’ll quit Pip’s vicinity. I can stand the rest, for they have plain wits; but he’s too crazy-witty for my sanity. So, so, I leave him muttering.” “Here’s the ship’s navel, this doubloon here, and they are all on fire to unscrew it. But, unscrew your navel, and what’s the consequence? Then again, if it stays here, that is ugly, too, for when aught’s nailed to the mast it’s a sign that things grow desperate. Ha, ha! old Ahab! the White Whale; he’ll nail ye! This is a pine tree. My father, in old Tolland county, cut down a pine tree once, and found a silver ring grown over in it; some old darkey’s wedding ring. How did it get there? And so they’ll say in the resurrection, when they come to fish up this old mast, and find a doubloon lodged in it, with bedded oysters for the shaggy bark. Oh, the gold! the precious, precious, gold! the green miser’ll hoard ye soon! Hish! hish! God goes ’mong the worlds blackberrying. Cook! ho, cook! and cook us! Jenny! hey, hey, hey, hey, hey, Jenny, Jenny! and get your hoe-cake done!” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Melville, Herman, 2001. Moby-Dick: or The Whale. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2701/2701-h/2701-h.htm#link2HCH0099 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Moby-Dick; or The Whale: Chapter 99 - The Doubloon

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