The head of the Jersey Pistol Association says he is disappointed shooting has not been included at the 2026 Commonwealth Games.

Jersey shooters saddened by Commonwealth omission - Yahoo Sports

The fastest path to clean, limitless fusion energy.

Home | Commonwealth Fusion Systems

Commonwealth Fund grantees and staff experts focus on our health care system’s most pressing issues.

Home | Commonwealth Fund

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal countries. It is home to 2.5 billion people, and includes both advanced economies and developing countries. 33 of our members are small states, including many island nations.

The Commonwealth

Company Overview Imagination &amp; Innovation Lead to Change Our Vision Our values Structure Commonwealth LNG was founded by industry veterans who decided to re-engineer the LNG construction model. Using proven best practices, Commonwealth has re-designed the LNG process to create a facility to ...

Company - Commonwealth LNG

Free and open company data on Minnesota (US) company Commonwealth Companies LLC (company number 4759feb0-7423-eb11-91a5-00155d32b905), 420 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55102

Commonwealth Companies LLC :: Minnesota (US) :: OpenCorporates

Commonwealth Corporation is building a world where meaningful employment can lead to upward mobility for all.

Commonwealth Corporation - Home

The largest privately held RIA-independent broker/dealer ranking highest in advisor satisfaction. We are the RIA-B/D that puts you first.

Commonwealth Financial Network® | Top RIA–Independent ...

See what employees say it&#x27;s like to work at The Commonwealth Companies. Salaries, reviews, and more - all posted by employees working at The Commonwealth Companies.

Working at The Commonwealth Companies | Glassdoor

Founded in 1940, the company now regroups 5 divisions to serve you better : Veneer, Lumber, Plywood, Flooring, and Distribution. ... Commonwealth Plywood Company Ltd. is a family affair with the third generation at the helm of the business.

Commonwealth Plywood Company Ltd

Commonwealth

commonwealth

, the powerful, all-in-one platform for early-stage investments, today announces the launch of a world-first initiative: a Free “earn-to-own'' VC Fund. This launch represents a completely novel fusion of community-driven Web3 principles with the sophistication of venture capital investment. The initiative will see Common Wealth’s first fund opening up the venture capital sector to the masses, ensuring that the power of early-stage access in Web3 is now in the hands of the community it serves. Common Wealth Web3 The Free VC Fund is designed to elevate the spirit of Web3 at a time when the retail crypto community is mobilizing against unfair launch practices. By providing access at the same stage as VCs and other privileged groups, Common Wealth aims to level the playing field in the sector.  Leveraging its strong backing by key opinion leaders with a collective social reach of over 12 million, Common Wealth is set to shock the industry with a host of world firsts - the first-ever totally free, no management fees, always liquid, and fully on-chain Venture Fund. The Free VC Fund comprises an estimated $2.4 million worth of allocations across 15 of the most promising unlaunched projects in Web3 (including Common Wealth!), to be made available to early supporters through an interactive and engaging gamification system. The starring projects, referred by the , and that will make up the Free Fund are as follows; and All Street Oracles Analog, Asymmetry, BLOCKLORDS, Chirp, Cookie3, Diamond Swap, DYOR Exchange, FairSide, Mangata Finance, Mavryk, Nibiru, Nyan Heroes, OP Games, Rabbet. The Free Fund will be fully airdropped as “Slices” (fund NFTs) to the winners of a 3-week campaign, starting in around 2 weeks. Each Free Fund Slice will appear in their wallets as completely non-fungible and immutable proof of ownership, which can be split, transferred, or traded at the discretion of the holder. This feature set is another first and further cements the innovation behind this new decentralized infrastructure. The campaign prizes are: The top 10 recipients receive $10,000 slices each. The next 50 recipients receive $5,000 slices each. The next 1,000 recipients receive $1,000 slices each. Runner-ups share ~$1 million in $WLTH tokens. The Common Wealth Genesis 1 & 2 NFT holders and Beta Testers will receive additional rewards, granting them a competitive edge as a thank-you for their pivotal role in the platform’s beta phase. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcMNAd7Irmg&embedable=true Participation is free and open to everyone* to complete specific off-chain and on-chain tasks related to each project in the fund. Progress will be tracked with a Leaderboard, and notably, every verified participant who has completed the minimum tasks will be rewarded. The custom mechanics will see participants complete various missions, organized into 5 Quests across different social channels. Each project features five Quests, one for each major social media platform, with each Quest comprising three or more Missions. Completion of these Missions earns participants XP points, with bonus rewards for finishing all Missions within a Quest. The ultimate incentive is reserved for those who complete all Quests for a project, offering them a significant XP boost. Automated and manual verifications will provide legitimacy and ensure the transparency and accountability central to Web3. The Free VC Fund initiative will begin on Wednesday, February 21st, 2024, and will span three weeks, ending with a verification phase**. A total of 1,060 winners will see the prizes air-dropped to their wallets when the app goes live on zkSync ERA mainnet before 8th April 2024. The winners of the $WLTH airdrop will receive their full airdrop at TGE (week commencing 8th April 2024). Post-launch, the Free Fund will function similarly to all others coming to the Common Wealth app, where a permissionless system will run the investment processes and provide the owners of the slices with their proceeds until the fund is fully vested. Throughout the fund lifecycle, the app will continue to reward education and engagement across the Common Wealth ecosystem. About Common Wealth: Common Wealth is a powerful, all-in-one platform for early-stage Web3 investments — providing an all-access pass for retail investors to take control of their financial future. It aims to disrupt, scale, and optimize the traditional venture capital investment model using Web3 principles and blockchain technology. By opening up access to the 99%, Common Wealth incentivizes better standards of investment and investor education with crowd-sourced wisdom and scalable due diligence. Follow Common Wealth: https://twitter.com/joincommonwlth Website: https://joincommonwealth.xyz/ Telegram: https://t.me/commonwealth_chat Press Contact: hello@common-wealth.io Participation in the Common Wealth promotion requires a registered profile and completion of at least 3 missions per project for leaderboard eligibility. Proof of mission completion may be requested, and all entries are subject to verification by the team. Only the highest XP scores can win, with entrants eligible for a single prize across all tiers. Tier 1 and 2 winners are excluded from the TGE airdrop. In the event of score ties, algorithmic tie-breakers will be applied. Judges' decisions are final. Geographical restrictions may apply. Common Wealth reserves the right to extend the campaign at its discretion. This story was distributed as a release by BTCWire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging  Program. Learn more about the program here: https://business.hackernoon.com/

Common Wealth Announces the Launch of the World's First Free VC Fund

কমন ওয়েলথ বিশ্বের প্রথম ফ্রি ভিসি ফান্ড চালুর ঘোষণা দিয়েছে

Common Wealth gibt die Einführung des weltweit ersten kostenlosen VC-Fonds bekannt

Common Wealth anuncia el lanzamiento del primer fondo de capital riesgo gratuito del mundo

Common Wealth annonce le lancement du premier fonds de capital-risque gratuit au monde

कॉमन वेल्थ ने दुनिया का पहला मुफ्त वीसी फंड लॉन्च करने की घोषणा की

コモン・ウェルス、世界初の無料VCファンドの立ち上げを発表

Common Wealth, 세계 최초의 무료 VC 펀드 출시 발표

Common Wealth anuncia o lançamento do primeiro fundo de capital de risco gratuito do mundo

Common Wealth объявляет о запуске первого в мире бесплатного фонда венчурного капитала

Common Wealth Dünyanın İlk Ücretsiz VC Fonunun Lansmanını Duyurdu

Common Wealth công bố ra mắt Quỹ đầu tư mạo hiểm miễn phí đầu tiên trên thế giới

共同财富宣布推出全球首支免费风险投资基金

FTC v. Amazon Court Filing, retrieved on Sep 26, 2023, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 75 of 80. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here 1. Unfair methods of competition and unfair acts or practices under PUTPCPL 530. Plaintiff Commonwealth of Pennsylvania repeats and re-alleges and incorporates by reference each and every paragraph and allegation of the Complaint as if fully set forth 531. Regardless of the nature or quality of Amazon’s aforementioned acts or practices on the competitive process or competition, Amazon’s conduct has been otherwise unfair or unconscionable because they offend public policy as established by statutes, the common law, or otherwise, are immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or substantially injurious to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and consumers. 532. Amazon’s unfair conduct has resulted in the Commonwealth and consumers being substantially injured by paying more for products than they otherwise would have in a free and open market. 533. Amazon’s impairment of choice and the competitive process has had the following effects: (1) competition in the online superstore market and the market for online marketplace services has been restrained, suppressed and eliminated throughout Pennsylvania; (2) online superstore market prices and the market for online marketplace services prices have been raised, maintained and stabilized at artificially-high levels throughout Pennsylvania; (3) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and consumers have been deprived of free and open markets; and (4) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and consumers have paid supra-competitive, artificially inflated prices for online superstore products and online marketplace services. 534. Amazon’s impairment of choice and the competitive process have caused the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and consumers to suffer and to continue to suffer loss of money by means of Amazon’s use or employment of unfair methods of competition and/or unfair acts or practices as set forth above. 535. Amazon’s conduct more fully described herein is unlawful pursuant to 73 P.S. § 201-3. 536. The aforesaid methods, acts or practices constitute unfair methods of competition and/or unfair acts or practices within their meaning under Section 2(4) of the PUTPCPL, including, but not limited to, “Engaging in any other fraudulent or deceptive conduct which creates a likelihood of confusion or of misunderstanding” in violation of 73 P.S. § 201-2(4)(xxi). 537. The above-described conduct created the likelihood of confusion and misunderstanding and exploited unfair advantage of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and consumers seeking to exercise a meaningful choice in markets expected to be free of impairment to the competitive process and thus constitutes an unfair method of competition through one or more of the following: (a) Violating Section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2, through willfully maintaining its monopoly power over the online superstore market as set forth in the preceding counts; (b) Violating Section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2, through willfully maintaining its monopoly power over the market for online marketplace services as set forth in the preceding counts; (c) Violating Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C § 45(a); (d) Violating Pennsylvania antitrust common law through willfully maintaining its monopoly power over the online superstore market; (e) Violating Pennsylvania antitrust common law through willfully maintaining its monopoly power over the market for online marketplace services; and/or (f) Engaging in any conduct which causes substantial injury to consumers. 538. The above-described conduct substantially injured consumers and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 539. The Commonwealth seeks entry of a permanent injunction restraining Amazon’s unlawful conduct and mandating corrective measures pursuant to 73 P. S. § 201-4. 540. The Commonwealth also requests that the Court direct Amazon to restore to the Commonwealth on behalf of all victims the ill-gotten gains acquired from their inflated pricing during the period of time Amazon’s unlawful conduct took place, pursuant to 73 P. S. § 201-4.1. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 2:23-cv-01495 retrieved on October 2, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. ftc.gov

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Tags Amazon "Immoral, Oppressive and Unscrupulous" 

কমনওয়েলথ অফ পেনসিলভানিয়া ট্যাগ অ্যামাজন "অনৈতিক, নিপীড়ক এবং নীতিহীন"

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bezeichnet Amazon als „unmoralisch, unterdrückend und skrupellos“

La Commonwealth de Pensilvania etiqueta a Amazon como "inmoral, opresiva y sin escrúpulos"

Le Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie qualifie Amazon de « immoral, oppressif et sans scrupules »

पेंसिल्वेनिया के राष्ट्रमंडल ने अमेज़ॅन को टैग किया "अनैतिक, दमनकारी और बेईमान"

ペンシルベニア州はアマゾンを「不道徳、抑圧的、不謹慎」とタグ付け

펜실베니아 연방은 아마존에 "부도덕하고 억압적이며 파렴치한" 태그를 붙였습니다.

Comunidade da Pensilvânia classifica a Amazon como “imoral, opressiva e sem escrúpulos”

Содружество Пенсильвании назвало Amazon «аморальным, репрессивным и беспринципным»

Pensilvanya Topluluğu Amazon'u "Ahlaksız, Baskıcı ve Vicdansız" Olarak Etiketledi

Khối thịnh vượng chung Pennsylvania gắn thẻ Amazon là "vô đạo đức, áp bức và vô đạo đức"

宾夕法尼亚州给亚马逊贴上“不道德、压迫性和不择手段”的标签

After two decades of political and economic turmoil, CIS has emerged as a dynamic and ambitious region – and a crypto industry hotspot. Low taxes, affordable workforce, relaxed state regulations, cheap energy – all this creates a perfect environment for blockchain businesses. In this post, we'll look at ten entrepreneurs shaping the new, crypto-friendly image of the region 1) Nikolay Udianskyi Nikolay Udianskyi is a visionary Ukrainian blockchain entrepreneur who founded Eastern Europe's largest crypto exchange, , named the best exchange at Asian Blockchain Life in 2019. Coinsbit also made it onto the list of Asia's Top 10 blockchain companies and became the first exchange to integrate a network of 200,000 POS terminals across the globe. Mr. Udianskyi also leads the way in launching exchanges: Thanks to his assistance, five of the top 50 exchanges have seen the light of day. Mr. Udianskyi's competencies stretch far beyond exchanges, however. He’s also working on various other projects, including ASSUR, the world's first insurance company focusing on crypto exchanges; Ukraine's first blockchain investment fund; and an upcoming residential complex for IT developers near Kharkiv. Coinsbit.io 2) Sergei Khitrov Founder of , the largest listing company that helped add more than 500 projects to crypto exchanges, founder of one of the largest Blockchain Life world blockchain and cryptocurrency forum, founder of the Jets Capital investment fund and IDEO crypto and digital associations. He was repeatedly recognized as one of the most promising young entrepreneurs in Russia and CIS. Listing.help 3) Roman Nekrasov Roman Nekrasov is the founder of - a multidisciplinary international holding company specializing in high-tech telecommunications products and decentralized services. The foundation currently focuses on the development of a decentralized public key infrastructure (DPKI), designed to increase the level of privacy and reliability of network interactions. ENCRY Foundation In addition to ENCRY, Nekrasov manages the Russian-language version of NewsBTC - a popular blockchain and cryptocurrency news resource - as well as a number of other projects in related fields. Nekrasov sees his mission in changing the society's current view on network interaction, increasing the level of confidentiality of digital communication, and developing distributed and decentralized services. 4) Vasily Kuznetsov is one of the persons who created the blockchain community in Russia. In the year of 2017 he hosted over 40 weekly meetups with his newly formed company IBCG (International Blockchain Consulting Group). Almost 5000 people were inspired by the new trendy topic and quickly started forming teams for ICOs and other types of blockchain organizations. Vasily was also an adviser for some of the crypto startups, traveling around the globe and meeting new partners. He is currently deeply involved with investments strategies and would be happy to cooperate with anyone willing to make the world a better place. Vasily Kuznetsov 5) Dmitry Zuev Dmitry Zuev is the co-founder and CBDO of (NGE). The project that aims to provide electric energy for miners and data processing centers at an unprecedented price of $0.02 per kWh, hedged for the next 25 years. In the past, Dmitry held executive positions in leading banks and has a vast expertise in creating and promoting banking and investment products. Dmitry also heads the Committee for Public Contracts and Digital Economy in the Irkutsk branch of the SME-centered NGO Opora Rossii. He’s been involved in the blockchain industry since 2017. Natural Gas Energy 6) Gee (Evgheny) Turvinenko Gee (Evgheny) Turvinenko worked with startups and VC back in 2014. He came to Blockchain after 3 years of structuring deals for Venture capital. He started with IR and fundraising for projects. In 2017 he created the Agency ICOboost, which helped projects to raise funds and provide marketing services. Acts as an Advisor and consultant for dozens of ICO projects. Being known, including in the development environment (as product owner), in mid-2018 he with two partners   focused on creating his own Blockchain Protocol for Enterpise (Kratos Protocol). In 2019, focuses on Asian markets (Korea, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong), exploring combinations of traditional investments and Blockchain investments. Joined to as a Head of Strategy and Sales, the firsts p2p lending platform for Gaming Assets. Constantly present in Asia and helps projects to find investments, partners and advisers. Truly believes that blockchain could change our future to the best. FinwhaleX 7) David Lolaev Founder of business development company lab. SalAd David has impeccable sales and business development skills, and his team provides more than 300 crypto startups with excellent services from A to Z. With his experience, David has fostered a lot of startups as a growth hacker and marketing advisor. He has created his own strategy and tactics for sales and fundraising tasks to help young companies around the world become successful. He maintains strong partnerships with top exchanges and international funds. 8) Nikita Brudnov Nikita Brudnov is a well-known serial entrepreneur and the CEO at . In the past, he worked as Head of Relations at ICO Brothers. With 6 years in sales management, 4 years in marketing, and 3 years as an active cryptocurrency expert, he personally worked with over 120 projects and exchanges in the blockchain space. Nikita has helped launch over 10 IEOs and facilitated exchange listing for dozens of projects. Easy Listing Nikita is currently focused on fundraising, top exchange listing, and marketing & PR services for crypto exchanges. 9) Alexey Andryunin Alexey Andryunin is the founder of GOTBIT Market Solutions and an advisor at Kuverit. A Moscow State University graduate with a strong math background, Alexey has 5 years of experience in algo trading.  He is a market making provider for 50+ tokens and has developed a liquidity transfer system for new exchanges. Alexey designed the only market-making system able to create a real market for tokens traded on decentralized exchanges. He also created a new method of project financing, based on early token listings and additional funding through market-making. In just 3 months, Alexey's clients successfully raised $3+ mln using this system. Alexey's current projects include a strategy of financing tokens through market-making and an innovative B2B crypto financial platform. 10) Dmitriy Budorin Since 2017 Dmitriy Budorin is founder and CEO of , leading Eastern European blockchain cybersecurity consulting company with more than 200 clients all over the world. Hacken is also a trusted brand in traditional enterprise cybersecurity. Among clients there are such huge companies like Vechain, Fenbushi Capital and AirAsia etc. Hacken professional achievements are highly regarded by industry leaders like CZ, CEO of Binance. Moreover, Hacken is the only one cybersecurity partner of Coinmarketcap. This year Hacken became a partner of Cream and Vechain and prepares a unique cybersecurity lifetime app HackenAI Hacken

10 Blockchain Entrepreneurs from CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) to Follow

Historically, people with disabilities have faced significant barriers to using their right to vote. In the digital age, online voter registration platforms must provide users with high-level accessibility access. High accessibility standards are not optional — they are vital to making democracy work for everyone. However, accessibility barriers could create difficulties for people with disabilities, from registering to vote independently and efficiently to preventing them from casting their votes. A recent report from the Rutgers Program for Disability Research estimated that about 40 million people with disabilities were eligible to vote in 2024. So, the absence of their voting could result in different election outcomes. A recent report, "The State of Web Accessibility for U.S. Voters with Disabilities," by QAwerk, a software testing company, reveals the accessibility level of 43 U.S. online voter registration websites. It shows that 65% of them have medium or low accessibility levels, presenting significant barriers for voters with disabilities. Here are the most common accessibility issues identified by QAwerk's report for over half of the U.S. online voter registration websites. 1. HTML Errors The most prevalent issue identified in the study was the presence of errors in HTML code, which were found for 98% of online voter registration sites. Only one website out of the 43 we tested had no errors in its HTML code. It was Utah. Why is it important? Valid HTML markup makes it accessible for assistive technologies, such as screen readers, to interpret and understand the content of a web page. Screen readers are essential for blind and visually impaired users, allowing them to navigate websites through auditory feedback. For example, incorrect attributes can cause screen readers to misinterpret interactive components, like buttons, leading to user confusion. Best practices to avoid HTML code errors include regularly validating HTML using tools like the W3C Markup Validation Service, incorporating linters into your development environment, and implementing automated testing for validation, accessibility, and performance. 2. Missing or Poorly Labeled Input Fields Proper labeling of input fields is another critical aspect of web accessibility, especially for individuals using assistive technologies like screen readers. According to the report, 33 out of 43 websites (77%) have inadequately labeled input fields, making it difficult for users to understand and complete forms. Only 10 websites out of the 43 we tested had no issues labeling input fields. These were Illinois, Kansas, Arizona, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and the District of Columbia. For instance, without labels, screen readers might not announce the purpose of form fields correctly, leaving users confused. Best Practices include clearly labeling all form fields with descriptive language and associating them with their elements using HTML tags while providing examples of correct input and identifying mandatory fields with text labels. 3. Low Contrast Between Text and Background Color contrast between text and background is crucial for users with low vision or color blindness. QAwerk's data shows that 23 out of 43 websites (53%) failed to provide sufficient contrast, making it difficult for users to read important information. WCAG 2.2. guidelines suggest the visual presentation of text and text images has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1; large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1. Improving color contrast is a relatively simple yet impactful fix that developers can implement to significantly enhance the readability of their websites for all users. It can be fixed by following WCAG contrast guidelines, using tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker, and ensuring sufficient contrast between text and backgrounds, including when using images. 4. Missing Link Purpose The "Missing Link Purpose" error is a critical accessibility issue that arises when the purpose of a hyperlink is not clear from its context or the link text itself. When link text is vague or generic (e.g., "click here"), screen reader users may not understand where the link will take them or what action it will perform. 53% of online voter registration sites lack a link description, which can confuse users who rely on screen readers as the destination of the link or action required is not stated. Take the Massachusetts state election site, for example. Here, the text “Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts” contains a link, but there’s no description of its destination or action required. Check the purpose of each link is clear from the text or its context, use descriptive link text that makes sense independently, and add a title property for additional clarity when needed. 5. Lack of Clear Error Messages When users make mistakes while filling out online forms, it's essential that error messages are clear, concise, and easy to understand. Unfortunately, 44% of voter registration sites tested did not provide clear error messages, which can lead to user frustration and prevent them from successfully completing their registration. The Delaware state election site contains this accessibility issue. Here, the user’s error isn’t clearly marked or described. Only the word “Required” indicates that the field is mandatory. The borders of the field are not highlighted in red. Website administrators should check that forms have real-time validation and provide clear guidance when errors happen. Final Thoughts Creating a digital environment that guarantees equal access to the voting process for everyone is not only a technical challenge; it’s a fundamental commitment to inclusivity and democracy. Accessibility should be our ongoing effort. Websites must be retested regularly, especially as they get updated and new content is added. Historically, people with disabilities have faced significant barriers to using their right to vote. In the digital age, online voter registration platforms must provide users with high-level accessibility access. High accessibility standards are not optional — they are vital to making democracy work for everyone. However, accessibility barriers could create difficulties for people with disabilities, from registering to vote independently and efficiently to preventing them from casting their votes. A recent report from the Rutgers Program for Disability Research estimated that about 40 million people with disabilities were eligible to vote in 2024. So, the absence of their voting could result in different election outcomes. 40 million 40 million A recent report, " The State of Web Accessibility for U.S. Voters with Disabilities ," by QAwerk, a software testing company, reveals the accessibility level of 43 U.S. online voter registration websites. It shows that 65% of them have medium or low accessibility levels, presenting significant barriers for voters with disabilities. The State of Web Accessibility for U.S. Voters with Disabilities The State of Web Accessibility for U.S. Voters with Disabilities Here are the most common accessibility issues identified by QAwerk's report for over half of the U.S. online voter registration websites. 1. HTML Errors 1. HTML Errors The most prevalent issue identified in the study was the presence of errors in HTML code, which were found for 98% of online voter registration sites. Only one website out of the 43 we tested had no errors in its HTML code. It was Utah. Why is it important? Valid HTML markup makes it accessible for assistive technologies, such as screen readers, to interpret and understand the content of a web page. Screen readers are essential for blind and visually impaired users, allowing them to navigate websites through auditory feedback. For example, incorrect attributes can cause screen readers to misinterpret interactive components, like buttons, leading to user confusion. Best practices to avoid HTML code errors include regularly validating HTML using tools like the W3C Markup Validation Service, incorporating linters into your development environment, and implementing automated testing for validation, accessibility, and performance. 2. Missing or Poorly Labeled Input Fields 2. Missing or Poorly Labeled Input Fields Proper labeling of input fields is another critical aspect of web accessibility, especially for individuals using assistive technologies like screen readers. According to the report, 33 out of 43 websites (77%) have inadequately labeled input fields, making it difficult for users to understand and complete forms. Only 10 websites out of the 43 we tested had no issues labeling input fields. These were Illinois, Kansas, Arizona, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and the District of Columbia. For instance, without labels, screen readers might not announce the purpose of form fields correctly, leaving users confused. Best Practices include clearly labeling all form fields with descriptive language and associating them with their elements using HTML tags while providing examples of correct input and identifying mandatory fields with text labels. 3. Low Contrast Between Text and Background 3. Low Contrast Between Text and Background Color contrast between text and background is crucial for users with low vision or color blindness. QAwerk's data shows that 23 out of 43 websites (53%) failed to provide sufficient contrast, making it difficult for users to read important information. WCAG 2.2. guidelines suggest the visual presentation of text and text images has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1; large-scale text and images of large-scale text have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1. Improving color contrast is a relatively simple yet impactful fix that developers can implement to significantly enhance the readability of their websites for all users. WCAG WCAG It can be fixed by following WCAG contrast guidelines, using tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker, and ensuring sufficient contrast between text and backgrounds, including when using images. 4. Missing Link Purpose 4. Missing Link Purpose The "Missing Link Purpose" error is a critical accessibility issue that arises when the purpose of a hyperlink is not clear from its context or the link text itself. When link text is vague or generic (e.g., "click here"), screen reader users may not understand where the link will take them or what action it will perform. 53% of online voter registration sites lack a link description, which can confuse users who rely on screen readers as the destination of the link or action required is not stated. Take the Massachusetts state election site, for example. Here, the text “Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts” contains a link, but there’s no description of its destination or action required. Check the purpose of each link is clear from the text or its context, use descriptive link text that makes sense independently, and add a title property for additional clarity when needed. 5. Lack of Clear Error Messages 5. Lack of Clear Error Messages When users make mistakes while filling out online forms, it's essential that error messages are clear, concise, and easy to understand. Unfortunately, 44% of voter registration sites tested did not provide clear error messages, which can lead to user frustration and prevent them from successfully completing their registration. The Delaware state election site contains this accessibility issue. Here, the user’s error isn’t clearly marked or described. Only the word “Required” indicates that the field is mandatory. The borders of the field are not highlighted in red. Website administrators should check that forms have real-time validation and provide clear guidance when errors happen. Final Thoughts Final Thoughts Creating a digital environment that guarantees equal access to the voting process for everyone is not only a technical challenge; it’s a fundamental commitment to inclusivity and democracy. Accessibility should be our ongoing effort. Websites must be retested regularly, especially as they get updated and new content is added.

Top 5 Accessibility Issues in U.S. Voter Registration Sites and Ways to Fix Them

Solving the Paradox of Decentralized Coordination

Countering Mainstream Bias via End-to-End Adaptive Local Learning: Conclusion and References

Court Grants SEC’s Injunction Against Ripple

Authors:
(1) Amit Seal Ami, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, and this author contributed equally to this paper (aami@wm.edu);
(2) Syed Yusuf Ahmed, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1013@iit.du.ac.bd);
(3) Radowan Mahmud Redoy, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1002@iit.du.ac.bd);
(4) Nathan Cooper, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (nacooper01@wm.edu);
(5) Kaushal Kafle, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (kkafle@wm.edu);
(6) Kevin Moran, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, USA (kpmoran@ucf.edu);
(7) Denys Poshyvanyk, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (denys@cs.wm.edu);
(8) Adwait Nadkarni, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (apnadkarni@wm.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Overview of MASC 3 Design Goals 4 Implementation of MASC 4.1 Mutation Operators 4.2 Mutation Scopes 5 Using MASC 6 Future Work and Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 6 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION We discussed the overview, design goals, implementation details and usage of MASC, a user-friendly tool for mutation-based evaluation of static crypto-API misuse detectors. While we do not report any additional crypto-detector evaluation in this demonstration paper, evaluation results of the original implementation of MASC are available in the original paper [3]. We plan to evaluate additional crypto-detectors with the current implementation of MASC, and aim to extend the customization support to the additional scopes, i.e., exhaustive scope and similarity scope. We hope that the current implementation of MASC will help crypto-detector stakeholders, i.e., security researchers, developers and users, to systematically evaluate crypto-detectors. Furthermore, we envision that that opensource enthusiasts will augment the mutation operators of MASC further, empowered by its easy to extend architecture, thus helping improve crypto-detectors by finding novel flaws. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported in part by NSF-1815336, NSF-1815186, NSF1955853 grants and Coastal Virginia Center for Cyber Innovation and the Commonwealth Cyber Initiative, an investment in the advancement of cyber R&D, innovation, and workforce development. For more information about COVA CCI and CCI, visit www.covacci.org and www.cyberinitiative.org. REFERENCES [1] Secure Platforms Lab 2022. MASC Artifact. Secure Platforms Lab. Retrieved May, 2023 from https://github.com/Secure-Platforms-Lab-W-M/MASC-Artifact [2] Secure Platforms Lab 2023. MASC. Secure Platforms Lab. Retrieved May, 2023 from https://github.com/Secure-Platforms-Lab-W-M/MASC [3] Amit Seal Ami, Nathan Cooper, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Denys Poshyvanyk, and Adwait Nadkarni. 2022. Why Crypto-detectors Fail: A Systematic Evaluation of Cryptographic Misuse Detection Techniques. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE Computer Society, San Francisco, CA, USA, 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833582 [4] Amit Seal Ami, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2021. Demo: Mutation-based Evaluation of Security-focused Static Analysis Tools for Android. In Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE’21), Formal Tool Demonstration, Virtual (originally Madrid, Spain), May 25th - 28th, 2021. [5] Amit Seal Ami, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2021. Systematic Mutation-Based Evaluation of the Soundness of SecurityFocused Android Static Analysis Techniques. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security 24, 3 (Feb. 2021), 15:1–15:37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3439802 [6] Al Bessey, Ken Block, Ben Chelf, Andy Chou, Bryan Fulton, Seth Hallem, Charles Henri-Gros, Asya Kamsky, Scott McPeak, and Dawson Engler. 2010. A Few Billion Lines of Code Later: Using Static Analysis to Find Bugs in the Real World. Commun. ACM 53, 2 (Feb. 2010), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1145/1646353.1646374 [7] Richard Bonett, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2018. Discovering Flaws in Security-Focused Static Analysis Tools for Android using Systematic Mutation. In 27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18). USENIX Association, Baltimore, MD, 1263–1280. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/bonett [8] CogniCrypt. 2020. CogniCrypt - Secure Integration of Cryptographic Software | CogniCrypt. https://www.eclipse.org/cognicrypt/ Accessed June, 2020. [9] CryptoGuard. 2020. Oracle - Industrial Experience of Finding Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in Large-scale Codebases. https://labs.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=94065: 40150:0::::P40150_PUBLICATION_ID:6629 Accessed July, 2020. [10] GitHub. 2020. Announcing third-party code scanning tools: static analysis & developer security training - The GitHub Blog. https://github.blog/2020-10-05- announcing-third-party-code-scanning-tools-static-analysis-and-developersecurity-training/ Accessed Nov, 2020. [11] "Java". 2020. Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) Reference Guide. https: //docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/security/java-cryptography-architecturejca-reference-guide.html#GUID-815542FE-CF3D-407A-9673-CAE9840F6231 [12] lgtm. 2020. LGTM - Continuous Security Analysis. https://lgtm.com/ Accessed Nov, 2020. [13] Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota, Michele Tufano, Kevin Moran, Massimiliano Di Penta, Christopher Vendome, Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2017. Enabling Mutation Testing for Android Apps. In Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE 2017). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106237.3106275 [14] Kevin Moran, Michele Tufano, Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota, Christopher Vendome, Massimiliano Di Penta, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2018. MDroid+: A Mutation Testing Framework for Android. Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion Proceeedings - ICSE ’18 (2018), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3183492 [15] OASIS. 2021. The Static Analysis Results Interchange Format (SARIF). https: //sarifweb.azurewebsites.net/ Accessed Jul, 2021. [16] owasp. 2020. Test Cases for Risky or Broken Cryptographic Algorithm Erroneously Labeled as Not Vulnerable · Issue #92 · OWASP/Benchmark. https: //github.com/OWASP/Benchmark/issues/92 Accessed Nov, 2020. [17] Sazzadur Rahaman, Ya Xiao, Sharmin Afrose, Fahad Shaon, Ke Tian, Miles Frantz, Murat Kantarcioglu, and Danfeng (Daphne) Yao. 2019. CryptoGuard: High Precision Detection of Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in Massive-sized Java Projects. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security - CCS ’19. ACM Press, London, United Kingdom, 2455–2472. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345659 [18] Xanitizer. 2020. Xanitizer by RIGS IT - Because Security Matters. https: //www.rigs-it.com/xanitizer/ Accessed May, 2020. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Amit Seal Ami, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, and this author contributed equally to this paper (aami@wm.edu); (2) Syed Yusuf Ahmed, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1013@iit.du.ac.bd); (3) Radowan Mahmud Redoy, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1002@iit.du.ac.bd); (4) Nathan Cooper, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (nacooper01@wm.edu); (5) Kaushal Kafle, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (kkafle@wm.edu); (6) Kevin Moran, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, USA (kpmoran@ucf.edu); (7) Denys Poshyvanyk, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (denys@cs.wm.edu); (8) Adwait Nadkarni, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (apnadkarni@wm.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Amit Seal Ami, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, and this author contributed equally to this paper (aami@wm.edu); (2) Syed Yusuf Ahmed, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1013@iit.du.ac.bd); (3) Radowan Mahmud Redoy, Institute for Information Technology, University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh, and this author contributed equally to this paper (bsse1002@iit.du.ac.bd); (4) Nathan Cooper, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (nacooper01@wm.edu); (5) Kaushal Kafle, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (kkafle@wm.edu); (6) Kevin Moran, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida, USA (kpmoran@ucf.edu); (7) Denys Poshyvanyk, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (denys@cs.wm.edu); (8) Adwait Nadkarni, Computer Science Department, William & Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (apnadkarni@wm.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Overview of MASC 2 Overview of MASC 3 Design Goals 3 Design Goals 4 Implementation of MASC 4 Implementation of MASC 4.1 Mutation Operators 4.1 Mutation Operators 4.2 Mutation Scopes 4.2 Mutation Scopes 5 Using MASC 5 Using MASC 6 Future Work and Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 6 Future Work and Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References 6 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION We discussed the overview, design goals, implementation details and usage of MASC, a user-friendly tool for mutation-based evaluation of static crypto-API misuse detectors. While we do not report any additional crypto-detector evaluation in this demonstration paper, evaluation results of the original implementation of MASC are available in the original paper [3]. We plan to evaluate additional crypto-detectors with the current implementation of MASC, and aim to extend the customization support to the additional scopes, i.e., exhaustive scope and similarity scope. We hope that the current implementation of MASC will help crypto-detector stakeholders, i.e., security researchers, developers and users, to systematically evaluate crypto-detectors. Furthermore, we envision that that opensource enthusiasts will augment the mutation operators of MASC further, empowered by its easy to extend architecture, thus helping improve crypto-detectors by finding novel flaws. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported in part by NSF-1815336, NSF-1815186, NSF1955853 grants and Coastal Virginia Center for Cyber Innovation and the Commonwealth Cyber Initiative, an investment in the advancement of cyber R&D, innovation, and workforce development. For more information about COVA CCI and CCI, visit www.covacci.org and www.cyberinitiative.org. REFERENCES [1] Secure Platforms Lab 2022. MASC Artifact. Secure Platforms Lab. Retrieved May, 2023 from https://github.com/Secure-Platforms-Lab-W-M/MASC-Artifact [2] Secure Platforms Lab 2023. MASC. Secure Platforms Lab. Retrieved May, 2023 from https://github.com/Secure-Platforms-Lab-W-M/MASC [3] Amit Seal Ami, Nathan Cooper, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Denys Poshyvanyk, and Adwait Nadkarni. 2022. Why Crypto-detectors Fail: A Systematic Evaluation of Cryptographic Misuse Detection Techniques. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE Computer Society, San Francisco, CA, USA, 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833582 [4] Amit Seal Ami, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2021. Demo: Mutation-based Evaluation of Security-focused Static Analysis Tools for Android. In Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE’21), Formal Tool Demonstration, Virtual (originally Madrid, Spain), May 25th - 28th, 2021. [5] Amit Seal Ami, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2021. Systematic Mutation-Based Evaluation of the Soundness of SecurityFocused Android Static Analysis Techniques. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security 24, 3 (Feb. 2021), 15:1–15:37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3439802 [6] Al Bessey, Ken Block, Ben Chelf, Andy Chou, Bryan Fulton, Seth Hallem, Charles Henri-Gros, Asya Kamsky, Scott McPeak, and Dawson Engler. 2010. A Few Billion Lines of Code Later: Using Static Analysis to Find Bugs in the Real World. Commun. ACM 53, 2 (Feb. 2010), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1145/1646353.1646374 [7] Richard Bonett, Kaushal Kafle, Kevin Moran, Adwait Nadkarni, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2018. Discovering Flaws in Security-Focused Static Analysis Tools for Android using Systematic Mutation. In 27th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 18). USENIX Association, Baltimore, MD, 1263–1280. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/bonett [8] CogniCrypt. 2020. CogniCrypt - Secure Integration of Cryptographic Software | CogniCrypt. https://www.eclipse.org/cognicrypt/ Accessed June, 2020. [9] CryptoGuard. 2020. Oracle - Industrial Experience of Finding Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in Large-scale Codebases. https://labs.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=94065: 40150:0::::P40150_PUBLICATION_ID:6629 Accessed July, 2020. [10] GitHub. 2020. Announcing third-party code scanning tools: static analysis & developer security training - The GitHub Blog. https://github.blog/2020-10-05- announcing-third-party-code-scanning-tools-static-analysis-and-developersecurity-training/ Accessed Nov, 2020. [11] "Java". 2020. Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) Reference Guide. https: //docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/security/java-cryptography-architecturejca-reference-guide.html#GUID-815542FE-CF3D-407A-9673-CAE9840F6231 [12] lgtm. 2020. LGTM - Continuous Security Analysis. https://lgtm.com/ Accessed Nov, 2020. [13] Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota, Michele Tufano, Kevin Moran, Massimiliano Di Penta, Christopher Vendome, Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2017. Enabling Mutation Testing for Android Apps. In Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE 2017). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106237.3106275 [14] Kevin Moran, Michele Tufano, Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota, Christopher Vendome, Massimiliano Di Penta, and Denys Poshyvanyk. 2018. MDroid+: A Mutation Testing Framework for Android. Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion Proceeedings - ICSE ’18 (2018), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3183492 [15] OASIS. 2021. The Static Analysis Results Interchange Format (SARIF). https: //sarifweb.azurewebsites.net/ Accessed Jul, 2021. [16] owasp. 2020. Test Cases for Risky or Broken Cryptographic Algorithm Erroneously Labeled as Not Vulnerable · Issue #92 · OWASP/Benchmark. https: //github.com/OWASP/Benchmark/issues/92 Accessed Nov, 2020. [17] Sazzadur Rahaman, Ya Xiao, Sharmin Afrose, Fahad Shaon, Ke Tian, Miles Frantz, Murat Kantarcioglu, and Danfeng (Daphne) Yao. 2019. CryptoGuard: High Precision Detection of Cryptographic Vulnerabilities in Massive-sized Java Projects. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security - CCS ’19. ACM Press, London, United Kingdom, 2455–2472. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319535.3345659 [18] Xanitizer. 2020. Xanitizer by RIGS IT - Because Security Matters. https: //www.rigs-it.com/xanitizer/ Accessed May, 2020. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

The Road Ahead for MASC: Expanding Crypto-API Misuse Detection

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license.
Authors:
(1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com;
(2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Related Work
Data Collection
Analysis Methodology
Results
Limitations
Concluding Discussion
References REFERENCES [1] Toril Aalberg and Anders Todal Jenssen. 2017. Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. Nordicom Review 28, 1 (2017), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198 [2] Pushkal Agarwal, Nishanth Sastry, and Edward Wood. 2019. Tweeting MPs: Digital Engagement between Citizens and Members of Parliament in the UK. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13, 01. [3] Arshia Arya, Soham De, Dibyendu Mishra, Gazal Shekhawat, Ankur Sharma, Anmol Panda, Faisal M Lalani, Parantak Singh, Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal, Rynaa Grover, Sachita Nishal, Saloni Dash, Shehla Rashid Shora, Syeda Zainab Akbar, and Joyojeet Pal. 2022. DISMISS: Database of Indian Social Media Influencers on Twitter. [4] Nichole M. Bauer. 2015. Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology 36, 6 (2015), 691–708. [5] Aditi Bhowmick, Paul Novosad, Sam Asher, Elliott Ash, Bilal Siddiqi, Christoph Goessmann, Daniel Chen, and Tanaya Devi. 2021. In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5.5 Million Criminal Cases. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS ’21). 47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 [6] Jose Camacho-Collados, Kiamehr Rezaee, Talayeh Riahi, Asahi Ushio, Daniel Loureiro, Dimosthenis Antypas, Joanne Boisson, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Fangyu Liu, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, et al. 2022. TweetNLP: Cutting-Edge Natural Language Processing for Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. [7] Tessa M. Ditonto, Allison J. Hamilton, and David P. Redlawsk. 2014. Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns. Political Behavior 36, 2 (2014), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 [8] Kathleen Dolan and Timothy Lynch. 2014. It Takes a Survey: Understanding Gender Stereotypes, Abstract Attitudes, and Voting for Women Candidates. American Politics Research 42, 4 (2014), 656–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 [9] Heather Evans. 2016. Do Women Only Talk about ‘Female Issues’? Gender and
Issue Discussion on Twitter. Online Information Review 40, 5 (2016), 660–672.
https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 [10] Heather K. Evans and Jennifer Hayes Clark. 2016. You Tweet Like a Girl!’: How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter. American Politics Research 44, 2 (2016), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 [11] Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, and Keiichi Nemoto. 2015. Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment. arXiv:1508.00055 [cs.CY] https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 [12] Leonie Huddy and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37, 1 (1993), 119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 [13] Berrin Beasley John H. Parmelee, Nataliya Roman and Stephynie C. Perkins. 2019. Gender and Generational Differences in Political Reporters’ Interactivity on Twitter. Journalism Studies 20, 2 (2019), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 [14] Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh Kunal Khadilkar and Tom M. Mitchell. 2022. Gender Bias, Social Bias, and Representation in Bollywood and Hollywood. Patterns 3, 4 (2022), 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 [15] MingYu (Ethen) Liu. 2023. Topic Modeling. https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html. [16] J. Nathan Matias, Sarah Szalavitz, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. FollowBias: Supporting Behavior Change toward Gender Equality by Networked Gatekeepers on Social Media (CSCW ’17). 1082–1095. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 [17] Lindsey Meeks. 2016. Gendered Styles, Gendered Differences: Candidates’ Use of Personalization and Interactivity on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13, 4 (2016), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 [18] Armin Mertens, Franziska Pradel, Ayjeren Rozyjumayeva, and Jens Wäckerle. 2019. As the Tweet, so the Reply? Gender Bias in Digital Communication with Politicians. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci ’19). 193–201. [19] Sebo P. 2021. Using genderize.io to infer the gender of first names: how to improve the accuracy of the inference. J Med Libr Assoc. (2021). [20] Anmol Panda, A’ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. NivaDuck - A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200–209. [21] John H. Parmelee. 2013. Political Journalists and Twitter: Influences on Norms and Practices. Journal of Media Practice 14, 4 (2013), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 [22] Pallavi Prasad. 2020. One in Every Seven Tweets About Indian Women Politicians Is Abusive: Study. https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls. [23] Gazal Shekhawat, Parantak Singh, Rynaa Grover, Saloni Dash, Himani Negi, Ankur Sharma, Somya Sagarika, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Twitter Use by Politicians Across States in India. [24] Carole Spary. 2007. Female Political Leadership in India. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 3 (2007), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 [25] Genderize team. 2023. Genderize. https://genderize.io/. [26] Jesse Holcomb Usher, Nikki and Justin Littman. 2018. Twitter Makes It Worse: Political Journalists, Gendered Echo Chambers, and the Amplification of Gender Bias. The International Journal of Press/Politics 23, 3 (2018), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 [27] Jason Gainous Wagner, Kevin M. and Mirya R. Holman. 2017. I Am Woman, Hear Me Tweet! Gender Differences in Twitter Use among Congressional Candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 38, 4 (2017), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871 This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com; (2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: Authors: (1) Brisha Jain, Independent researcher India and brishajain02@gmail.com; (2) Mainack Mondal, IIT Kharagpur India and mainack@cse.iitkgp.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Related Work Data Collection Analysis Methodology Results Limitations Concluding Discussion References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Related Work Related Work Data Collection Data Collection Analysis Methodology Analysis Methodology Results Results Limitations Limitations Concluding Discussion Concluding Discussion References References REFERENCES [1] Toril Aalberg and Anders Todal Jenssen. 2017. Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates. Nordicom Review 28, 1 (2017), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0198 [2] Pushkal Agarwal, Nishanth Sastry, and Edward Wood. 2019. Tweeting MPs: Digital Engagement between Citizens and Members of Parliament in the UK. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13, 01. [3] Arshia Arya, Soham De, Dibyendu Mishra, Gazal Shekhawat, Ankur Sharma, Anmol Panda, Faisal M Lalani, Parantak Singh, Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal, Rynaa Grover, Sachita Nishal, Saloni Dash, Shehla Rashid Shora, Syeda Zainab Akbar, and Joyojeet Pal. 2022. DISMISS: Database of Indian Social Media Influencers on Twitter. [4] Nichole M. Bauer. 2015. Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology 36, 6 (2015), 691–708. [5] Aditi Bhowmick, Paul Novosad, Sam Asher, Elliott Ash, Bilal Siddiqi, Christoph Goessmann, Daniel Chen, and Tanaya Devi. 2021. In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5.5 Million Criminal Cases. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS ’21). 47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 https://doi.org/10.1145/3460112.3471943 [6] Jose Camacho-Collados, Kiamehr Rezaee, Talayeh Riahi, Asahi Ushio, Daniel Loureiro, Dimosthenis Antypas, Joanne Boisson, Luis Espinosa-Anke, Fangyu Liu, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, et al. 2022. TweetNLP: Cutting-Edge Natural Language Processing for Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. [7] Tessa M. Ditonto, Allison J. Hamilton, and David P. Redlawsk. 2014. Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns. Political Behavior 36, 2 (2014), 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 [8] Kathleen Dolan and Timothy Lynch. 2014. It Takes a Survey: Understanding Gender Stereotypes, Abstract Attitudes, and Voting for Women Candidates. American Politics Research 42, 4 (2014), 656–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X13503034 [9] Heather Evans. 2016. Do Women Only Talk about ‘Female Issues’? Gender and
Issue Discussion on Twitter. Online Information Review 40, 5 (2016), 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0338 [10] Heather K. Evans and Jennifer Hayes Clark. 2016. You Tweet Like a Girl!’: How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter. American Politics Research 44, 2 (2016), 326–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X15597747 [11] Peter A. Gloor, Joao Marcos, Patrick M. de Boer, Hauke Fuehres, Wei Lo, and Keiichi Nemoto. 2015. Cultural Anthropology through the Lens of Wikipedia: Historical Leader Networks, Gender Bias, and News-based Sentiment. arXiv:1508.00055 [ cs.CY ] https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 cs.CY https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1508.00055 [12] Leonie Huddy and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37, 1 (1993), 119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 [13] Berrin Beasley John H. Parmelee, Nataliya Roman and Stephynie C. Perkins. 2019. Gender and Generational Differences in Political Reporters’ Interactivity on Twitter. Journalism Studies 20, 2 (2019), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1364140 [14] Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh Kunal Khadilkar and Tom M. Mitchell. 2022. Gender Bias, Social Bias, and Representation in Bollywood and Hollywood. Patterns 3, 4 (2022), 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100486 [15] MingYu (Ethen) Liu. 2023. Topic Modeling. https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html . https://ethen8181.github.io/machine-learning/clustering/topic_model/LDA.html [16] J. Nathan Matias, Sarah Szalavitz, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. FollowBias: Supporting Behavior Change toward Gender Equality by Networked Gatekeepers on Social Media (CSCW ’17). 1082–1095. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998287 [17] Lindsey Meeks. 2016. Gendered Styles, Gendered Differences: Candidates’ Use of Personalization and Interactivity on Twitter. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13, 4 (2016), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1160268 [18] Armin Mertens, Franziska Pradel, Ayjeren Rozyjumayeva, and Jens Wäckerle. 2019. As the Tweet, so the Reply? Gender Bias in Digital Communication with Politicians. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci ’19). 193–201. [19] Sebo P. 2021. Using genderize.io to infer the gender of first names: how to improve the accuracy of the inference. J Med Libr Assoc. (2021). genderize.io [20] Anmol Panda, A’ndre Gonawela, Sreangsu Acharyya, Dibyendu Mishra, Mugdha Mohapatra, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, and Joyojeet Pal. 2020. NivaDuck - A Scalable Pipeline to Build a Database of Political Twitter Handles for India and the United States. In International Conference on Social Media and Society. 200–209. [21] John H. Parmelee. 2013. Political Journalists and Twitter: Influences on Norms and Practices. Journal of Media Practice 14, 4 (2013), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.14.4.291_1 [22] Pallavi Prasad. 2020. One in Every Seven Tweets About Indian Women Politicians Is Abusive: Study. https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls . https://www.theswaddle.com/women-politicians-india-twitter-trolls [23] Gazal Shekhawat, Parantak Singh, Rynaa Grover, Saloni Dash, Himani Negi, Ankur Sharma, Somya Sagarika, and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Twitter Use by Politicians Across States in India. [24] Carole Spary. 2007. Female Political Leadership in India. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 3 (2007), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701516821 [25] Genderize team. 2023. Genderize. https://genderize.io/ . https://genderize.io/ [26] Jesse Holcomb Usher, Nikki and Justin Littman. 2018. Twitter Makes It Worse: Political Journalists, Gendered Echo Chambers, and the Amplification of Gender Bias. The International Journal of Press/Politics 23, 3 (2018), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218781254 [27] Jason Gainous Wagner, Kevin M. and Mirya R. Holman. 2017. I Am Woman, Hear Me Tweet! Gender Differences in Twitter Use among Congressional Candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 38, 4 (2017), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871 https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1268871

Uncovering Gender Bias within Journalist-Politician Interaction in Indian Twitter: References

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Aufdeckung geschlechtsspezifischer Voreingenommenheit in der Interaktion zwischen Journalisten und Politikern im indischen Twitter: Referenzen

Descubriendo el sesgo de género en la interacción entre periodistas y políticos en Twitter indio: referencias

Découvrir les préjugés sexistes dans les interactions journalistes-hommes politiques sur Twitter indien : références

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India has doubtless achieved a seminal milestone by surpassing its erstwhile colonial master, the UK to become the 5th largest economy in the world with a $4.1 trillion[1] GDP to its credit. It is all set to become the third largest economy after the U.S. and China overtaking Germany in the next three years and even touch $7 billion by 2030. India is also a formidable space and nuclear power right there at the top among the US, Europe, China, and Russia. Considering that India was an impoverished nation with an almost non-existent industrial base and often required foreign help to feed its people at the time of independence, its growth is very impressive indeed. But the constant tom tomming of the nation's arrival on the world stage as a global colossus is misplaced and shows us in a very poor light. It is all very well for a nation of 1.4 billion people to aggregate an annual income of $4.1 billion, but the real test of a nation's prosperity is its wealth ranking in terms of per capita income. With a per capita income of $2848, India ranks a poor 143rd out of 195 countries.[2] The corresponding figure for the UK in contrast stands at $51,070 placing it at a creditable 21st place worldwide. India also fares quite poorly on the Global World Hunger Index at 111 out of 125 countries, despite the green revolution and the massive subsidized distribution of food grain. It does not behoove a nation of India's standing, capability, and expertise to have to bear the stigma of such basic and fundamental problems. There needs to be a reorientation of priorities to ensure that there is equitable distribution of wealth allowing India to rapidly ascend the rankings as soon as possible. If India can send probes to the Moon, Mars, and the Sun and think of staging the Olympic Games, it can surely devise the means to make the country truly rich in real terms. It is all a question of realigning one's priorities. If a first-world country like Australia can pass on the opportunity to stage the much smaller Commonwealth games because it thought that its funds could be put to better use in serving its people, perhaps India could defer its grandiose aspirations till the time that it at least comes near a middle-income status. [1] https://cleartax.in/s/world-gdp-ranking-list [2] https://statisticstimes.com/economy/country/india-gdp-per-capita.php#google_vignette Feature Photo by Sohel Patel: https://www.pexels.com/photo/50-indian-rupee-banknote-68912/ Also published here India has doubtless achieved a seminal milestone by surpassing its erstwhile colonial master, the UK to become the 5th largest economy in the world with a $4.1 trillion[1] GDP to its credit. It is all set to become the third largest economy after the U.S. and China overtaking Germany in the next three years and even touch $7 billion by 2030. India is also a formidable space and nuclear power right there at the top among the US, Europe, China, and Russia. Considering that India was an impoverished nation with an almost non-existent industrial base and often required foreign help to feed its people at the time of independence, its growth is very impressive indeed. But the constant tom tomming of the nation's arrival on the world stage as a global colossus is misplaced and shows us in a very poor light. It is all very well for a nation of 1.4 billion people to aggregate an annual income of $4.1 billion, but the real test of a nation's prosperity is its wealth ranking in terms of per capita income. With a per capita income of $2848, India ranks a poor 143rd out of 195 countries.[2] The corresponding figure for the UK in contrast stands at $51,070 placing it at a creditable 21st place worldwide. India also fares quite poorly on the Global World Hunger Index at 111 out of 125 countries, despite the green revolution and the massive subsidized distribution of food grain. It does not behoove a nation of India's standing, capability, and expertise to have to bear the stigma of such basic and fundamental problems. There needs to be a reorientation of priorities to ensure that there is equitable distribution of wealth allowing India to rapidly ascend the rankings as soon as possible. If India can send probes to the Moon, Mars, and the Sun and think of staging the Olympic Games, it can surely devise the means to make the country truly rich in real terms. It is all a question of realigning one's priorities. If a first-world country like Australia can pass on the opportunity to stage the much smaller Commonwealth games because it thought that its funds could be put to better use in serving its people, perhaps India could defer its grandiose aspirations till the time that it at least comes near a middle-income status. [1] https://cleartax.in/s/world-gdp-ranking-list https://cleartax.in/s/world-gdp-ranking-list [2] https://statisticstimes.com/economy/country/india-gdp-per-capita.php#google_vignette https://statisticstimes.com/economy/country/india-gdp-per-capita.php#google_vignette Feature Photo by Sohel Patel: https://www.pexels.com/photo/50-indian-rupee-banknote-68912/ Feature Photo by Sohel Patel: https://www.pexels.com/photo/50-indian-rupee-banknote-68912/ Also published here Also published here here

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