CollPoll

collpoll

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue, by Francis Grose is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [ ]. Section O LINK TO TABLE OF LINK Section O O BE JOYFUL. I'll make you sing O be joyful on the other side of your mouth; a threat, implying the party threatened will be made to cry. To sing O be easy; to appear contented when one has cause to complain, and dare not. OAF. A silly fellow. OAFISH. Simple. OAK. A rich maa, a man of good substance and credit. To sport oak; to shut the outward door of a student's room at college. An oaken towel; an oaken cudgel. To rub a man down with an oaken towel; to beat him. OATS. He has sowed his wild oats; he is staid, or sober, having left off his wild tricks. OATHS. The favourite oaths of the thieves of the present day are, "God strike me blind!" "I wish my bloody eyes may drop out if it is not true!" "So help me God!" "Bloody end to me!" OAR. To put in one's oar; to intermeddle, or give an opinion unasked: as, To be sure, you must put in your oar! OBSTROPULOUS. Vulgar misnomer of OBSTREPEROUS: as, I was going my rounds, and found this here gemman very obstropulous, whereof I comprehended him as an auspicious parson. OCCUPY. To occupy a woman; to have carnal knowledge of her. ODDFELLOWS. A convivial society; the introduction to the most noble grand, arrayed in royal robes, is well worth seeing at the price of becoming a member. ODDS PLUT AND HER NAILS. A Welch oath, frequently mentioned in a jocular manner by persons, it is hoped, ignorant of its meaning; which is, By God's blood, and the nails with which he was nailed to the cross. ODD-COME-SHORTLYS. I'll do it one of these odd-come-shortly's; I will do it some time or another. OFFICE. To give the office; to give information, or make signs to the officers to take a thief. OGLES. Eyes. Rum ogles; fine eyes. OIL OF BARLEY, or BARLEY BROTH. Strong beer. OIL OF GLADNESS. I will anoint you with the oil of gladness; ironically spoken for, I will beat you. OIL OF STIRRUP. A dose the cobler gives his wife whenever she is obstropulous. OI POAAOI (Proofreaders Note: Greek Letters). (CAMBRIDGE.) The many; the multitude; who take degrees without being entitled for an honor. All that is REQUIRED, are three books of Euclid, and as far as Quadratic Equation's in Algebra. See PLUCKED. OLD. Ugly. CANT. OLD DOG AT IT. Expert, accustomed. OLD HAND. Knowing or expert in any business. OLD HARRY. A composition used by vintners to adulterate their wines; also the nick-name for the devil. OLD DING. See OLD HAT. OLD MR. GORY. A piece of gold. OLD NICK. The Devil: from NEKEN, the evil spirit of the north. OLD ONE. The Devil. Likewise an expression of quizzical familiarity, as "how d'ye do, OLD ONE?" OLD PEGG. Poor Yorkshire cheese, made of skimmed milk. OLD POGER. The Devil. OLD STAGER. One accustomed to business, one who knows mankind. OLD TOAST. A brisk old fellow. CANT. OLD DOSS. Bridewell. OLIVER'S SCULL. A chamber pot. OLLI COMPOLLI. The name of one of the principal rogues of the canting crew. CANT. OMNIUM GATHERUM. The whole together: jocular imitation of law Latin. ONE IN TEN. A parson: an allusion to his tithes. ONE OF US, or ONE OF MY COUSINS. A woman of the town, a harlot. ONION. A seal. Onion hunters, a class of young thieves who are on the look out for gentlemen who wear their seals suspended on a ribbon, which they cut, and thus secure the seals or other trinkets suspended to the watch. OPEN ARSE. A medlar. See MEDLAR. OPTIME. The senior and junior optimes are the second and last classes of Cambridge honors conferred on taking a degree. That of wranglers is the first. The last junior optime is called the Wooden Spoon. ORGAN. A pipe. Will you cock your organ? will you smoke your pipe? ORTHODOXY AND HETERODOXY. Somebody explained these terms by saying, the first was a man who had a doxy of his own, the second a person who made use of the doxy of another man. OSCHIVES. Bone-handled knives. CANT. OSTLER. Oatstealer. OTTOMY. The vulgar word for a skeleton. OTTOMISED. To be ottomised; to be dissected. You'll be scragged, ottomised, and grin in a glass case: you'll be hanged, anatomised, and your skeleton kept in a glass case at Surgeons' Hall. OVEN. A great mouth; the old woman would never have looked for her daughter in the oven, had she not been there herself. OVERSEER. A man standing in the pillory, is, from his elevated situation, said to be made an overseer. OUT AT HEELS, OR OUT AT ELBOWS. In declining circumstances. OUTRUN THE CONSTABLE. A man who has lived above his means, or income, is said to have outrun the constable. OUTS. A gentleman of three outs. See GENTLEMAN. OWL. To catch the; a trick practised upon ignorant country boobies, who are decoyed into a barn under pretence of catching an owl, where, after divers preliminaries, the joke ends in their having a pail of water poured upon their heads. OWL IN AN IVY BUSH. He looks like an owl in an ivy bush; frequently said of a person with a large frizzled wig, or a woman whose hair is dressed a-la-blowze. OWLERS. Those who smuggle wool over to France. OX HOUSE. He must go through the ox house to bed; a saying of an old fellow who marries a young girl. OYES. Corruption of oyez, proclaimed by the crier of all courts of justice. OYSTER. A gob of thick phlegm, spit by a consumptive man; in law Latin, UNUM VIRIDUM GOBBUM P'S. To mind one's P's and Q's; to be attentive to the main chance. P.P.C. An inscription on the visiting cards of our modern fine gentleman, signifying that they have called POUR PRENDRE CONGE, i.e. 'to take leave,' This has of late been ridiculed by cards inscribed D.I.O. i.e. 'Damme, I'm off.' About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Grose, Francis. 2004. 1881 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5402/pg5402.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

1811 Dictionary in the Vulgar Tongue: Section O

Crypto Crash? Not Really... 

The Importance of Replication Databases are one of the pillars of any application. If a database server goes down, the whole system will no longer perform its basic services: authenticate users, publish our beloved Hackernoon posts, store comments for the crush’s selfies… This is why designing the system for (the ability of a distributed system to operate continuously without failing for a designated period of time) is essential. High Availability One solution to achieve High availability is to have more components than needed. So for our database system, we can replicate the master database, and if it fails, switch it out for one of the working replicas. Introducing The Solution First, we have to list out our constraints: clients should connect to the database directly and have no interaction with our replication system. our whole system should be very fast and resource-efficient How do we know what part of the database tables has been inserted, deleted, or modified? TRIGGERS! THEY ARE AWESOME !! Database triggers allow us to execute SQL functions whenever an event is received. An event can be any operation such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE or TRUNCATE. Triggers are useful for a wide range of cases, like verifying constraints or boosting performance. In our case, we will use triggers to notify our Python listener when data has been removed or added. We define a procedure called that will handle sending notifications about the changes in the database. This is how to define the trigger on the table "users": notify_account_changes() CREATE TRIGGER users_changed
    AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE
    ON users
    FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE notify_account_changes(); Okay, now on to the next problem. How the heck can we now notify programs outside our server about these changes? from the PostgreSQL documentation ( ): https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-notify.html The command sends a notification event together with an optional “payload” string to each client application that has previously executed for the specified channel name in the current database. NOTIFY LISTEN channel In other words, we can have many listeners on a channel by executing . And to send notifications, we use the command or the built-in system function . The payload is a message that we want to send. In our case, the notification payload will include: LISTEN channel_name NOTIFY pg_notify('channel_name', 'payload') TG_TABLE_NAME: name of the table that launched the trigger. TG_OP: the operation that launched the trigger (INSERT, DELETE…). NEW: which is a variable given by the TRIGGER so that we know what the new inserted or updated data. OLD: which is also a variable given by the TRIGGER so that we know the old values before updating or deleting the record. Here’s the code for the notify_account_changes() CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION notify_account_changes()
    RETURNS trigger AS
$$
BEGIN
    PERFORM pg_notify(
            'users_changed',
            json_build_object(
                    'table', TG_TABLE_NAME,
                    'operation', TG_OP,
                    'new_record', row_to_json(NEW),
                    'old_record', row_to_json(OLD)
                )::text
        );

    RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql; Now we've received a notification about changes from the triggers. At this stage, we have completed the database side. Listening to the Notifications from Python to connect to the PostgreSQL we are going to use the one and only “psycopg2” library. we can install it using: pip install psycopg2 To connect to the PostgreSQL database and start listening: conn = psycopg2.connect(host="localhost", dbname="DBNAME", user="USERNAME", password="PASSWORD")
conn.set_isolation_level(psycopg2.extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT)
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("LISTEN users_changed;") enables us to execute SQL commands like SELECT or INSERT… cursor.execute() Now that we are listening to notifications. How can we parse them? def handle_notify():
    conn.poll()
    for notify in conn.notifies:
        print(notify.payload)
    conn.notifies.clear()

loop = uvloop.new_event_loop()
asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
loop.add_reader(conn, handle_notify)
loop.run_forever() Here we used asynchronous libraries, and . The line enables us to invoke the function only when the file descriptor (which represents the connection to our database) has an incoming stream of data. After executing uvloop asyncio loop.add_reader(conn, handle_notify) handle_notify() conn INSERT INTO users VALUES (2,'al'); The output is: {
"table" : "users",
"operation" : "INSERT",
"new_record" : {
   "id":2, 
   "name":"al"
    },
"old_record" : null
} Now that we have received all the information we need about database changes. How can we replicate it? Before we do this, we have to address some problems: PostgreSQL NOTIFY queues are not persistent. If we are not listening, notifications will be lost. Having many listeners’ connections can make the database server slower. Introducing RabbitMQ to solve these problems we introduce . RabbitMQ RabbitMQ is a . It gives your applications a common platform to send and receive messages, and your messages a safe place to live until received. messaging broker - an intermediary for messaging RabbitMQ allows us to send messages using queues to different parts of our distributed system. It uses persistent queues to save messages and transactions to ensure that they have been executed properly. So how does RabbitMQ work? Each python script will have its own queue. to send messages to all queues we will send it to a fanout exchange with the script.  the fanout exchange broadcasts every message to all connected queues. changes_listener changes_publisher To use RabbitMQ with python we will use the library pika pip install pika In we will connect to the RabbitMQ server. Then we will create an exchange named “replication”. For each notification received we will broadcast it to all RabbitMQ queues. changes_publisher.py connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='replication', exchange_type='fanout')

def handle_notify():
    conn.poll()
    for notify in conn.notifies:
        channel.basic_publish(exchange='replication', routing_key='', body=notify.payload)
    conn.notifies.clear() And in our changes_listener.py connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='replication', exchange_type='fanout')
result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue
channel.queue_bind(exchange='replication', queue=queue_name)


def callback(channel, method, properties, body):
    op = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
    print(op)


channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)
channel.start_consuming() Here we connect to RabbitMQ, declare fanout exchange “replication”, declare temporary queue, bind the queue to the exchange and start consuming messages. on each new message received our callback function will be executed. Executing this SQL query will result in this output from the : UPDATE users SET name='alfonso' WHERE id=2; changes_listener.py {
  'table': 'users',
  'operation': 'UPDATE',
  'new_record': {
    'id': 2,
    'name': 'alfonso'
  },   
  'old_record': {
    'id': 2,
    'name': 'al'
  }
} Writing the changes to the replicas Now that we have received the changes in our python script, all that is left to do is commit these changes. To do this, we will have to change our callback function to generate SQL commands from every received JSON message: def operation_handler(op):
    def handle_insert():
        table, data = op['table'], op['new_record']
        sql = f"""INSERT INTO {table} 
        VALUES ('{data['id']}','{data['name']}');
        """
        return sql
    sql = None
    if op['operation'] == 'INSERT':
        sql = handle_insert()
    # we can add other operation handlers here
    return sql


def callback(channel, method, properties, body):
    op = json.loads(body.decode('utf-8'))
    sql = operation_handler(op)
    cursor.execute(sql) In the callback, when we receive the message, we convert it to a dictionary and pass it to . This function will look at the message and return the appropriate SQL using its values. operation_handler(op) THIS IS IT. WE NOW HAVE ALL THE PIECES WORKING. If we check the replica database after executing a simple SQL query We find this: INSERT INTO users VALUES (2,'al'); PS: PostgreSQL has built-in options for database replication, but our solution enables us to have full control over the replication process. We can replicate only certain tables, certain users or modify the records in any way we want. Final Notes Step by step, we have finished implementing our database replication system. We have gone from configuring triggers and notifications in the database to broadcasting the changes using RabbitMQ to finally writing the changes back into a PostgreSQL replica. Implementing this solution was not easy, it required a lot of pieces, but it is all worth it. Offering users zero downtime is a huge business advantage. Here’s the code for the project https://github.com/Bechir-Brahem/postgres-database-replicator Thank you for reading <3

Replicate PostgreSQL Databases Using async Python and RabbitMQ for High Availability

As you may know, a distributed ledger platform is a type of software that enables multiple parties to maintain a shared, decentralized database in a secure and transparent way. One key thing those parties need is consensus. They must agree about the state of the ledger and its data. That’s why we have miners (in PoW blockchains), validators / forgers/ bakers/ etc. (in PoS blockchains), and Order Providers (in a DAG). Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains, such as Bitcoin, solved the consensus problem with mining. In this case, “special” users are in charge of mining (producing) new blocks of transactions. They do so by using their computer power and following strict cryptographic rules. The more computer power they have, the more blocks they can mine, and the more coins they’ll receive for it. On Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains, miners are replaced by validators (a misleading name since what they do is much more than just checking the validity of transactions). Instead of using their computing power, validators buy the right to produce blocks. They have to either lock away a certain number of coins in a special crypto address, or just own them, or have them delegated by others, so they can create blocks and obtain transaction fees in return. The more coins they buy, lock, or are delegated with, the more rights and benefits they have. The system is more decentralized in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) distributed ledger, like Obyte. There’s no need for computing power or buying coins. Instead, it is users who build the ledger. Order in a DAG A DAG system operates differently from a blockchain system. It doesn’t have blocks, but just transactions, directly connected to each other. The graph is constructed only by users with each transaction they add. The new transactions link to the previous ones, creating a directed acyclic graph (DAG). They’re recorded without the assistance of miners or block producers. To prevent double-spending (spending the same coins twice or more), the order of transactions is critical. A DAG provides partial ordering through parent-child relationships, but full ordering is established through "Order Providers." These providers, who are typically well-respected individuals or companies, create transactions like everyone else and these transactions serve as waypoints for ordering all other transactions. In other words, their transactions are like guides or small headlights for the rest of operations to follow a single path. In return, they get a portion of the transaction fees, but that shouldn’t be the main purpose of an Order Provider. They should be respectable members of the community, with great interest in its well-being. And they can’t do a lot of things that miners and validators can. What miners and validators can do? Anyone with the proper hardware, energy, or monetary resources could be a miner or a validator in a blockchain. It could lead to centralization, where only a few powerful parties control the entire network. That’s not necessarily a good thing, since the more resources they have, the more power they get. Blockchains aren’t supposed to be modified or censored in any way, but they could be if those powerful parties join forces, or are coerced to do something together by someone even more powerful, such as a government. A 51% attack in PoW networks is a great example. In theory, Double-spending, temporarily freezing the network, censorship of users, all of it would be possible. They wouldn’t be able to directly steal funds from personal wallets, but they could censor any address, slow transactions, and increase the fees. if 51% of the miners collude, they could change the blockchain in their favor. Threats for PoS The 51% attack is much less probable in PoS networks. Or, at least, it doesn’t have the same name because there’s no computing power involved. But other attacks are possible. Ethereum, the most prominent PoS network so far, published a document about it. According to , a validator would need at least 33% of the total stake (locked coins) to succeed in several types of attacks. its website . Reset the network, double-spend, censor transactions, discriminate valid blocks, etc. And the only defense is the cost that would take. Besides, with over 66% of the total stake, they’d be able to do almost anything “By purchasing additional ether to control 66% rather than 51%, the attacker is effectively buying the ability to do ex post reorgs and finality reversions (i.e. change the past as well as control the future). The only real defenses here are the enormous cost of 66% of the total staked ether, and the option to fall back to the social layer to coordinate adoption of an alternative fork.” Some more bad news here? Allegedly, 64% of the total staked ETH is by only 5 entities. And 50% of the Bitcoin hashrate is by two mining pools. There is a centralization problem there. However, acquiring so much computing power or total stake just to attack these networks would be absurdly expensive and counterproductive for the attacker (not the same story for small-market-cap altcoins, though). controlled controlled MEV and censorship For now, most 51%/33%/66% attacks are just theoretical for the stronger cryptocurrencies. But there are some other ways that these intermediaries (miners and validators) can harm the average users. One of them is the Miner Extractable Value (MEV) of every block. Like everyone else in this world, block producers are constantly looking to maximize their profits. MEV is one of those ways. It refers to the value that can be extracted from a given set of transactions in a blockchain network, beyond the transaction fees. or insert their own before the user’s, even at the expense of others. Block producers can cherry-pick which transaction to approve first to increase their gains, This kind of activity could lead to increased transaction costs and reduced trust in the network. It could even lead to rewriting of the blockchain. As Binance : described it “On a fundamental level, if the value from reordering transactions in a previous block is greater than the rewards and fees of the next block, MEV could make it economically rational for a block producer to commit to blockchain reorganization. This would then threaten the consensus and integrity of the network.” Censorship is another realistic possibility —some Bitcoin mining companies They can filter transactions (not validate them) if the origin doesn’t meet their requirements, like Know-Your-Customer (KYC) measures. This could restrict the rights of the end-user, and effectively prevent them from transacting. have already tried it. And they are free to impose any requirements they like, while the governments are free to impose any requirements they like on the block producers. The worst part about censorship is that it can be applied selectively to a small minority of users while the network continues to operate normally for everybody else. This way, it can take hold without any significant pushback (other than verbal) and creepingly spread further without much resistance either. What Order Providers can do? The rewards to act maliciously in a DAG aren’t a lot, while the price could be higher. Order Providers can collude, as much as miners and validators. But they have fewer reasons to do so, in the first place. Being companies, organizations, and reputable users, they could lose their reputation and/or businesses if they misbehave. Anyway, if we imagine a scenario where they do misbehave and collude, they can’t earn much from it. It’s not possible to rewrite the DAG history and insert a double-spend (spend the same money several times). It’s also impossible to steal funds from users since they don’t have access to private keys. They can’t apply selective censorship either, or discriminate against transactions. For that, they’d need to . censor ALL transactions, starting from the single transaction they want to censor Basically, the only thing they can do is stop the network, until a new network with a new set of Order Providers is restarted from the point where the old network stopped. They were selected by the community itself to begin with, so, the same community can take the role away. No one can buy their right to control a decentralized DAG. Order Providers in Obyte Obyte counts with twelve Order Provider addresses (previously known as Witnesses). Five of them are still controlled by the founder (Tony Churyumoff), in the absence of adequate candidates. They were mostly selected by community voting through their wallets, using the Poll chatbot. They also expressed their interest to be OPs in previous years, while complying with the : The other seven are controlled by independent parties. requirements Not anonymous: have a publicly known real name. To be well-known and trusted in the community. Having a lot to lose (material and/or nonmaterial) in case of misbehavior. The loss is the business (outside Obyte) and/or reputation. Offer enough technical expertise to ensure uninterrupted operation 24/7 and security of their private keys (they must not be stolen and used to post on their behalf). Adapt their own OP list when the community wants to change it in some way and the new candidate satisfies the above rules. That includes removing themselves from the list. After being accepted by the community, every OP installs a code that periodically posts from a constant address. Currently, we can consult them from our wallets, by just going to the section “Settings (Global Preferences) > Trusted Nodes.” Everything is transparent there: they appear with their Obyte address, real name, and links to more information. Five + Seven The five addresses of the founder that serve as OPs also work as Bitcoin oracle, Flight Delays Oracle, Real Name Attestor, Sports Oracle, and Price Oracle. Aside from them, we can find seven entities and individuals here. They’re the (an IoT community hub), the Dutch entrepreneur , the charity platform (run by Casper Niebe), the design studio , (co-founder of Busy.org and SteemConnect), the Chinese community , and the Institute for the Future at the . Bosch Connectory Stuttgart Rogier Eijkelhof PolloPollo Bind Creative Fabien Marino CryptoShare Studio University of Nicosia and the community accepts them by voting. The more headlights on our way to a decentralized future, the better. Anyone can join the OPs if they meet the requirements

Miners and Validators vs Order Providers in Crypto — What They Can Do If They Collude

Los proveedores de pedidos en criptomonedas no tienen muchos incentivos para confabularse entre sí: este es el motivo

Les fournisseurs de commandes en crypto n'ont pas beaucoup d'incitation à s'entendre - voici pourquoi

क्रिप्टो में ऑर्डर प्रोवाइडर्स के पास एक-दूसरे के साथ मिलीभगत करने के लिए ज्यादा प्रोत्साहन नहीं है - यहाँ पर क्यों

暗号の注文プロバイダーは、互いに共謀するインセンティブがあまりありません—これが理由です

Os provedores de pedidos em criptografia não têm muito incentivo para conspirar uns com os outros - eis o porquê

Các nhà cung cấp đơn đặt hàng trong tiền điện tử không có nhiều động lực để thông đồng với nhau - Đây là lý do tại sao

加密货币中的订单提供者没有太多相互勾结的动机——这就是原因

The year 2022 has already shown to be a promising one for video games. From Elden Ring to Horizon Forbidden West, released in winter, to the most recent AAA games such as Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II and Sonic Frontiers, 2022 is undoubtedly one of the best years for video games in recent history. And that's not even mentioning the sleeper hits and indies like and that are taking the gaming world by storm. OlliOlli World Cult of the Lamb However, the year is not finished yet, and with 2023 being just a couple of months away, there are many great titles to be excited about. Whether it's a PC game, a Nintendo Switch exclusive, or a "Play Day One" Xbox Pass game, there is something for everyone to look forward to in the following months and beyond. Without further ado, here are some of the best upcoming games to look forward to. Top Upcoming Games of 2022 and 2023 God of War Ragnarök Goat Simulator 3 High on Life The Callisto Protocol Warhammer 40,000: Darktide The Dark Pictures Anthology: The Devil in Me Pokémon Scarlet and Violet World of Warcraft: Dragonflight Need for Speed Unbound System Shock Starfield S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chernobyl Skull and Bones Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora Lies of P 1. God of War Ragnarök : November 9, 2022 Release After a long wait, the next God of War game is finally upon us. Set in Norse Mythology, Ragnarök will have Kratos and his son, Atreus, taking on the might of Odin, Thor, and even Loki. With an expansive new world to explore, godly new powers to obtain, and a more personal story than ever before, God of War Ragnarök is shaping up to be one of the best games of the year alongside Elden Ring. 2. Goat Simulator 3 : November 17, 2022 Release The game is a sequel to the 2014 original, introducing many new features and mechanics. Players can explore an expanded map and play as multiple new goat types, each with unique abilities. On top of that, the game will feature a four-player cooperative mode making it the perfect game to play with friends. 3. High on Life : December 13, 2022 Release In this comedy sci-fi shooter, you must fight off the alien cartel that invades the Earth. Equipped with charismatic talking guns, you'll need to use all your wits and shooting skills to take the aliens down and defend humanity. With a colorful cast of characters, an expansive open world to explore, and plenty of side missions, High on Life is one of the most anticipated upcoming games. Without a doubt, it can become one of the most exciting shooter experiences in recent memory. And the most colorful one! 4. The Callisto Protocol : December 2, 2022 Release The Callisto Protocol is an upcoming, story-driven, single-player survival horror game set on Jupiter’s moon Callisto in 2030. The player must escape the maximum-security Black Iron Prison and uncover its dark secrets that will send chills down your spine. The game hasn't been released yet, but it’s already clear that it will be as scary and challenging as possible. And the first reveal trailer is just a testament to that. 5. Warhammer 40,000: Darktide : November 30, 2022 Release The Warhammer 40,000: Darktide is an upcoming cooperative first-person shooter set in the grimdark universe of Warhammer 40,000. Players will take control of a group of marines and fight through hordes of dangerous enemies. With a mix of gunplay, melee combat, and many enemies to kill, Warhammer 40,000: Darktide can easily become one of the best co-op shooters of the year. 6. The Dark Pictures Anthology: The Devil in Me : November 18, 2022 Release Another title in the collection of great upcoming games is The Dark Pictures Anthology: The Devil in Me is, a horror game that focuses on a group of documentary filmmakers who receive an anonymous call about a modern-day replica of H.H. Holmes' "Murder Castle." Although they are initially hesitant, they eventually decide that this could be their opportunity to win much-needed public attention and agree to go. Upon arriving at the hotel, it's clear to the crew that things are not as they seem. It quickly becomes apparent that they're being watched and manipulated, which puts more pressure on them than just their ratings. 7. Pokémon Scarlet and Violet : November 18, 2022 Release The first installment in a new Pokémon series is almost here. In Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, players can choose between three new starter Pokémon: Sprigatito, Fuecoco, and Quaxly, as well as two new legendary Pokémon: Koraidon and Miraidon. New games will follow the basic gameplay of the previous games, with players catching and training Pokémon to battle other trainers. However, the games will also feature an open-world map where urban areas and wilderness don't have borders between them. The new Pokémon games will be a valuable addition to any player's game collection. 8. World of Warcraft: Dragonflight : November 28, 2022 Release The upcoming expansion for World of Warcraft, Dragonflight, will bring players to the dragons' home world on Dragon Isles, separated into five zones. The new Dragonflight update will include a race called the Dracthyr, as well as a brand-new class to play – the Evoker, both of which are combined. The most highly-anticipated feature of the update, however, is Dragon Riding. With this, players can raise and–obviously-ride a dragon! Isn’t that exciting? 9. Need for Speed Unbound : November 29, 2022 Release So far, we haven’t mentioned any racing titles in the list of upcoming games, so here it is–Need for Speed Unbound. The next installment in the popular racing series will have you driving at breakneck speeds in unique urban locations. Ride the hyperrealistic vehicle on iconic streets, outsmart the cops, prove your worth to the street racing world, and take on weekly qualifiers. With its stunning graffiti-like visuals, customizable car design and driving effects, and heart-pumping gameplay, Need for Speed Unbound is sure to get your adrenaline going. 10. System Shock (2023 Remake) : March 2023 Release One of the most influential games of all time is getting a complete remake. In System Shock, you play as a hacker who has to fight through an AI-controlled space station. The game was ahead of its time when it was first released in 1994 and is still considered a classic today. The upcoming remake will modernize the game for a new generation of players while keeping the core gameplay true to the original. With its cutting-edge graphics, immersive gameplay, and deep storyline, System Shock is sure to be one of the best games of 2023. 11. Starfield : the first half of 2023 Release The upcoming game from The Elder Scrolls and Fallout developer Bethesda Game Studios is probably one of the most highly-anticipated titles right now, and rightly so. According to Bethesda, Starfield will allow you to create any character you want, explore the star systems with unparalleled freedom, and experience adventures on a journey to answer life’s greatest mystery. 12. S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chernobyl : most likely in 2023 Release Set to release this upcoming December, the game release had to be pushed to 2023 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, home to the game developer GSC. S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 can be found almost on any list of upcoming games, and if you played previous entries, you’d know why. The S.T.A.L.K.E.R. game series is loosely based on a Soviet sci-fi book and the 1979 film of the same name depicting an anomaly zone filled with alien artifacts and paranormal activities. Like previous entries, S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 will take place in the post-apocalyptic Chornobyl Exclusion Zone and have a non-linear story unfolding in the Zone that always calls for stalkers (“STALKER” is an acronym for Scavengers, Trespassers, Adventurers, Loners, Killers, Explorers, and Robbers). S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 will be a first-person sci-fi shooter with survival elements. As a new stalker, the player will search for rare and valuable supplies, including food, meds, and alcohol, as well as battle dangerous mutants. 13. Skull and Bones : March 9, 2023 Release Skull and Bones is an upcoming action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft. The game is set in the Indian Ocean some centuries ago and will let you experience the ruthless world of pirates. Engage in naval combat, form alliances, and battle it out to become the most feared pirate kingpin. If you want to experience a more realistic and gritty pirate life and naval battles, then this game is one to keep an eye on. 14. Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora : between April 2023 and March 2024 Release First announced in 2017, Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora is one of the most anticipated upcoming games of recent years. Alas, it’s unlikely that we will see the game anytime soon, but there’s a slight hope that it might release after April 2023. There are not many details about the game yet, but what is known is that Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora is a first-person action-adventure game that will feature a standalone story. The player will take the role of a Na’vi embarking on a journey across “a never-before-seen” part of Pandora, exploring the world and its inhabitants and fighting RDA (Resources Development Administration) forces that threaten it. 15. Lies of P : 2023 (TBA) Release Lies of P is a Pinocchio-inspired steampunk adventure game set in a dark Belle Époque world. During the game, the players will be put in situations where lying is needed to protect the protagonist and others. The official gameplay trailer revealed in August 2022 shows the complex world with steampunk-inspired surroundings and dynamic combats, which look like they will be a vital part of the game. Final Words on the Best Upcoming Games These are some of the best upcoming and new games you'll be able to play, hopefully very soon. Of course, a lot depends on the development process, and many factors can cause delays. But, all in all, we're in for some great gaming experiences shortly. So which one are you most excited about? Let us know in the comments below.

15 Best Upcoming Games in 2022 and 2023

Music often plays a significant role in video games. It can create an immersive atmosphere, convey the game's tone, and even affect gameplay. With that in mind, it's no surprise that some of the best video game music that comes out each year can be found in both triple-A and indie titles. But what exactly makes for an excellent game soundtrack? Is it the catchiness of the melody? The way it compliments the game's visuals? Or simply the fact that it gets stuck in your head for days on end? There's no one answer, but we can narrow it down to a few key characteristics. The Best Video Game Music of 2022 First and foremost, excellent video game music is memorable. It's the kind of music you can't help but hum or sing along to, even when you're not playing the game. It also needs to be well-suited to the game it's accompanying. A great soundtrack enhances the experience of playing by setting the perfect mood and atmosphere. And finally, it should be something you want to listen to outside of the game. With all that in mind, here are some of the 2022 games with the best music. Horizon Forbidden West Stray OlliOlli World Teenage Mutant Ninja: Shredder's Revenge Elden Ring Halo Infinite Metal: Hellsinger Cult of the Lamb 1. Horizon Forbidden West : The Flight, Oleksa Lozowchuk, Joris de Man, Niels van der Leest Composers Horizon Forbidden West is a sequel to 2017's Horizon Zero Dawn. It is an open-world action RPG set in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by animalistic machines. The game picks up where the first one left off, with Aloy, a skilled Nora hunter, leading a group of companions on an expedition to the Forbidden West, searching for answers about a deadly plague. The game's score is just as sweeping and majestic as the first, with an added sense of urgency and excitement. It is also a perfect example of video game music that fills you with excitement and desire to play more and more. 2. Stray : Yann Van Der Cruyssen Composers Stray is a third-person stealth action game developed by BlueTwelve Studio and one of the best sci-fi games of 2022. Set in a future Tokyo, the game allows you to take control of a stray cat, who, after falling into a walled city full of robots, machines, and mutant bacteria, must return to the surface with the help of a drone companion. Stray is a unique and atmospheric game whose music flawlessly complements the ethereal atmosphere. Characterized by an ambient, dreamlike quality, the game's music is both beautiful and terrifying. 3. OlliOlli World : various artists Composers OlliOlli World is a charming and colorful skateboarding game with an equally vibrant soundtrack. The game's music is one of its standout features, and it's hard to imagine the game without it. With a mix of upbeat electronic tunes and more mellow, reflective tracks, the game's music perfectly sets the tone of the skateboarding adventure, and no doubt deserves a playlist of its own in your music library. 4. Teenage Mutant Ninja: Shredder's Revenge : Tee Lopes Composers If you're of a certain age, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were a big part of your childhood with its music. The 1990s film is still fondly remembered by many, and the recent resurgence in popularity of the franchise has been accompanied by a new game, Teenage Mutant Ninja: Shredder's Revenge. The side-scrolling beat ‘em up game is a love letter to the classic TMNT games of the '80s and '90s. And the game's score perfectly captures that feeling, with high-energy tracks that will get your blood pumping. There is no doubt that TMNT: Shredder's Revenge boasts some of the best video game music of the year. 5. Elden Ring : Yuka Kitamura, Tsukasa Saitoh, Shoi Miyazawa, Yoshimi Kudo, Tai Tomisawa Composers Many consider Elden Ring the best game of 2022, a dark and atmospheric action RPG set in a world of gods and mortals. The game follows the story of a character on a journey to repair the Elden Ring and become the new Elden Lord. The music of the game perfectly matches its dark and brooding atmosphere. The game’s score is beautiful and inspiring and features a mix of orchestral and choral tracks that will send chills down your spine on more than one occasion. 6. Halo Infinite : This Will Destroy You, Joel Corelitz, Gareth Coker, Curtis Schweitzer Composers Halo Infinite is the long-awaited return of one of gaming's most iconic franchises, and its music does not disappoint. The game's score is nostalgic and fresh, with new takes on classic Halo themes. And it's unlikely that you will find a better opening score than Zeta Halo. 7. Metal: Hellsinger : Two Feathers Composers No video game music roundup would be complete without mentioning Metal: Hellsinger, the heavy-metal-themed rhythm game. The music is, of course, metal as hell and perfectly complements the game's fast-paced gameplay. The game's loud and aggressive music will get your head banging for a long time after you put down the controller. 8. Cult of the Lamb : Narayana Johnson Composers Cult of the Lamb is a dark and atmospheric game about a religious cult. Despite the eerie topic, the game's music is not too spooky. It features many catchy and upbeat tracks and atmospheric scores that keep you focused on the task, making it great music for coding or similar activities. Final Words on the Best Video Game Music of the Year So there you have it, some of the best video game music of the year. The year is not over, so maybe we will see some more excellent game soundtracks before it's done. But for now, these are my favorites. What are yours? Let me know in the comments.

The Best Video Game Music of 2022

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As you all know, HackerNoon’s are well underway. What are the Noonies? They’re awards created to celebrate the best in tech, gaming, the internet, and more. But the area we’re going to focus on today is gaming; there are over 20 awards in that category alone. So, let’s check out some of them. 2022 Noonie Awards This article was inspired by , an article written by our fearless leader and CEO of HackerNoon, . Check it out to learn more and see what other awards are up for grabs. Ten #Noonies2022 Awards Worth Voting On David Smooke Game of the Year 2022 was a great year for video games; that’s why one of the most coveted awards is . As of now, there are 11 games in contention. Some of them include Elden Ring, Horizon Forbidden West, and Pokemon Legends: Arceus. See a game that you think should be included? Nominating is as easy as ever. Just go down the page, enter the nominee’s info, and that’s it! Game of the Year And if there’s a game that you really like but don’t think it’s game of the year quality, there are other categories that you could nominate it for including and . But there’s another big gaming award to consider. Single-Player Game of the Year Multiplayer Game of the Year Indie Game of the Year It’s nice to celebrate AAA games, multiplayer games, and games like that, but it’s necessary to celebrate indie games as well. Indie games have only gotten better and better throughout the years, and they deserve to be recognized. The category is here to do just that. Indie Game of the Year This year’s nominees include Tunic, OlliOlli World, Stray, and more. If you’re looking for a challenging game that doesn’t hold your hand, is the game for you. If you love skateboarding and platform games, consider . And if you just love cats (which who doesn’t?), check out . Tunic OlliOlli World Stray Gaming YouTuber of the Year and Gaming Twitch Streamer of the Year This might seem strange to those outside the gaming community, but people who love playing video games also like watching other people play video games. That’s why gaming YouTubers and Twitch streamers have millions of followers. And that’s also why we have the and the awards. Gaming Twitch Streamer of the Year Gaming YouTuber of the Year The streamer nominees include , , and . The YouTubers competing for YouTuber of the Year include , , and . While these are all great nominees, remember that you can nominate your own favorite streamer/YouTuber. Shroud Ninja Rubius NickMercs VanossGaming Mr. Beast Best Gaming Discord Community Okay, so it’s not enough for us to play video games and watch other people play them. We love to talk and meet people that love the same games we do. And Discord is a great place to meet those with similar interests. We want to showcase that with the award. Best Gaming Discord Community Whether it’s because they’re the most helpful, the funniest, or the kindest, these communities are some of the best that Discord has to offer. The nominees this year include , , and . RFOX The Sandbox Ethermore Gaming Guru of the Year Okay, we’ve talked about playing, watching, and discussing video games. But there’s one huge thing we haven’t talked about yet, and that’s writing about video games. Of course, we have plenty of awards celebrating the incredible writers who write on HackerNoon. Writers that cover , , , and even itself. Nintendo PC Gaming Game Development The Game Industry Another award is the , which is awarded to HackerNoon’s greatest gamer. Let’s look at some of the nominees. Gaming Guru of the Year Apart from video games, another love for is robotics. They’ve written articles such as [How to Build an Arduino Starship Game Controlled by Joystick and Computer](https://How to Build an Arduino Starship Game Controlled by Joystick and Computer) and . So, it’s no surprise that Nazar is also nominated for . Chingiz Nazar How I Developed the Classic Pong Game on an Arduino Board Creator of the Strangest Things has captivated the HackerNoon community with articles about Nintendo, indie games, and Monster Hunter. Want to know about the future of the ? Or want to which is the best? Lucy has you covered. Lacy Long Mario and Luigi series Monster Hunter game is as much a gaming guru as she is a tech guru. She’s written articles like and . She’s also a previous Noonie winner; in 2020, she won the HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Women in Tech award. Lina Survila Owning Digital Assets in Decentraland: Is Metaverse the Future? On the Future of Gaming: Winner Takes Us All And these are only three of the 19 nominees for Gaming Guru of the year. All 19 of them are worthy of the award, but only one will win. If you have a favorite gaming contributor, make sure to give them a vote. And if you think one is missing, don’t forget to nominate them. More in Gaming: Axie Infinity And The Future Of Blockchain Games Play-to-Warn in Web 3.0: What can Make a Game Successful Can P2E Games be Fun If They’re Equitable?

Celebrating Video Games and Video Game Writers With #Noonies2022

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用#Noonies2022 庆祝视频游戏和视频游戏作家

Life has never been easy. However, the last couple of years proved this point on more than one occasion–the COVID-19 pandemic, political polarization, insurgencies around the world, and, most recently, the Russian military invasion of Ukraine are just the tip of the iceberg. Add rising gas prices and the refugee crisis in Europe, and you’ll get the complete picture–this world is crazy, and we must somehow deal with it. Handling stress is a big topic and, probably, one of the most searched for (the question “why do I feel bad?” already last year). And while many people find relief in meditation or yoga classes, others find the sought-for respite in video games. Especially in the so-called “cozy games.” reached a record high on Google What are Cozy Games? The idea of cozy gaming is not particularly new, but it’s been , primarily due to the boom in indie gaming. The core idea behind it is the combination of appealing colors, atmospheric music, and playability. In addition, a game should also be fun and relaxing, contributing to the experience that can be referred to as cozy. on the rise recently Although many of these games don’t boast impressive graphics and may look childish, they aren’t “for kids only.” Almost any serious player will find these games fun and even a bit challenging (e.g., OlliOlli World). This article celebrates some of the best cozy games released over the last couple of years. Best Cozy Games as of April 2022 Stardew Valley (2016) Unpacking (2021) OlliOlli World (2022) Eastward (2021) Chicory: a Colorful Tale (2021) The Wild at Heart (2021) Sable (2021) Townscaper (2021) 1. Stardew Valley (2016) Image credit: Stardew Valley is probably one of the most critically acclaimed indie titles, and rightly so. Developed by just one person, Eric Barone, and released in 2016, the game quickly became everyone’s favorite. Stardew Valley The premise of Stardew Valley is simple–you inherit a piece of farmland and quit your shitty full-time job to take care of it (sounds like a dream!). Cut the weeds, grow crops, go fishing, sell what you grow to buy new seeds, and make new friends among other villagers. The game has so much to offer that it can feel overwhelming at times. But, as the saying goes, “you get what you give,” and this applies to real farming and Stardew Valley–the more you play, the more rewarding the game feels, making it hard to put it down. 2. Unpacking (2021) Among all the cozy games, Unpacking holds a special place. If Stardew Valley takes you out of the confined places to the vastness of the countryside, does the opposite. However, the world this game takes you into is so perfect that the sole idea of leaving it may sound like madness. Unpacking “Discover a life” is one of the game slogans, and it captures its essence. The puzzle game takes you on a lifetime journey as seen through the eyes of a girl who moves to a new house with her parents and has to unpack the boxes with her toys, books, and other stuff and put them in the right places around the room. From a school backpack to a diary, you’ll discover your character and learn about who she is, what she’s like, and what she is into. You learn more about your character as she grows and moves out of the parent’s house, so be prepared to uncover some ugly details. But that’s what makes Unpacking so great–instead of masking the truth about life and relationships, it gives you a perfect opportunity to accept life the way it is and appreciate your life a little more. 3. OlliOlli World (2022) Image credit: Private Division It may feel strange to see a skateboarding game on this list, but is not your typical skateboarding game. You still have to skate your way to the end, but learning the most challenging tricks is not the point here. OlliOlli World is a colorful adventure allowing you to explore the mystical world of Radlandia, filled with skate gods, giant frogs, and weird characters. OlliOlli World The game does not force you to be anything you don’t want to be. Want to skate your way to the end of the level without performing dangerous tricks? No problem! But if you’re up for a bit of a challenge, you can always go beyond the bare minimum to earn specific rewards (usually skateboarding gear and rare clothes) or even make it to the leaderboard. You will still have to challenge yourself towards the end of the game, but the challenge is acceptable. The game’s beautiful and sometimes weird colors paired with low-key techno music will help you relax after a long day. So, if you’re looking for a game that is both relaxing and a little bit challenging, then OlliOlli World could be a perfect choice. 4. Eastward (2021) Image credit: Steam is a beautiful RPG game filled with colorful and weird characters, exciting adventures, and a fantastic soundtrack that stays with you long after you finish the game. Eastward The game from Pixpil, the Shanghai-based developer, takes you on a journey in a post-apocalyptic underground world, through its towns and rusty landscapes, where a wrong turn can take you to dangerous places. Following the two main characters, a miner named John and his adopted offspring, Sam, you go on an adventure through the towns of this world in the eastern direction (duh). The goal of the journey is to make it to the surface and prove that life in the land above is possible. Story-wise, Eastward is far from perfect. The game will take approximately 30 hours to complete, and sometimes, it feels like the story could move forward faster. In this sense, Eastward is very similar to the sci-fi books of –not much is happening, but the story somehow sticks with you. Regardless, Eastward is one of the best cozy games in 2022, so you should check it out if you have the time to play it at your own pace and want to feel nostalgic about the 16-bit era. Becky Chambers 5. Chicory: a Colorful Tale (2021) is another game from 2021 that deserves a spot on this list. Set in a fictional world of Picnic filled with anthropomorphic characters, the game follows the main character, a dog named Pizza, who must take the role of the missing artist and make the world a beautiful place again. Traveling through the black-and-white world, you paint the world using a paintbrush, make friends, and solve little puzzles. Chicory: a Colorful Tale The game allows you to paint on anything, unlock new paint abilities to reach new places, and collect clothes, plants, and furniture. Despite its seemingly simple premise and simple graphics, the game manages to be fun and complex, touching you on the deepest level. So, make sure to check it out if you’re into coloring books. And dogs. 6. The Wild at Heart (2021) Image credit: Moonlight Kids A seek-and-fight adventure with puzzle elements, is a perfect game to escape reality for a while and relax. Telling the story of two teenagers, Kirby and Wake, who leave their parent’s homes due to hardships, the game transports you into a magical forest bursting with autumn colors. The Wild at Heart The deeper you venture into the woods, the more artifacts you find and the more creatures you meet on your way. Most of them are hostile, so be prepared to fight for your life with the help of Spritelings, cute animals that can fit a pocket but who also can kick ass. One of the best things about The Wild at Heart is that it does not create a sense of urgency and lets you complete the game at your own pace. Unique artwork paired with a peaceful soundtrack creates an almost meditative experience you won’t find in other games. So, if you’re looking for a game to cozy up on a couch with a cup of warm tea by your side, you should try The Wild at Heart, as it’s rightly one of the best indie games available today. 7. Sable (2021) Image credit: Xbox Another notable title on the list is , an open-world sci-fi exploration game from Shedworks and Raw Fury. The game tells the story of Sable, a young girl that embarks on a journey to find a fitting mask that will allow her to return to her clan. Sable Sable is all about exploration and solving puzzles. The game has no combat, making it a perfect choice for people who don’t like violence in video games. Navigating the dunes and ruins on your hoverbike and meeting other nomads, you learn about the past of the ruined desert world and its ancient civilization, as well as about the main character. The unique art style and original soundtrack immerse you in the game’s mysterious world and leaves you with a pleasant feeling of calmness and serenity. The one you can only experience in a desert. 8. Townscaper (2021) If you like building cities in games (for example, in strategy games), you’ll love , one of the best cozy games in 2022. However, Townscaper is not a strategy game or a puzzle game. “Instant town-building toy” is a game description from Google PlayStore, where the game is also available, and it perfectly describes it. It is a city-building game that allows you to do just that–build a town. Townscaper There are no objectives and no resources you have to manage. You start with an island amid an ocean that you can transform into a beautiful town island. The only limiting factor is your imagination. You can build your town in any direction, shape it as you see fit, and use colors pleasing to the eye. The minimalistic interface and calm music make Townscaper extremely relaxing and rewarding, so you should check it out if you’re up for a city-building meditation. Are There More Cozy Games Worth Checking Out? Yes! The list is far from complete. The games we covered here are just some of the most notable titles. But it doesn’t mean that other games do not deserve a spot on the list. Besides, in this article, we mainly covered indie cozy games, but there are also big titles in this category, such as The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Minecraft, and Animal Crossing. As mentioned above, “cozy” is on the rise, and it’s worth keeping an eye on the trend, as we may see great titles this year. We will do our part to keep abreast with the industry and make sure to tell you about new exciting games in this category. Because just like you, we also like to cozy up on a couch with a beautiful game. Even if the world outside is falling apart. Featured image credits: 1. Eastward: Eastward 2. Chicory: a Colorful Tale: Playstation Store 3. Townscaper: Nintendo Online 4. Unpacking: Polygon

8 Best Cozy Games to Play When the World is Falling Apart

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世界分崩离析时最适合玩的 8 款舒适游戏

2021 seems to be shaping up as a great year for gaming. Halo: Infinite, Resident Evil: Village, and New Pokemon Snap are all set to release this year. But beyond that, it seems like the future seems bright for indie titles as well. Nintendo had its Indie World Showcase, where they gave a spotlight to upcoming indie games, and they all looked fun and incredible. All of these games are available on other consoles, but there’s something charming about playing an indie game on your Switch. Here are our picks for the 5 best Nintendo Switch indie games coming soon. 5 Best Nintendo Switch Indie Games Coming Soon Last Stop OlliOlli World The Longing TMNT: Shredder’s Revenge Oxenfree 2: Lost Signals 1. Last Stop Describing itself as a “single-player, third-person narrative adventure game” on its official , Last Stop looks like it’ll hook you in for a ride from the very beginning. The website goes on to say that the story centers around three characters who connect with each other during a “supernatural crisis”. website Although there's not much more we know about the story, it seems gripping from what they’ve told us so far. Last Stop is being developed by Variable State and published by Annapurna Interactive. Variable State has developed one game in the past, Virginia. A game that tells the story of a new FBI Agent that’s trying to solve the disappearance of a boy. It’s safe to say that Virginia was a success, nabbing 2 nominations at the , in the British and Debut Game categories. It would go on to win an award in the Music category. We’re excited to see what Variable State has in store for us in Last Stop, and we won’t have to wait much longer as it releases in July. 13th British Academy Games Awards 2. OlliOlli World Last year saw the release of the remastered Tony Hawk Pro Skater 1 and 2 games, and it seems that 2021 will also have a great skating title. But unlike Tony Hawk, this Nintendo Switch indie game is an action-platformer. OlliOlli World takes place in Radland where you can skate your heart out. Combining unique characters, with a beautifully visual environment, and fun gameplay, OlliOlli World seems like a good time from beginning to end. Developed by Roll7, they have a number of games under their belt, including two previous OlliOlli games. OlliOlli World in winter of this year, so it might be awhile before we can explore Radland but we’re sure the wait will be worth it. releases 3. The Longing The only game on this list that’s already available, we had to make an exception for The Longing. A point and click game, The Longing follows a servant named Shade as he awaits for his king to wake up from his slumber, a slumber that will last 400 days. It sounds like a pretty cool game right? The curveball is that the 400 day countdown is in real-time. When your king falls asleep, the countdown begins. The countdown can be sped up by doing certain tasks, such as reading. And you don’t even have to play for 400 days, you can play it once and come back next year to catch the ending. But there are things you can do in the game to stay entertained, Christopher Byrd of The Washington Post described his experience with the game during his . review He states that you can go exploring, although Shade takes a long time to do that. You also have to wait for events to happen in real time. According to Byrd, waiting for events could take “two hours, a week, or a month…”. You can experience this game for yourself on , or on the . PC Nintendo Switch 4. TMNT: Shredder’s Revenge An ode to games of the past, TMNT: Shredder’s Revenge is an arcade beat ‘em up game featuring everyone’s favorite mutated turtles. This isn’t the franchise’s first game by a long shot, so TMNT: Shredder’s Revenge knows it has a giant legacy to live up to. But seeing how it’s developed by Tribute Games and published by Dotamu, we think the game is in good hands. You might recognize the Dotamu name, as they published another beat ‘em up game just last year, Streets of Rage 4. The game was a ton of fun, and we can expect the same from Shredder’s Revenge. Featuring bright, colorful pixel art, this arcade game seems like a good, nostalgic time. We don’t know the exact release date yet, but we do know that this is one of the most anticipated Nintendo Switch indie games coming soon. 5. Oxenfree 2: Lost Signals There are plenty of great Nintendo Switch indie games coming out that we’re excited for, but this one has us beyond hyped. Oxenfree is an adventure franchise that takes place on an island where things seem normal, but secrets and mystery are lying underneath the surface waiting to be discovered. The first game told the story of Alex and her friends who visit this island for a good time, only to get more than what they bargained for. According to the official , this new game will follow a character named Riley who is trying to learn more about strange radio signals. website Developer and publisher, Night School Studio has made a name for itself based on their adventure games. The first Oxenfree earned a at the 2016 Game Awards for Best Narrative. nomination Their next game, Afterparty, would go on to receive an from IGN and a from GameSpot. Based on how great the first game was, and Night School Studio’s short, but good track record, we can’t wait for this one to come out. 8.5/10 7/10 These are some of the best Nintendo Switch indie games that are set to release this year, and we’re counting down the days until they do. But there are other Nintendo Switch indie games that were showcased in that also deserve your attention. This year is going to be a good year for gaming. Indie World More in Gaming: 1. 10 PSN Games and DLC to Buy Before the Store Shuts Down Forever 2. 5 Roblox Anime Games to Get Lost Into 3. 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5 Best Nintendo Switch Indie Games Showcased in Indie World

we covered setting up a basic Django project. By now you should have a directory that looks like this: In our last tutorial 0to100├── CHANGELOG.rst├── .gitignore├── .git│   └── HEAD│   ...├── README.rst├── docs├── requirements│   └── base.txt├── setup.py└── tutorial├── manage.py└── tutorial├── __init__.py├── settings.py├── urls.py└── wsgi.py 4 directories, 9 files Starting your app goes over creating your first app pretty well, but they skip out on a few important concepts. Instead of explaining everything along the way the tutorial, a lot is skipped for the purposes of being concise and quick. Before we start building an app, what exactly is an app? The Django Project’s tutorial Understanding what an App is. The first thing to understand is what exactly an app is. Unlike most MVC (or MTV) frameworks, Django forces you to break your code into separate “apps.” These apps should be totally self-contained, reusable, and plug-able. This is incredibly helpful because it means you can share functionality across multiple projects. For instance suppose you have a blog app and a photo gallery app. Now a common piece of functionality you might want to add to both of those is the ability to add “tags” to photos and blog posts. Now you could write that functionality into both apps and end up having a bunch of duplicate code that does the exact same thing. Django’s preferred method is to add a new app called “tags.” This app would contain all of the data and logic concerned with adding, removing, and editing tags from other apps. This ability to be self contained also means you can share your code with others and they can also use it. For instance if you didn’t want to write your own tagging library you could just run and now you have a self contained tagging library that someone else wrote. Because of the way taggit was written it can be use with any other apps. pip install taggit How do you decide what should be an app? This is probably the single biggest question new Django developers face. How do you know when certain functionality should be split up. Due to the nature of programming there isn’t a hard rule on this. The idea I ususally follow is: “If you can’t explain what your app does in one sentence, it should be more than one app” and so far that has served me pretty well. How startapp works So enough prose and theory, let’s actually write some code! To start an app in Django, make sure you are in the first “tutorial” folder. I will refer to this as your ‘django project folder’ from here on (the one with ). This folder will be where all of your apps live. Now run: manage.py $ python manage.py startapp polls$ ls Now as you can see we now have new folder called . While it may seem like startapp does some kind of magical thing to create this app, it actually doesn’t. All that happens is a folder is created with the name provided (i.e. polls), a few files are copied in, and one config file is added (apps.py). In fact you could create your own app in the terminal or in your file explorer just by creating 1 folder and 2 files. All that is required for an app folder is the folder, an , and an . polls __init__.py apps.py What gets created? So what does actually create? Let’s take a look and breakdown every file: startapp $ tree pollspolls├── admin.py├── apps.py├── __init__.py├── migrations│   └── __init__.py├── models.py├── tests.py└── views.py First there is the file. This file is where you generally put all of your configuration regarding Djangos builtin admin. admin.py Next is this file is used in Djangos internal app registery and is mainly used to store meta data. For the most part you won’t be modifying this much. apps.py, Then we have the file. This file is actually Pythons convention for determining modules. When you try to run or Python will search all folders in the Python Path. If a folder has an __init__.py file, Python will also search inside of that folder, otherwise it is ignored. So if we want to be able to import code from our app we need __init__.py. __init__.py import library from library import x polls Now we have the folder. Migrations are how Django builds your database. We will get into this later, but you will see “migrations” added to this folder as we start working with models. migrations Then we have the this file is where you should store all of your models related to this app. Models are how Django understands your database and how you want data stored. models.py Next we have . Sometimes you will see this as a folder instead. This file/folder is for adding unit and integration tests. This is something we will cover in much greater detail later on, but basically a test is code you write to make sure your code is running how you expected. tests.py tests Finally we have . This is the file where all of our business logic is stored. We will define all of our views related to this app, both Class-Based and Function, in this file. In other frameworks, you would probably call Djangos views “Controllers”. views.py Wait, that’s not all is it? If you’ve worked with Django or other MVC frameworks before you may notice something is missing. There isn’t anywhere to store static files or templates (views in other frameworks). By default doesn’t create these, but you can by running: startapp $ mkdir static templates$ lsadmin.py  apps.py  __init__.py  migrations  models.py  static  templates  tests.py  views.py That works perfectly fine and now Django will automatically start looking for static files in and looking for templates in . polls/static polls/templates You can also add more files just for the sake of organization too! I’ll review a few other files that are relatively common: — Used to store app specific mappings of URLs to views urls.py — Commonly used to store Djangos forms library subclasses forms.py — Commonly used to store “ ” in Django. signals.py signals Commonly used by third party libraries line Django Rest Framework and TastyPie to store api information. api.py — — Used to store Queryset managers managers.py Additionally a lot of third-apps use separate files similar to to store configuration on a per app basis. api.py Registering your App So now you’ve created an app, you know what everything does, but Django still does not know about your app! To make Django aware of your app you need to edit the file. Once you have it open search for , you should see a section that looks like this: tutorial/settings.py INSTALLED_APPS INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles',] This is a list of all of the apps that Django will use when you start up. To make Django aware of your amazing new polls app, just add to the end of the list: 'polls', INSTALLED_APPS = ['django.contrib.admin','django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.messages','django.contrib.staticfiles','polls',] That’s it. You have officially created a brand new app and made it compatible with Django! It doesn’t do a whole lot yet, but we will start to fix that in the next tutorial.

0–100 in Django: Starting an app the right way

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