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The management of the Apu Apustaja crypto token has announced that it will be sponsoring the Matchroom Boxing fight card between Subriel Matias and Liam Paro, broadcast live on DAZN on Saturday, the 15th of June 2024. The Fight This fight has been heavily anticipated as it will see Australian fighter Paro go up against Matias for the IBF World Junior Welterweight title at the Coliseo Juan Aubin Cruz Abreu in Manati, Puerto Rico. It will be Matias’s first fight in his hometown since 2019, and both he and his opponent have bragged about their chances of winning. Fans are waiting with bated breath to see who will come out on top, and APU Apustaja is proud to support the event. What is APU? The token creators know all about surviving in a competitive industry, as $APU is a meme coin. It all centers around Apu, a frienly frog who also goes by the name Helper. Unlike a lot of other tokens in the meme coin space, $APU is designed to be high-quality and offer utility to its users. It is fully community-owned, and all major developments within the ecosystem are collectively decided upon. So far, $APU-related projects include a game and a playlist on Spotify that has been made with the input of its community. This is in line with the creation of the Apu character, who came to life in 2016 as an internet character with no individual owner. The $APU token has quickly become an industry favorite, with listings on over 10 centralized crypto exchanges. Its management has also secured its APU.com domain, along with ads all over the New York area. This, along with the passionate community behind it, has seen $APU rising fast in the meme coin world, and some industry experts expect it to become one of the biggest tokens soon. As it continues to progress, $APU continues to keep the community at the forefront. Besides being transparent about the inner workings of the token and giving the community control, APU Apustaja is also proactive about getting involved in entertainment events like the Matias-Paro fight. About Apu Apustaja Apu Apustaja is a fast-rising meme coin that is community-centered while trying to bring substance and positivity to the world of meme tokens. Based on the Ethereum blockchain, it has quickly become a fan favorite, with games, playlists, ads, and participation in real-world events.  Apu Apustaja represents a positive and engaging space for meme and crypto lovers to connect with one another and enjoy all the benefits of blockchain technology. Media Links: Website Telegram Twitter/X This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. The management of the Apu Apustaja crypto token has announced that it will be sponsoring the Matchroom Boxing fight card between Subriel Matias and Liam Paro, broadcast live on DAZN on Saturday, the 15th of June 2024. The Fight This fight has been heavily anticipated as it will see Australian fighter Paro go up against Matias for the IBF World Junior Welterweight title at the Coliseo Juan Aubin Cruz Abreu in Manati, Puerto Rico. It will be Matias’s first fight in his hometown since 2019, and both he and his opponent have bragged about their chances of winning. Fans are waiting with bated breath to see who will come out on top, and APU Apustaja is proud to support the event. What is APU? The token creators know all about surviving in a competitive industry, as $APU is a meme coin. It all centers around Apu, a frienly frog who also goes by the name Helper. Unlike a lot of other tokens in the meme coin space, $APU is designed to be high-quality and offer utility to its users. It is fully community-owned, and all major developments within the ecosystem are collectively decided upon. So far, $APU-related projects include a game and a playlist on Spotify that has been made with the input of its community. This is in line with the creation of the Apu character, who came to life in 2016 as an internet character with no individual owner. The $APU token has quickly become an industry favorite, with listings on over 10 centralized crypto exchanges. Its management has also secured its APU.com domain, along with ads all over the New York area. This, along with the passionate community behind it, has seen $APU rising fast in the meme coin world, and some industry experts expect it to become one of the biggest tokens soon. As it continues to progress, $APU continues to keep the community at the forefront. Besides being transparent about the inner workings of the token and giving the community control, APU Apustaja is also proactive about getting involved in entertainment events like the Matias-Paro fight. About Apu Apustaja Apu Apustaja is a fast-rising meme coin that is community-centered while trying to bring substance and positivity to the world of meme tokens. Based on the Ethereum blockchain, it has quickly become a fan favorite, with games, playlists, ads, and participation in real-world events.  Apu Apustaja represents a positive and engaging space for meme and crypto lovers to connect with one another and enjoy all the benefits of blockchain technology. Media Links: Website Website Telegram Telegram Twitter/X Twitter/X This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

APU Apustaja: Official Sponsor Of Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

APU Apustaja: ম্যাচরুম বক্সিং মাতিয়াস বনাম পারোর অফিসিয়াল স্পনসর

APU Apustaja: Offizieller Sponsor von Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

APU Apustaja: Patrocinador Oficial De Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

APU Apustaja : Sponsor Officiel De Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

एपीयू अपुस्ताजा: मैचरूम बॉक्सिंग मटियास बनाम पारो का आधिकारिक प्रायोजक

APU Apustaja: マッチルームボクシング マティアス対パロの公式スポンサー

APU Apustaja: 매치룸 복싱 Matias 대 Paro의 공식 후원자

APU Apustaja: Patrocinador Oficial do Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

ВСУ Апустая: официальный спонсор матча по боксу Матиас против Паро

APU Apustaja: Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro'nun Resmi Sponsoru

APU Apustaja: Nhà tài trợ chính thức của Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro

APU Apustaja：Matchroom Boxing Matias Vs Paro 官方赞助商

TRENDS - To Meme or Game?

Authors:
(1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Work and Background Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic Conclusion & References VII. CONCLUSION Net neutrality violation detection is a need of an hour. As many of the ISPs are also content providers these days, they compete with each other, which can lead to one deliberately discriminating the services of the other to gain market share. However, users should have the freedom to choose services as per their wishes. Our work considered various challenges in the detection of traffic discrimination in HTTPS traffic. As a case study, we validated Wehe, one of the latest tools available to detect traffic differentiation. The described challenges helped us divide the entire tool into multiple interdependent components and validate them independently. Our validation using commercial traffic shaper revealed that traffic in Wehe setup may not mimic the characteristics of HTTPS traffic accessed from the original servers. Hence, middle-boxes may not subject them to intended discrimination. Thus, Wehe may not detect discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Our new method that uses the appropriate SNI parameter value in the initial TLS handshake message overcomes this shortcoming. Hence our work provided a mechanism to detect a wide range of possible discriminations on the Internet. REFERENCES [1] T. Garrett, L. E. Setenareski, L. M. Peres, L. C. E. Bona, and E. P. Duarte, “Monitoring network neutrality: A survey on traffic differentiation detection,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2486–2517, 2018. [2] V. Nguyen, D. Mohammed, M. Omar, and P. Dean, “Net neutrality around the globe: A survey,” in 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT), 2020, pp. 480–488. [3] Ramneek, P. Hosein, W. Choi, and W. Seok, “Detecting network neutrality violations through packet loss statistics,” in 2015 17th AsiaPacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), 2015, pp. 404–407. [4] D. Li, F. Tian, M. Zhu, L. Wang, and L. Sun, “A novel framework for analysis of global network neutrality based on packet loss rate,” in 2015 International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (CCBD), 2015, pp. 297–304. [5] M. Dischinger, A. Mislove, A. Haeberlen, and K. P. Gummadi, “Detecting bittorrent blocking,” in Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, Oct. 2008, pp. 3–8. [6] M. B. Tariq, M. Motiwala, N. Feamster, and M. Ammar, “Detecting network neutrality violations with causal inference,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, ser. CoNEXT ’09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2009, p. 289–300. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/1658939.1658972 [7] R. Ravaioli, G. Urvoy-Keller, and C. Barakat, “Towards a general solution for detecting traffic differentiation at the internet access,” in 2015 27th International Teletraffic Congress, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–9. [8] Y. Zhang, Z. M. Mao, and M. Zhang, “Detecting traffic differentiation in backbone isps with netpolice,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, ser. IMC ’09. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2009, pp. 103–115. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1644893.1644905 [9] P. Kanuparthy and C. Dovrolis, “Shaperprobe: End-to-end detection of isp traffic shaping using active methods,” in Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, Nov. 2011, pp. 473–482. [10] U. Weinsberg, A. Soule, and L. Massoulie, “Inferring traffic shaping and policy parameters using end host measurements,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2011. [11] M. Dischinger, M. Marcon, S. Guha, K. Gummadi, R. Mahajan, and S. Saroiu, “Glasnost: Enabling end users to detect traffic differentiation,” in 7th USENIX Conf. Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Apr. 2010, pp. 27–27. [12] V. Bashko, N. Melnikov, A. Sehgal, and J. Schonw ¨ alder, “Bonafide: A ¨ traffic shaping detection tool for mobile networks,” in 2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2013), 2013, pp. 328–335. [13] A. Molavi Kakhki, A. Razaghpanah, A. Li, H. Koo, R. Golani, D. Choffnes, P. Gill, and A. Mislove, “Identifying traffic differentiation in mobile networks,” in Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference, Oct. 2015, pp. 239–251. [14] R. Narisetty and D. Gurkan, “Identification of network measurement challenges in openflow-based service chaining,” in 39th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops, 2014, pp. 663– 670. [15] E. Balestrieri, L. De Vito, F. Lamonaca, F. Picariello, S. Rapuano, and I. Tudosa, “Research challenges in measurement for internet of things systems,” ACTA IMEKO, vol. 7, p. 82, 01 2019. [16] E. Karoly. (2000, Feb.) Qos performance validation in real life scenarios. [Online]. Available: http://archive.opengroup.org/tech/qos/ conference/q101/karoly.pdf [17] S. Molnar, P. Megyesi, and G. Szab ´ o, “How to validate traffic gen- ´ erators?” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), 2013, pp. 1340–1344. [18] G. Lu, Y. Chen, S. Birrer, F. E. Bustamante, C. Y. Cheung, and X. Li, “End-to-end inference of router packet forwarding priority,” in IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2007, pp. 1784–1792. [19] R. Mahajan, M. Zhang, L. Poole, and V. Pai, “Uncovering performance differences among backbone isps with netdiff,” in Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, 2008, pp. 205–218. [20] (2008, Jun.) Ookla, measuring and understanding broadband : Speed, quality and application. [Online]. Available: https://www.ookla.com/ docs/UnderstandingBroadbandMeasurement.pdf [21] V. S. Khandkar and M. K. Hanawal, “Detection of traffic discrimination in the internet,” in 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), 2020, pp. 677–679. [22] Tcpreplay: Pcap editing and replay tools for *nix. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/appneta/tcpreplay [23] W. Cui, V. Paxson, N. Weaver, and R. Katz, “Protocol-independent adaptive replay of application dialog,” in 13th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), Feb. 2006, pp. 27–27. [24] R. T. El-Maghraby, N. M. Abd Elazim, and A. M. Bahaa-Eldin, “A survey on deep packet inspection,” in 2017 12th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES), 2017, pp. 188–197. [25] M. AlSabah, K. Bauer, and I. Goldberg, “Enhancing tor’s performance using real-time traffic classification,” in Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ser. CCS ’12. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2012, p. 73–84. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2382196.2382208 [26] Z. Hu, L. Zhu, J. Heidemann, A. Mankin, D. Wessels, and P. Hoffman, “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3,” Internet Requests for Comments, IETF, RFC 7858, August 2018. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc8446.pdf [27] C. Zhou, C. Lin, and Z. Guo, “mdash: A markov decision-based rate adaptation approach for dynamic http streaming,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 738–751, Apr. 2016. [28] T. Joe, L. Eliot, M. Allison, K. Markku, O. Kumiko, S. Martin, E. Lars, M. Alexey, E. Wes, Z. Alexander, T. Brian, I. Jana, M. Allison, T. Michael, K. Eddie, and N. Yoshifumi. (2020, Sept) Service name and transport protocol port number registry. [Online]. Available: https://www.iana.org/assignments/ service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml [29] G. Keinan. (2018, January) Optimizing enterprise networks through sd-avc (software define application visibility and control). [Online]. Available: https://www.ciscolive.com/c/dam/r/ciscolive/emea/docs/2018/ pdf/BRKCRS-2502.pdf [30] A. Rao, J. Sherry, A. Legout, A. Krishnamurthy, W. Dabbous, and D. Choffnes, “Meddle: middleboxes for increased transparency and control of mobile traffic,” in CoNEXT Student Workshop, ACM, 12 2012, pp. 65–66. [31] R. Liu and X. Yu, “A survey on encrypted traffic identification,” in Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Cyberspace Innovation of Advanced Technologies, ser. CIAT 2020. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020, p. 159–163. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3444370.3444564 [32] F. Li, A. A. Niaki, D. Choffnes, P. Gill, and A. Mislove, “A large-scale analysis of deployed traffic differentiation practices,” in Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, ser. SIGCOMM ’19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2019, p. 130–144. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3341302.3342092 [33] P. Srisuresh and K. Egevang, “Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT),” Internet Requests for Comments, IETF, RFC 3022, Jan 2001. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc3022.pdf This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Authors: Authors: (1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Abstract & Introduction Related Work and Background Related Work and Background Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic Conclusion & References Conclusion & References VII. CONCLUSION Net neutrality violation detection is a need of an hour. As many of the ISPs are also content providers these days, they compete with each other, which can lead to one deliberately discriminating the services of the other to gain market share. However, users should have the freedom to choose services as per their wishes. Our work considered various challenges in the detection of traffic discrimination in HTTPS traffic. As a case study, we validated Wehe, one of the latest tools available to detect traffic differentiation. The described challenges helped us divide the entire tool into multiple interdependent components and validate them independently. Our validation using commercial traffic shaper revealed that traffic in Wehe setup may not mimic the characteristics of HTTPS traffic accessed from the original servers. Hence, middle-boxes may not subject them to intended discrimination. Thus, Wehe may not detect discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Our new method that uses the appropriate SNI parameter value in the initial TLS handshake message overcomes this shortcoming. Hence our work provided a mechanism to detect a wide range of possible discriminations on the Internet. REFERENCES [1] T. Garrett, L. E. Setenareski, L. M. Peres, L. C. E. Bona, and E. P. Duarte, “Monitoring network neutrality: A survey on traffic differentiation detection,” IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2486–2517, 2018. [2] V. Nguyen, D. Mohammed, M. Omar, and P. Dean, “Net neutrality around the globe: A survey,” in 2020 3rd International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT), 2020, pp. 480–488. [3] Ramneek, P. Hosein, W. Choi, and W. Seok, “Detecting network neutrality violations through packet loss statistics,” in 2015 17th AsiaPacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), 2015, pp. 404–407. [4] D. Li, F. Tian, M. Zhu, L. Wang, and L. Sun, “A novel framework for analysis of global network neutrality based on packet loss rate,” in 2015 International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (CCBD), 2015, pp. 297–304. [5] M. Dischinger, A. Mislove, A. Haeberlen, and K. P. Gummadi, “Detecting bittorrent blocking,” in Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, Oct. 2008, pp. 3–8. [6] M. B. Tariq, M. Motiwala, N. Feamster, and M. Ammar, “Detecting network neutrality violations with causal inference,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, ser. CoNEXT ’09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2009, p. 289–300. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/1658939.1658972 [7] R. Ravaioli, G. Urvoy-Keller, and C. Barakat, “Towards a general solution for detecting traffic differentiation at the internet access,” in 2015 27th International Teletraffic Congress, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–9. [8] Y. Zhang, Z. M. Mao, and M. Zhang, “Detecting traffic differentiation in backbone isps with netpolice,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, ser. IMC ’09. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2009, pp. 103–115. [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1644893.1644905 [9] P. Kanuparthy and C. Dovrolis, “Shaperprobe: End-to-end detection of isp traffic shaping using active methods,” in Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement Conference, Nov. 2011, pp. 473–482. [10] U. Weinsberg, A. Soule, and L. Massoulie, “Inferring traffic shaping and policy parameters using end host measurements,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2011. [11] M. Dischinger, M. Marcon, S. Guha, K. Gummadi, R. Mahajan, and S. Saroiu, “Glasnost: Enabling end users to detect traffic differentiation,” in 7th USENIX Conf. Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Apr. 2010, pp. 27–27. [12] V. Bashko, N. Melnikov, A. Sehgal, and J. Schonw ¨ alder, “Bonafide: A ¨ traffic shaping detection tool for mobile networks,” in 2013 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2013), 2013, pp. 328–335. [13] A. Molavi Kakhki, A. Razaghpanah, A. Li, H. Koo, R. Golani, D. Choffnes, P. Gill, and A. Mislove, “Identifying traffic differentiation in mobile networks,” in Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference, Oct. 2015, pp. 239–251. [14] R. Narisetty and D. Gurkan, “Identification of network measurement challenges in openflow-based service chaining,” in 39th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops, 2014, pp. 663– 670. [15] E. Balestrieri, L. De Vito, F. Lamonaca, F. Picariello, S. Rapuano, and I. Tudosa, “Research challenges in measurement for internet of things systems,” ACTA IMEKO, vol. 7, p. 82, 01 2019. [16] E. Karoly. (2000, Feb.) Qos performance validation in real life scenarios. [Online]. Available: http://archive.opengroup.org/tech/qos/ conference/q101/karoly.pdf [17] S. Molnar, P. Megyesi, and G. Szab ´ o, “How to validate traffic gen- ´ erators?” in 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), 2013, pp. 1340–1344. [18] G. Lu, Y. Chen, S. Birrer, F. E. Bustamante, C. Y. Cheung, and X. Li, “End-to-end inference of router packet forwarding priority,” in IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, 2007, pp. 1784–1792. [19] R. Mahajan, M. Zhang, L. Poole, and V. Pai, “Uncovering performance differences among backbone isps with netdiff,” in Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, 2008, pp. 205–218. [20] (2008, Jun.) Ookla, measuring and understanding broadband : Speed, quality and application. [Online]. Available: https://www.ookla.com/ docs/UnderstandingBroadbandMeasurement.pdf [21] V. S. Khandkar and M. K. Hanawal, “Detection of traffic discrimination in the internet,” in 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), 2020, pp. 677–679. [22] Tcpreplay: Pcap editing and replay tools for *nix. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/appneta/tcpreplay [23] W. Cui, V. Paxson, N. Weaver, and R. Katz, “Protocol-independent adaptive replay of application dialog,” in 13th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), Feb. 2006, pp. 27–27. [24] R. T. El-Maghraby, N. M. Abd Elazim, and A. M. Bahaa-Eldin, “A survey on deep packet inspection,” in 2017 12th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES), 2017, pp. 188–197. [25] M. AlSabah, K. Bauer, and I. Goldberg, “Enhancing tor’s performance using real-time traffic classification,” in Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, ser. CCS ’12. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2012, p. 73–84. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2382196.2382208 [26] Z. Hu, L. Zhu, J. Heidemann, A. Mankin, D. Wessels, and P. Hoffman, “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3,” Internet Requests for Comments, IETF, RFC 7858, August 2018. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc8446.pdf [27] C. Zhou, C. Lin, and Z. Guo, “mdash: A markov decision-based rate adaptation approach for dynamic http streaming,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 738–751, Apr. 2016. [28] T. Joe, L. Eliot, M. Allison, K. Markku, O. Kumiko, S. Martin, E. Lars, M. Alexey, E. Wes, Z. Alexander, T. Brian, I. Jana, M. Allison, T. Michael, K. Eddie, and N. Yoshifumi. (2020, Sept) Service name and transport protocol port number registry. [Online]. Available: https://www.iana.org/assignments/ service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml [29] G. Keinan. (2018, January) Optimizing enterprise networks through sd-avc (software define application visibility and control). [Online]. Available: https://www.ciscolive.com/c/dam/r/ciscolive/emea/docs/2018/ pdf/BRKCRS-2502.pdf [30] A. Rao, J. Sherry, A. Legout, A. Krishnamurthy, W. Dabbous, and D. Choffnes, “Meddle: middleboxes for increased transparency and control of mobile traffic,” in CoNEXT Student Workshop, ACM, 12 2012, pp. 65–66. [31] R. Liu and X. Yu, “A survey on encrypted traffic identification,” in Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Cyberspace Innovation of Advanced Technologies, ser. CIAT 2020. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020, p. 159–163. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3444370.3444564 [32] F. Li, A. A. Niaki, D. Choffnes, P. Gill, and A. Mislove, “A large-scale analysis of deployed traffic differentiation practices,” in Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication, ser. SIGCOMM ’19. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2019, p. 130–144. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3341302.3342092 [33] P. Srisuresh and K. Egevang, “Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT),” Internet Requests for Comments, IETF, RFC 3022, Jan 2001. [Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc3022.pdf This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Ensuring Fair Internet Access: Challenges and Solutions in Traffic Discrimination Detection

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Thomas Pethick, EPFL (LIONS) thomas.pethick@epfl.ch; (2) Wanyun Xie, EPFL (LIONS) wanyun.xie@epfl.ch; (3) Volkan Cevher, EPFL (LIONS) volkan.cevher@epfl.ch. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related work Setup Inexact Krasnosel’ski˘ı-Mann iterations Approximating the resolvent Last iterate under cohypomonotonicity Analysis of Lookahea Experiments Conclusion & limitations Acknowledgements & References 10 Acknowledgements This work was supported by Google. This work was supported by Hasler Foundation Program: Hasler Responsible AI (project number 21043). This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant number 200021_205011. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n° 725594 - time-data). References Banach, S. 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Min-max optimization made simple: Approximating the proximal point method via contraction maps, 2023. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/ 2301.03931. Chavdarova, T., Pagliardini, M., Stich, S. U., Fleuret, F., and Jaggi, M. Taming GANs with Lookahead-Minmax. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.14567, 2020. Combettes, P. L. Quasi-Fejérian analysis of some optimization algorithms. In Studies in Computational Mathematics, volume 8, pp. 115–152. Elsevier, 2001. Combettes, P. L. and Pennanen, T. Proximal methods for cohypomonotone operators. SIAM journal on control and optimization, 43(2):731–742, 2004. Diakonikolas, J., Daskalakis, C., and Jordan, M. I. Efficient methods for structured nonconvexnonconcave min-max optimization. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 2746–2754. PMLR, 2021. Eckstein, J. and Bertsekas, D. P. On the Douglas—Rachford splitting method and the proximal point algorithm for maximal monotone operators. Mathematical Programming, 55(1):293–318, 1992. Gidel, G., Berard, H., Vignoud, G., Vincent, P., and Lacoste-Julien, S. A variational inequality perspective on generative adversarial networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.10551, 2018. Gorbunov, E., Loizou, N., and Gidel, G. Extragradient method: O (1/k) last-iterate convergence for monotone variational inequalities and connections with cocoercivity. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 366–402. PMLR, 2022a. Gorbunov, E., Taylor, A., Horváth, S., and Gidel, G. Convergence of proximal point and extragradientbased methods beyond monotonicity: the case of negative comonotonicity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.13831, 2022b. Grimmer, B., Lu, H., Worah, P., and Mirrokni, V. The landscape of the proximal point method for nonconvex–nonconcave minimax optimization. Mathematical Programming, pp. 1–35, 2022. Ha, J. and Kim, G. On convergence of Lookahead in smooth games. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 4659–4684. 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High-fidelity performance metrics for generative models in PyTorch, 2020. URL https://github.com/toshas/ torch-fidelity. Version: 0.3.0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4957738. Opial, Z. Weak convergence of the sequence of successive approximations for nonexpansive mappings. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 73(4):591–597, 1967. Patrascu, A. and Irofti, P. Stochastic proximal splitting algorithm for composite minimization. Optimization Letters, 15(6):2255–2273, 2021. Patrascu, A. and Necoara, I. Nonasymptotic convergence of stochastic proximal point methods for constrained convex optimization. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 18(1):7204–7245, 2017. Pethick, T., Latafat, P., Patrinos, P., Fercoq, O., and Cevher, V. Escaping limit cycles: Global convergence for constrained nonconvex-nonconcave minimax problems. In International Conference on Learning Representations, 2022. Pethick, T., Fercoq, O., Latafat, P., Patrinos, P., and Cevher, V. Solving stochastic weak Minty variational inequalities without increasing batch size. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations, 2023. Pushkin, D. and Barba, L. Multilayer Lookahead: a nested version of Lookahead. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14254, 2021. Rockafellar, R. T. Monotone operators and the proximal point algorithm. SIAM journal on control and optimization, 14(5):877–898, 1976.

Stable Nonconvex-Nonconcave Training via Linear Interpolation: Acknowledgements & References

I awoke, and my first thought was, Adrian and Clara are dead.

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The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . AN ENTERTAINING ARTICLE here AN ENTERTAINING ARTICLE I take the following paragraph from an article in the Boston : Advertiser AN ENGLISH CRITIC ON MARK TWAIN Perhaps the most successful flights of humor of Mark Twain have been descriptions of the persons who did not appreciate his humor at all. We have become familiar with the Californians who were thrilled with terror by his burlesque of a newspaper reporter's way of telling a story, and we have heard of the Pennsylvania clergyman who sadly returned his to the book-agent with the remark that “the man who could shed tears over the tomb of Adam must be an idiot.” But Mark Twain may now add a much more glorious instance to his string of trophies. The in its number of October 8th, reviews his book of travels, which has been republished in England, and reviews it seriously. We can imagine the delight of the humorist in reading this tribute to his power; and indeed it is so amusing in itself that he can hardly do better than reproduce the article in full in his next monthly Memoranda. Innocents Abroad Saturday Review, (Publishing the above paragraph thus, gives me a sort of authority for reproducing the article in full in these pages. I dearly wanted to do it, for I cannot write anything half so delicious myself. If I had a cast-iron dog that could read this English criticism and preserve his austerity, I would drive him off the door-step.) Saturday Review's (From the London “ .”) Saturday Review REVIEWS OF NEW BOOKS . A Book of Travels. By Mark Twain. London: Hotten, publisher. 1870. The Innocents Abroad Lord Macaulay died too soon. We never felt this so deeply as when we finished the last chapter of the above-named extravagant work. Macaulay died too soon—for none but he could mete out complete and comprehensive justice to the insolence, the impertinence, the presumption, the mendacity, and, above all, the majestic ignorance of this author. To say that is a curious book, would be to use the faintest language—would be to speak of the Matterhorn as a neat elevation or of Niagara as being “nice” or “pretty.” “Curious” is too tame a word wherewith to describe the imposing insanity of this work. There is no word that is large enough or long enough. Let us, therefore, photograph a passing glimpse of book and author, and trust the rest to the reader. Let the cultivated English student of human nature picture to himself this Mark Twain as a person capable of doing the following-described things—and not only doing them, but with incredible innocence calmly and tranquilly in a book. For instance: The Innocents Abroad printing them He states that he entered a hair-dresser's in Paris to get shaved, and the first “ ” the barber gave him with his razor it ” and rake loosened his “hide lifted him out of the chair. This is unquestionably exaggerated. In Florence he was so annoyed by beggars that he pretends to have seized and eaten one in a frantic spirit of revenge. There is, of course, no truth in this. He gives at full length a theatrical program seventeen or eighteen hundred years old, which he professes to have found in the ruins of the Coliseum, among the dirt and mold and rubbish. It is a sufficient comment upon this statement to remark that even a cast-iron program would not have lasted so long under such circumstances. In Greece he plainly betrays both fright and flight upon one occasion, but with frozen effrontery puts the latter in this falsely tamed form: “We toward the Piraeus.” “Sidled,” indeed! He does not hesitate to intimate that at Ephesus, when his mule strayed from the proper course, he got down, took him under his arm, carried him to the road again, pointed him right, remounted, and went to sleep contentedly till it was time to restore the beast to the path once more. He states that a growing youth among his ship's passengers was in the constant habit of appeasing his hunger with soap and oakum between meals. In Palestine he tells of ants that came eleven miles to spend the summer in the desert and brought their provisions with them; yet he shows by his description of the country that the feat was an impossibility. He mentions, as if it were the most commonplace of matters, that he cut a Moslem in two in broad daylight in Jerusalem, with Godfrey de Bouillon's sword, and would have shed more blood These statements are unworthy a moment's attention. Mr. Twain or any other foreigner who did such a thing in Jerusalem would be mobbed, and would infallibly lose his life. But why go on? Why repeat more of his audacious and exasperating falsehoods? Let us close fittingly with this one: he affirms that “in the mosque of St. Sophia at Constantinople I got my feet so stuck up with a complication of gums, slime, and general impurity, that I wore out more than two thousand pair of bootjacks getting my boots off that night, and even then some Christian hide peeled off with them.” It is monstrous. Such statements are simply lies—there is no other name for them. Will the reader longer marvel at the brutal ignorance that pervades the American nation when we tell him that we are informed upon perfectly good authority that this extravagant compilation of falsehoods, this exhaustless mine of stupendous lies, this , has actually been adopted by the schools and colleges of several of the states as a text-book! sidled if he had had a graveyard of his own. Innocents Abroad But if his falsehoods are distressing, his innocence and his ignorance are enough to make one burn the book and despise the author. In one place he was so appalled at the sudden spectacle of a murdered man, unveiled by the moonlight, that he jumped out of the window, going through sash and all, and then remarks with the most childlike simplicity that he “was not scared, but was considerably agitated.” It puts us out of patience to note that the simpleton is densely unconscious that Lucrezia Borgia ever existed off the stage. He is vulgarly ignorant of all foreign languages, but is frank enough to criticize, the Italians' use of their own tongue. He says they spell the name of their great painter “Vinci, but pronounce it Vinchy”—and then adds with a naivete possible only to helpless ignorance, “foreigners always spell better than they pronounce.” In another place he commits the bald absurdity of putting the phrase “tare an ouns” into an Italian's mouth. In Rome he unhesitatingly believes the legend that St. Philip Neri's heart was so inflamed with divine love that it burst his ribs—believes it wholly because an author with a learned list of university degrees strung after his name endorses it—“otherwise,” says this gentle idiot, “I should have felt a curiosity to know what Philip had for dinner.” Our author makes a long, fatiguing journey to the Grotto del Cane on purpose to test its poisoning powers on a dog—got elaborately ready for the experiment, and then discovered that he had no dog. A wiser person would have kept such a thing discreetly to himself, but with this harmless creature everything comes out. He hurts his foot in a rut two thousand years old in exhumed Pompeii, and presently, when staring at one of the cinder-like corpses unearthed in the next square, conceives the idea that maybe it is the remains of the ancient Street Commissioner, and straightway his horror softens down to a sort of chirpy contentment with the condition of things. In Damascus he visits the well of Ananias, three thousand years old, and is as surprised and delighted as a child to find that the water is “as pure and fresh as if the well had been dug yesterday.” In the Holy Land he gags desperately at the hard Arabic and Hebrew Biblical names, and finally concludes to call them Baldwinsville, Williamsburgh, and so on, “for convenience of spelling.” We have thus spoken freely of this man's stupefying simplicity and innocence, but we cannot deal similarly with his colossal ignorance. We do not know where to begin. And if we knew where to begin, we certainly would not know where to leave off. We will give one specimen, and one only. He did not know, until he got to Rome, that Michael Angelo was dead! And then, instead of crawling away and hiding his shameful ignorance somewhere, he proceeds to express a pious, grateful sort of satisfaction that he is gone and out of his troubles! No, the reader may seek out the author's exhibition of his uncultivation for himself. The book is absolutely dangerous, considering the magnitude and variety of its misstatements, and the convincing confidence with which they are made. And yet it is a text-book in the schools of America. The poor blunderer mouses among the sublime creations of the Old Masters, trying to acquire the elegant proficiency in art-knowledge, which he has a groping sort of comprehension is a proper thing for a traveled man to be able to display. But what is the manner of his study? And what is the progress he achieves? To what extent does he familiarize himself with the great pictures of Italy, and what degree of appreciation does he arrive at? Read: “When we see a monk going about with a lion and looking up into heaven, we know that that is St. Mark. When we see a monk with a book and a pen, looking tranquilly up to heaven, trying to think of a word, we know that that is St. Matthew. When we see a monk sitting on a rock, looking tranquilly up to heaven, with a human skull beside him, and without other baggage, we know that that is St. Jerome. Because we know that he always went flying light in the matter of baggage. When we see other monks looking tranquilly up to heaven, but having no trade-mark, we always ask who those parties are. We do this because we humbly wish to learn.” He then enumerates the thousands and thousand of copies of these several pictures which he has seen, and adds with accustomed simplicity that he feels encouraged to believe that when he has seen “Some More” of each, and had a larger experience, he will eventually “begin to take an absorbing interest in them”—the vulgar boor. That we have shown this to be a remarkable book, we think no one will deny. That it is a pernicious book to place in the hands of the confiding and uniformed, we think we have also shown. That the book is a deliberate and wicked creation of a diseased mind, is apparent upon every page. Having placed our judgment thus upon record, let us close with what charity we can, by remarking that even in this volume there is some good to be found; for whenever the author talks of his own country and lets Europe alone, he never fails to make himself interesting, and not only interesting but instructive. No one can read without benefit his occasional chapters and paragraphs, about life in the gold and silver mines of California and Nevada; about the Indians of the plains and deserts of the West, and their cannibalism; about the raising of vegetables in kegs of gunpowder by the aid of two or three teaspoons of guano; about the moving of small arms from place to place at night in wheelbarrows to avoid taxes; and about a sort of cows and mules in the Humboldt mines, that climb down chimneys and disturb the people at night. These matters are not only new, but are well worth knowing. It is a pity the author did not put in more of the same kind. His book is well written and is exceedingly entertaining, and so it just barely escaped being quite valuable also. (One month later) Latterly I have received several letters, and see a number of newspaper paragraphs, all upon a certain subject, and all of about the same tenor. I here give honest specimens. One is from a New York paper, one is from a letter from an old friend, and one is from a letter from a New York publisher who is a stranger to me. I humbly endeavor to make these bits toothsome with the remark that the article they are praising (which appeared in the December , and to be a criticism from the London on my ) : Galaxy pretended Saturday Review Innocents Abroad was written by myself, every line of it The says the richest thing out is the “serious critique” in the London , on Mark Twain's . We thought before we read it that it must be “serious,” as everybody said so, and were even ready to shed a few tears; but since perusing it, we are bound to confess that next to Mark Twain's “ ” it's the finest bit of humor and sarcasm that we've come across in many a day. Herald Saturday Review Innocents Abroad Jumping Frog (I do not get a compliment like that every day.) I used to think that your writings were pretty good, but after reading the criticism in from the , have discovered what an ass I must have been. If suggestions are in order, mine is, that you put that article in your next edition of the , as an extra chapter, if you are not afraid to put your own humor in competition with it. It is as rich a thing as I ever read. The Galaxy London Review Innocents (Which is strong commendation from a book publisher.) The London Reviewer, my friend, is not the stupid, “serious” creature he pretends to be, think; but, on the contrary, has a keen appreciation and enjoyment of your book. As I read his article in , I could imagine him giving vent to many a hearty laugh. But he is writing for Catholics and Established Church people, and high-toned, antiquated, conservative gentility, whom it is a delight to him to help you shock, while he pretends to shake his head with owlish density. He is a magnificent humorist himself. I The Galaxy (Now that is graceful and handsome. I take off my hat to my life-long friend and comrade, and with my feet together and my fingers spread over my heart, I say, in the language of Alabama, “You do me proud.”) I stand guilty of the authorship of the article, but I did not mean any harm. I saw by an item in the Boston that a solemn, serious critique on the English edition of my book had appeared in the London , and the idea of a literary breakfast by a stolid, ponderous British ogre of the quill was too much for a naturally weak virtue, and I went home and burlesqued it—reveled in it, I may say. I never saw a copy of the real criticism until after my burlesque was written and mailed to the printer. But when I did get hold of a copy, I found it to be vulgar, awkwardly written, ill-natured, and entirely serious and in earnest. The gentleman who wrote the newspaper paragraph above quoted had not been misled as to its character. Advertiser Saturday Review such Saturday Review If any man doubts my word now, I will kill him. No, I will not kill him; I will win his money. I will bet him twenty to one, and let any New York publisher hold the stakes, that the statements I have above made as to the authorship of the article in question are entirely true. Perhaps I may get wealthy at this, for I am willing to take all the bets that offer; and if a man wants larger odds, I will give him all he requires. But he ought to find out whether I am betting on what is termed “a sure thing” or not before he ventures his money, and he can do that by going to a public library and examining the London of October 8th, which contains the real critique. Saturday Review Bless me, some people thought that was the “sold” person! I P.S.—I cannot resist the temptation to toss in this most savory thing of all—this easy, graceful, philosophical disquisition, with his happy, chirping confidence. It is from the Cincinnati : Enquirer Nothing is more uncertain than the value of a fine cigar. Nine smokers out of ten would prefer an ordinary domestic article, three for a quarter, to a fifty-cent Partaga, if kept in ignorance of the cost of the latter. The flavor of the Partaga is too delicate for palates that have been accustomed to Connecticut seed leaf. So it is with humor. The finer it is in quality, the more danger of its not being recognized at all. Even Mark Twain has been taken in by an English review of his . Mark Twain is by no means a coarse humorist, but the Englishman's humor is so much finer than his, that he mistakes it for solid earnest, and “larfs most consumedly.” Innocents Abroad A man who cannot learn stands in his own light. Hereafter, when I write an article which I know to be good, but which I may have reason to fear will not, in some quarters, be considered to amount to much, coming from an American, I will aver that an Englishman wrote it and that it is copied from a London journal. And then I will occupy a back seat and enjoy the cordial applause. (Still later) Mark Twain at last sees that the criticism of his was not serious, and he is intensely mortified at the thought of having been so badly sold. He takes the only course left him, and in the last claims that wrote the criticism himself, and published it in to sell the public. This is ingenious, but unfortunately it is not true. If any of our readers will take the trouble to call at this office we sill show them the original article in the of October 8th, which, on comparison, will be found to be identical with the one published in The best thing for Mark to do will be to admit that he was sold, and say no more about it. Saturday Review's Innocents Abroad Galaxy he The Galaxy Saturday Review The Galaxy. The above is from the Cincinnati , and is a falsehood. Come to the proof. If the people, through any agent, will produce at office a London of October 8th, containing an article which, on comparison, will be found to be identical with the one published in , I will pay to that agent five hundred dollars cash. Moreover, if at any specified time I fail to produce at the same place a copy of the London of October 8th, containing a lengthy criticism upon the , entirely different, in every paragraph and sentence, from the one I published in I will pay to the agent another five hundred dollars cash. I offer Sheldon & Co., publishers, 500 Broadway, New York, as my “backers.” Any one in New York, authorized by the , will receive prompt attention. It is an easy and profitable way for the people to prove that they have not uttered a pitiful, deliberate falsehood in the above paragraphs. Will they swallow that falsehood ignominiously, or will they send an agent to office. I think the Cincinnati must be edited by children. Enquirer Enquirer The Galaxy Saturday Review The Galaxy Saturday Review Innocents Abroad The Galaxy, Enquirer Enquirer Enquirer The Galaxy Enquirer About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/142/pg142-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

AN ENTERTAINING ARTICLE

The Gods of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE DEATH SENTENCE THE DEATH SENTENCE A few moments before the appointed time on the following morning a strong guard of Zat Arras’ officers appeared at our quarters to conduct us to the great hall of the temple. In twos we entered the chamber and marched down the broad Aisle of Hope, as it is called, to the platform in the centre of the hall. Before and behind us marched armed guards, while three solid ranks of Zodangan soldiery lined either side of the aisle from the entrance to the rostrum. As we reached the raised enclosure I saw our judges. As is the custom upon Barsoom there were thirty-one, supposedly selected by lot from men of the noble class, for nobles were on trial. But to my amazement I saw no single friendly face among them. Practically all were Zodangans, and it was I to whom Zodanga owed her defeat at the hands of the green hordes and her subsequent vassalage to Helium. There could be little justice here for John Carter, or his son, or for the great Thark who had commanded the savage tribesmen who overran Zodanga’s broad avenues, looting, burning, and murdering. About us the vast circular coliseum was packed to its full capacity. All classes were represented—all ages, and both sexes. As we entered the hall the hum of subdued conversation ceased until as we halted upon the platform, or Throne of Righteousness, the silence of death enveloped the ten thousand spectators. The judges were seated in a great circle about the periphery of the circular platform. We were assigned seats with our backs toward a small platform in the exact centre of the larger one. This placed us facing the judges and the audience. Upon the smaller platform each would take his place while his case was being heard. Zat Arras himself sat in the golden chair of the presiding magistrate. As we were seated and our guards retired to the foot of the stairway leading to the platform, he arose and called my name. “John Carter,” he cried, “take your place upon the Pedestal of Truth to be judged impartially according to your acts and here to know the reward you have earned thereby.” Then turning to and fro toward the audience he narrated the acts upon the value of which my reward was to be determined. “Know you, O judges and people of Helium,” he said, “that John Carter, one time Prince of Helium, has returned by his own statement from the Valley Dor and even from the Temple of Issus itself. That, in the presence of many men of Helium he has blasphemed against the Sacred Iss, and against the Valley Dor, and the Lost Sea of Korus, and the Holy Therns themselves, and even against Issus, Goddess of Death, and of Life Eternal. And know you further by witness of thine own eyes that see him here now upon the Pedestal of Truth that he has indeed returned from these sacred precincts in the face of our ancient customs, and in violation of the sanctity of our ancient religion. “He who be once dead may not live again. He who attempts it must be made dead for ever. Judges, your duty lies plain before you—here can be no testimony in contravention of truth. What reward shall be meted to John Carter in accordance with the acts he has committed?” “Death!” shouted one of the judges. And then a man sprang to his feet in the audience, and raising his hand on high, cried: “Justice! Justice! Justice!” It was Kantos Kan, and as all eyes turned toward him he leaped past the Zodangan soldiery and sprang upon the platform. “What manner of justice be this?” he cried to Zat Arras. “The defendant has not been heard, nor has he had an opportunity to call others in his behalf. In the name of the people of Helium I demand fair and impartial treatment for the Prince of Helium.” A great cry arose from the audience then: “Justice! Justice! Justice!” and Zat Arras dared not deny them. “Speak, then,” he snarled, turning to me; “but blaspheme not against the things that are sacred upon Barsoom.” “Men of Helium,” I cried, turning to the spectators, and speaking over the heads of my judges, “how can John Carter expect justice from the men of Zodanga? He cannot nor does he ask it. It is to the men of Helium that he states his case; nor does he appeal for mercy to any. It is not in his own cause that he speaks now—it is in thine. In the cause of your wives and daughters, and of wives and daughters yet unborn. It is to save them from the unthinkably atrocious indignities that I have seen heaped upon the fair women of Barsoom in the place men call the Temple of Issus. It is to save them from the sucking embrace of the plant men, from the fangs of the great white apes of Dor, from the cruel lust of the Holy Therns, from all that the cold, dead Iss carries them to from homes of love and life and happiness. “Sits there no man here who does not know the history of John Carter. How he came among you from another world and rose from a prisoner among the green men, through torture and persecution, to a place high among the highest of Barsoom. Nor ever did you know John Carter to lie in his own behalf, or to say aught that might harm the people of Barsoom, or to speak lightly of the strange religion which he respected without understanding. “There be no man here, or elsewhere upon Barsoom to-day who does not owe his life directly to a single act of mine, in which I sacrificed myself and the happiness of my Princess that you might live. And so, men of Helium, I think that I have the right to demand that I be heard, that I be believed, and that you let me serve you and save you from the false hereafter of Dor and Issus as I saved you from the real death that other day. “It is to you of Helium that I speak now. When I am done let the men of Zodanga have their will with me. Zat Arras has taken my sword from me, so the men of Zodanga no longer fear me. Will you listen?” “Speak, John Carter, Prince of Helium,” cried a great noble from the audience, and the multitude echoed his permission, until the building rocked with the noise of their demonstration. Zat Arras knew better than to interfere with such a sentiment as was expressed that day in the Temple of Reward, and so for two hours I talked with the people of Helium. But when I had finished, Zat Arras arose and, turning to the judges, said in a low tone: “My nobles, you have heard John Carter’s plea; every opportunity has been given him to prove his innocence if he be not guilty; but instead he has but utilized the time in further blasphemy. What, gentlemen, is your verdict?” “Death to the blasphemer!” cried one, springing to his feet, and in an instant the entire thirty-one judges were on their feet with upraised swords in token of the unanimity of their verdict. If the people did not hear Zat Arras’ charge, they certainly did hear the verdict of the tribunal. A sullen murmur rose louder and louder about the packed coliseum, and then Kantos Kan, who had not left the platform since first he had taken his place near me, raised his hand for silence. When he could be heard he spoke to the people in a cool and level voice. “You have heard the fate that the men of Zodanga would mete to Helium’s noblest hero. It may be the duty of the men of Helium to accept the verdict as final. Let each man act according to his own heart. Here is the answer of Kantos Kan, head of the navy of Helium, to Zat Arras and his judges,” and with that he unbuckled his scabbard and threw his sword at my feet. In an instant soldiers and citizens, officers and nobles were crowding past the soldiers of Zodanga and forcing their way to the Throne of Righteousness. A hundred men surged up on the platform, and a hundred blades rattled and clanked to the floor at my feet. Zat Arras and his officers were furious, but they were helpless. One by one I raised the swords to my lips and buckled them again upon their owners. “Come,” said Kantos Kan, “we will escort John Carter and his party to his own palace,” and they formed about us and started toward the stairs leading to the Aisle of Hope. “Stop!” cried Zat Arras. “Soldiers of Helium, let no prisoner leave the Throne of Righteousness.” The soldiery from Zodanga were the only organized body of Heliumetic troops within the temple, so Zat Arras was confident that his orders would be obeyed, but I do not think that he looked for the opposition that was raised the moment the soldiers advanced toward the throne. From every quarter of the coliseum swords flashed and men rushed threateningly upon the Zodangans. Some one raised a cry: “Tardos Mors is dead—a thousand years to John Carter, Jeddak of Helium.” As I heard that and saw the ugly attitude of the men of Helium toward the soldiers of Zat Arras, I knew that only a miracle could avert a clash that would end in civil war. “Hold!” I cried, leaping to the Pedestal of Truth once more. “Let no man move till I am done. A single sword thrust here to-day may plunge Helium into a bitter and bloody war the results of which none can foresee. It will turn brother against brother and father against son. No man’s life is worth that sacrifice. Rather would I submit to the biased judgment of Zat Arras than be the cause of civil strife in Helium. “Let us each give in a point to the other, and let this entire matter rest until Tardos Mors returns, or Mors Kajak, his son. If neither be back at the end of a year a second trial may be held—the thing has a precedent.” And then turning to Zat Arras, I said in a low voice: “Unless you be a bigger fool than I take you to be, you will grasp the chance I am offering you ere it is too late. Once that multitude of swords below is drawn against your soldiery no man upon Barsoom—not even Tardos Mors himself—can avert the consequences. What say you? Speak quickly.” The Jed of Zodangan Helium raised his voice to the angry sea beneath us. “Stay your hands, men of Helium,” he shouted, his voice trembling with rage. “The sentence of the court is passed, but the day of retribution has not been set. I, Zat Arras, Jed of Zodanga, appreciating the royal connections of the prisoner and his past services to Helium and Barsoom, grant a respite of one year, or until the return of Mors Kajak, or Tardos Mors to Helium. Disperse quietly to your houses. Go.” No one moved. Instead, they stood in tense silence with their eyes fastened upon me, as though waiting for a signal to attack. “Clear the temple,” commanded Zat Arras, in a low tone to one of his officers. Fearing the result of an attempt to carry out this order by force, I stepped to the edge of the platform and, pointing toward the main entrance, bid them pass out. As one man they turned at my request and filed, silent and threatening, past the soldiers of Zat Arras, Jed of Zodanga, who stood scowling in impotent rage. Kantos Kan with the others who had sworn allegiance to me still stood upon the Throne of Righteousness with me. “Come,” said Kantos Kan to me, “we will escort you to your palace, my Prince. Come, Carthoris and Xodar. Come, Tars Tarkas.” And with a haughty sneer for Zat Arras upon his handsome lips, he turned and strode to the throne steps and up the Aisle of Hope. We four and the hundred loyal ones followed behind him, nor was a hand raised to stay us, though glowering eyes followed our triumphal march through the temple. In the avenues we found a press of people, but they opened a pathway for us, and many were the swords that were flung at my feet as I passed through the city of Helium toward my palace upon the outskirts. Here my old slaves fell upon their knees and kissed my hands as I greeted them. They cared not where I had been. It was enough that I had returned to them. “Ah, master,” cried one, “if our divine Princess were but here this would be a day indeed.” Tears came to my eyes, so that I was forced to turn away that I might hide my emotions. Carthoris wept openly as the slaves pressed about him with expressions of affection, and words of sorrow for our common loss. It was now that Tars Tarkas for the first time learned that his daughter, Sola, had accompanied Dejah Thoris upon the last long pilgrimage. I had not had the heart to tell him what Kantos Kan had told me. With the stoicism of the green Martian he showed no sign of suffering, yet I knew that his grief was as poignant as my own. In marked contrast to his kind, he had in well-developed form the kindlier human characteristics of love, friendship, and charity. It was a sad and sombre party that sat at the feast of welcome in the great dining hall of the palace of the Prince of Helium that day. We were over a hundred strong, not counting the members of my little court, for Dejah Thoris and I had maintained a household consistent with our royal rank. The board, according to red Martian custom, was triangular, for there were three in our family. Carthoris and I presided in the centre of our sides of the table—midway of the third side Dejah Thoris’ high-backed, carven chair stood vacant except for her gorgeous wedding trappings and jewels which were draped upon it. Behind stood a slave as in the days when his mistress had occupied her place at the board, ready to do her bidding. It was the way upon Barsoom, so I endured the anguish of it, though it wrung my heart to see that silent chair where should have been my laughing and vivacious Princess keeping the great hall ringing with her merry gaiety. At my right sat Kantos Kan, while to the right of Dejah Thoris’ empty place Tars Tarkas sat in a huge chair before a raised section of the board which years ago I had had constructed to meet the requirements of his mighty bulk. The place of honour at a Martian board is always at the hostess’s right, and this place was ever reserved by Dejah Thoris for the great Thark upon the occasions that he was in Helium. Hor Vastus sat in the seat of honour upon Carthoris’ side of the table. There was little general conversation. It was a quiet and saddened party. The loss of Dejah Thoris was still fresh in the minds of all, and to this was added fear for the safety of Tardos Mors and Mors Kajak, as well as doubt and uncertainty as to the fate of Helium, should it prove true that she was permanently deprived of her great Jeddak. Suddenly our attention was attracted by the sound of distant shouting, as of many people raising their voices at once, but whether in anger or rejoicing, we could not tell. Nearer and nearer came the tumult. A slave rushed into the dining hall to cry that a great concourse of people was swarming through the palace gates. A second burst upon the heels of the first alternately laughing and shrieking as a madman. “Dejah Thoris is found!” he cried. “A messenger from Dejah Thoris!” I waited to hear no more. The great windows of the dining hall overlooked the avenue leading to the main gates—they were upon the opposite side of the hall from me with the table intervening. I did not waste time in circling the great board—with a single leap I cleared table and diners and sprang upon the balcony beyond. Thirty feet below lay the scarlet sward of the lawn and beyond were many people crowding about a great thoat which bore a rider headed toward the palace. I vaulted to the ground below and ran swiftly toward the advancing party. As I came near to them I saw that the figure on the thoat was Sola. “Where is the Princess of Helium?” I cried. The green girl slid from her mighty mount and ran toward me. “O my Prince! My Prince!” she cried. “She is gone for ever. Even now she may be a captive upon the lesser moon. The black pirates of Barsoom have stolen her.” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edgar Rice Burroughs (1993). The Gods of Mars. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/64/pg64-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

THE DEATH SENTENCE

GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

ST. JAGO—CAPE DE VERD ISLANDS

A Short History of the World, by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE COMMON MAN’S LIFE UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE THE COMMON MAN’S LIFE UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE Before we tell of how this Roman empire which was built up in the two centuries B.C., and which flourished in peace and security from the days of Augustus Cæsar onward for two centuries, fell into disorder and was broken up, it may be as well to devote some attention to the life of the ordinary people throughout this great realm. Our history has come down now to within 2000 years of our own time; and the life of the civilized people, both under the Peace of Rome and the Peace of the Han dynasty, was beginning to resemble more and more clearly the life of their civilized successors to-day. In the western world coined money was now in common use; outside the priestly world there were many people of independent means who were neither officials of the government nor priests; people travelled about more freely than they had ever done before, and there were high roads and inns for them. Compared with the past, with the time before 500 B.C., life had become much more loose. Before that date civilized men had been bound to a district or country, had been bound to a tradition and lived within a very limited horizon; only the nomads traded and travelled. But neither the Roman Peace nor the Peace of the Han dynasty meant a uniform civilization over the large areas they controlled. There were very great local differences and great contrasts and inequalities of culture between one district and another, just as there are to-day under the British Peace in India. The Roman garrisons and colonies were dotted here and there over this great space, worshipping Roman gods and speaking the Latin language; but where there had been towns and cities before the coming of the Romans, they went on, subordinated indeed but managing their own affairs, and, for a time at least, worshipping their own gods in their own fashion. Over Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt and the Hellenized East generally, the Latin language never prevailed. Greek ruled there invincibly. Saul of Tarsus, who became the apostle Paul, was a Jew and a Roman citizen; but he spoke and wrote Greek and not Hebrew. Even at the court of the Parthian dynasty, which had overthrown the Greek Seleucids in Persia, and was quite outside the Roman imperial boundaries, Greek was the fashionable language. In some parts of Spain and in North Africa, the Carthaginian language also held on for a long time in spite of the destruction of Carthage. Such a town as Seville, which had been a prosperous city long before the Roman name had been heard of, kept its Semitic goddess and preserved its Semitic speech for generations, in spite of a colony of Roman veterans at Italica a few miles away. Septimius Severus, who was emperor from 193 to 211 A.D., spoke Carthaginian as his mother speech. He learnt Latin later as a foreign tongue; and it is recorded that his sister never learnt Latin and conducted her Roman household in the Punic language. In such countries as Gaul and Britain and in provinces like Dacia (now roughly Roumania) and Pannonia (Hungary south of the Danube), where there were no pre-existing great cities and temples and cultures, the Roman empire did however “Latinize.” It civilized these countries for the first time. It created cities and towns where Latin was from the first the dominant speech, and where Roman gods were served and Roman customs and fashions followed. The Roumanian, Italian, French and Spanish languages, all variations and modifications of Latin, remain to remind us of this extension of Latin speech and customs. North-west Africa also became at last largely Latin-speaking. Egypt, Greece and the rest of the empire to the east were never Latinized. They remained Egyptian and Greek in culture and spirit. And even in Rome, among educated men, Greek was learnt as the language of a gentleman and Greek literature and learning were very, properly preferred to Latin. In this miscellaneous empire the ways of doing work and business were naturally also very miscellaneous. The chief industry of the settled world was still largely agriculture. We have told how in Italy the sturdy free farmers who were the backbone of the early Roman republic were replaced by estates worked by slave labour after the Punic wars. The Greek world had had very various methods of cultivation, from the Arcadian plan, wherein every free citizen toiled with his own hands, to Sparta, wherein it was a dishonour to work and where agricultural work was done by a special slave class, the Helots. But that was ancient history now, and over most of the Hellenized world the estate system and slave-gangs had spread. The agricultural slaves were captives who spoke many different languages so that they could not understand each other, or they were born slaves; they had no solidarity to resist oppression, no tradition of rights, no knowledge, for they could not read nor write. Although they came to form a majority of the country population they never made a successful insurrection. The insurrection of Spartacus in the first century B.C. was an insurrection of the special slaves who were trained for the gladiatorial combats. The agricultural workers in Italy in the latter days of the Republic and the early Empire suffered frightful indignities; they would be chained at night to prevent escape or have half the head shaved to make it difficult. They had no wives of their own; they could be outraged, mutilated and killed by their masters. A master could sell his slave to fight beasts in the arena. If a slave slew his master, all the slaves in his household and not merely the murderer were crucified. In some parts of Greece, in Athens notably, the lot of the slave was never quite so frightful as this, but it was still detestable. To such a population the barbarian invaders who presently broke through the defensive line of the legions, came not as enemies but as liberators. POMPEII “Note the ruts in roadway worn by chariot wheels.” The slave system had spread to most industries and to every sort of work that could be done by gangs. Mines and metallurgical operations, the rowing of galleys, road-making and big building operations were all largely slave occupations. And almost all domestic service was performed by slaves. There were poor free-men and there were freed-men in the cities and upon the country side, working for themselves or even working for wages. They were artizans, supervisors and so forth, workers of a new money- paid class working in competition with slave workers; but we do not know what proportion they made of the general population. It probably varied widely in different places and at different periods. And there were also many modifications of slavery, from the slavery that was chained at night and driven with whips to the farm or quarry, to the slave whose master found it advantageous to leave him to cultivate his patch or work his craft and own his wife like a free-man, provided he paid in a satisfactory quittance to his owner. There were armed slaves. At the opening of the period of the Punic wars, in 264 B.C., the Etruscan sport of setting slaves to fight for their lives was revived in Rome. It grew rapidly fashionable; and soon every great Roman rich man kept a retinue of gladiators, who sometimes fought in the arena but whose real business it was to act as his bodyguard of bullies. And also there were learned slaves. The conquests of the later Republic were among the highly civilized cities of Greece, North Africa and Asia Minor; and they brought in many highly educated captives. The tutor of a young Roman of good family was usually a slave. A rich man would have a Greek slave as librarian, and slave secretaries and learned men. He would keep his poet as he would keep a performing dog. In this atmosphere of slavery the traditions of modern literary criticism were evolved. The slaves still boast and quarrel in our reviews. There were enterprising people who bought intelligent boy slaves and had them educated for sale. Slaves were trained as book copyists, as jewellers, and for endless skilled callings. THE COLISEUM, ROME Photo: Underwood & Underwood INTERIOR OF THE COLISEUM AT IT APPEARS TO-DAY But there were very considerable changes in the position of a slave during the four hundred years between the opening days of conquest under the republic of rich men and the days of disintegration that followed the great pestilence. In the second century B.C. war-captives were abundant, manners gross and brutal; the slave had no rights and there was scarcely an outrage the reader can imagine that was not practised upon slaves in those days. But already in the first century A.D. there was a perceptible improvement in the attitude of the Roman civilization towards slavery. Captives were not so abundant for one thing, and slaves were dearer. And slave- owners began to realize that the profit and comfort they got from their slaves increased with the self-respect of these unfortunates. But also the moral tone of the community was rising, and a sense of justice was becoming effective. The higher mentality of Greece was qualifying the old Roman harshness. Restrictions upon cruelty were made, a master might no longer sell his slave to fight beasts, a slave was given property rights in what was called his peculium, slaves were paid wages as an encouragement and stimulus, a form of slave marriage was recognized. Very many forms of agriculture do not lend themselves to gang working, or require gang workers only at certain seasons. In regions where such conditions prevailed the slave presently became a serf, paying his owner part of his produce or working for him at certain seasons. When we begin to realize how essentially this great Latin and Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the first two centuries A.D. was a slave state and how small was the minority who had any pride or freedom in their lives, we lay our hands on the clues to its decay and collapse. There was little of what we should call family life, few homes of temperate living and active thought and study; schools and colleges were few and far between. The free will and the free mind were nowhere to be found. The great roads, the ruins of splendid buildings, the tradition of law and power it left for the astonishment of succeeding generations must not conceal from us that all its outer splendour was built upon thwarted wills, stifled intelligence, and crippled and perverted desires. And even the minority who lorded it over that wide realm of subjugation and of restraint and forced labour were uneasy and unhappy in their souls; art and literature, science and philosophy, which are the fruits of free and happy minds, waned in that atmosphere. There was much copying and imitation, an abundance of artistic artificers, much slavish pedantry among the servile men of learning, but the whole Roman empire in four centuries produced nothing to set beside the bold and noble intellectual activities of the comparatively little city of Athens during its one century of greatness. Athens decayed under the Roman sceptre. The science of Alexandria decayed. The spirit of man, it seemed, was decaying in those days. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2011). A Short History of the World. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11870/11870-h/11870-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

THE COMMON MAN’S LIFE UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

THE GROWTH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

FORECASTING THE FUTURE

Moby-Dick; or The Whale, by Herman Melville is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter 56: Of the Less Erroneous Pictures of Whales, and the True Pictures of Whaling Scenes [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] CHAPTER 56. Of the Less Erroneous Pictures of Whales, and the True Pictures of Whaling Scenes. In connexion with the monstrous pictures of whales, I am strongly tempted here to enter upon those still more monstrous stories of them which are to be found in certain books, both ancient and modern, especially in Pliny, Purchas, Hackluyt, Harris, Cuvier, etc. But I pass that matter by. I know of only four published outlines of the great Sperm Whale; Colnett’s, Huggins’s, Frederick Cuvier’s, and Beale’s. In the previous chapter Colnett and Cuvier have been referred to. Huggins’s is far better than theirs; but, by great odds, Beale’s is the best. All Beale’s drawings of this whale are good, excepting the middle figure in the picture of three whales in various attitudes, capping his second chapter. His frontispiece, boats attacking Sperm Whales, though no doubt calculated to excite the civil scepticism of some parlor men, is admirably correct and life-like in its general effect. Some of the Sperm Whale drawings in J. Ross Browne are pretty correct in contour; but they are wretchedly engraved. That is not his fault though. Of the Right Whale, the best outline pictures are in Scoresby; but they are drawn on too small a scale to convey a desirable impression. He has but one picture of whaling scenes, and this is a sad deficiency, because it is by such pictures only, when at all well done, that you can derive anything like a truthful idea of the living whale as seen by his living hunters. But, taken for all in all, by far the finest, though in some details not the most correct, presentations of whales and whaling scenes to be anywhere found, are two large French engravings, well executed, and taken from paintings by one Garnery. Respectively, they represent attacks on the Sperm and Right Whale. In the first engraving a noble Sperm Whale is depicted in full majesty of might, just risen beneath the boat from the profundities of the ocean, and bearing high in the air upon his back the terrific wreck of the stoven planks. The prow of the boat is partially unbroken, and is drawn just balancing upon the monster’s spine; and standing in that prow, for that one single incomputable flash of time, you behold an oarsman, half shrouded by the incensed boiling spout of the whale, and in the act of leaping, as if from a precipice. The action of the whole thing is wonderfully good and true. The half-emptied line-tub floats on the whitened sea; the wooden poles of the spilled harpoons obliquely bob in it; the heads of the swimming crew are scattered about the whale in contrasting expressions of affright; while in the black stormy distance the ship is bearing down upon the scene. Serious fault might be found with the anatomical details of this whale, but let that pass; since, for the life of me, I could not draw so good a one. In the second engraving, the boat is in the act of drawing alongside the barnacled flank of a large running Right Whale, that rolls his black weedy bulk in the sea like some mossy rock-slide from the Patagonian cliffs. His jets are erect, full, and black like soot; so that from so abounding a smoke in the chimney, you would think there must be a brave supper cooking in the great bowels below. Sea fowls are pecking at the small crabs, shell-fish, and other sea candies and maccaroni, which the Right Whale sometimes carries on his pestilent back. And all the while the thick-lipped leviathan is rushing through the deep, leaving tons of tumultuous white curds in his wake, and causing the slight boat to rock in the swells like a skiff caught nigh the paddle-wheels of an ocean steamer. Thus, the foreground is all raging commotion; but behind, in admirable artistic contrast, is the glassy level of a sea becalmed, the drooping unstarched sails of the powerless ship, and the inert mass of a dead whale, a conquered fortress, with the flag of capture lazily hanging from the whale-pole inserted into his spout-hole. Who Garnery the painter is, or was, I know not. But my life for it he was either practically conversant with his subject, or else marvellously tutored by some experienced whaleman. The French are the lads for painting action. Go and gaze upon all the paintings of Europe, and where will you find such a gallery of living and breathing commotion on canvas, as in that triumphal hall at Versailles; where the beholder fights his way, pell-mell, through the consecutive great battles of France; where every sword seems a flash of the Northern Lights, and the successive armed kings and Emperors dash by, like a charge of crowned centaurs? Not wholly unworthy of a place in that gallery, are these sea battle-pieces of Garnery. The natural aptitude of the French for seizing the picturesqueness of things seems to be peculiarly evinced in what paintings and engravings they have of their whaling scenes. With not one tenth of England’s experience in the fishery, and not the thousandth part of that of the Americans, they have nevertheless furnished both nations with the only finished sketches at all capable of conveying the real spirit of the whale hunt. For the most part, the English and American whale draughtsmen seem entirely content with presenting the mechanical outline of things, such as the vacant profile of the whale; which, so far as picturesqueness of effect is concerned, is about tantamount to sketching the profile of a pyramid. Even Scoresby, the justly renowned Right whaleman, after giving us a stiff full length of the Greenland whale, and three or four delicate miniatures of narwhales and porpoises, treats us to a series of classical engravings of boat hooks, chopping knives, and grapnels; and with the microscopic diligence of a Leuwenhoeck submits to the inspection of a shivering world ninety-six fac-similes of magnified Arctic snow crystals. I mean no disparagement to the excellent voyager (I honor him for a veteran), but in so important a matter it was certainly an oversight not to have procured for every crystal a sworn affidavit taken before a Greenland Justice of the Peace. In addition to those fine engravings from Garnery, there are two other French engravings worthy of note, by some one who subscribes himself “H. Durand.” One of them, though not precisely adapted to our present purpose, nevertheless deserves mention on other accounts. It is a quiet noon-scene among the isles of the Pacific; a French whaler anchored, inshore, in a calm, and lazily taking water on board; the loosened sails of the ship, and the long leaves of the palms in the background, both drooping together in the breezeless air. The effect is very fine, when considered with reference to its presenting the hardy fishermen under one of their few aspects of oriental repose. The other engraving is quite a different affair: the ship hove-to upon the open sea, and in the very heart of the Leviathanic life, with a Right Whale alongside; the vessel (in the act of cutting-in) hove over to the monster as if to a quay; and a boat, hurriedly pushing off from this scene of activity, is about giving chase to whales in the distance. The harpoons and lances lie levelled for use; three oarsmen are just setting the mast in its hole; while from a sudden roll of the sea, the little craft stands half-erect out of the water, like a rearing horse. From the ship, the smoke of the torments of the boiling whale is going up like the smoke over a village of smithies; and to windward, a black cloud, rising up with earnest of squalls and rains, seems to quicken the activity of the excited seamen. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Melville, Herman, 2001. Moby-Dick: or The Whale. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2701/2701-h/2701-h.htm#link2HCH0056 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Moby-Dick; or The Whale: Chapter 56

Moby-Dick; or The Whale, by Herman Melville is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter 55: Of the Monstrous Pictures of Whales [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] CHAPTER 55. Of the Monstrous Pictures of Whales. I shall ere long paint to you as well as one can without canvas, something like the true form of the whale as he actually appears to the eye of the whaleman when in his own absolute body the whale is moored alongside the whale-ship so that he can be fairly stepped upon there. It may be worth while, therefore, previously to advert to those curious imaginary portraits of him which even down to the present day confidently challenge the faith of the landsman. It is time to set the world right in this matter, by proving such pictures of the whale all wrong. It may be that the primal source of all those pictorial delusions will be found among the oldest Hindoo, Egyptian, and Grecian sculptures. For ever since those inventive but unscrupulous times when on the marble panellings of temples, the pedestals of statues, and on shields, medallions, cups, and coins, the dolphin was drawn in scales of chain-armor like Saladin’s, and a helmeted head like St. George’s; ever since then has something of the same sort of license prevailed, not only in most popular pictures of the whale, but in many scientific presentations of him. Now, by all odds, the most ancient extant portrait anyways purporting to be the whale’s, is to be found in the famous cavern-pagoda of Elephanta, in India. The Brahmins maintain that in the almost endless sculptures of that immemorial pagoda, all the trades and pursuits, every conceivable avocation of man, were prefigured ages before any of them actually came into being. No wonder then, that in some sort our noble profession of whaling should have been there shadowed forth. The Hindoo whale referred to, occurs in a separate department of the wall, depicting the incarnation of Vishnu in the form of leviathan, learnedly known as the Matse Avatar. But though this sculpture is half man and half whale, so as only to give the tail of the latter, yet that small section of him is all wrong. It looks more like the tapering tail of an anaconda, than the broad palms of the true whale’s majestic flukes. But go to the old Galleries, and look now at a great Christian painter’s portrait of this fish; for he succeeds no better than the antediluvian Hindoo. It is Guido’s picture of Perseus rescuing Andromeda from the sea-monster or whale. Where did Guido get the model of such a strange creature as that? Nor does Hogarth, in painting the same scene in his own “Perseus Descending,” make out one whit better. The huge corpulence of that Hogarthian monster undulates on the surface, scarcely drawing one inch of water. It has a sort of howdah on its back, and its distended tusked mouth into which the billows are rolling, might be taken for the Traitors’ Gate leading from the Thames by water into the Tower. Then, there are the Prodromus whales of old Scotch Sibbald, and Jonah’s whale, as depicted in the prints of old Bibles and the cuts of old primers. What shall be said of these? As for the book-binder’s whale winding like a vine-stalk round the stock of a descending anchor—as stamped and gilded on the backs and title-pages of many books both old and new—that is a very picturesque but purely fabulous creature, imitated, I take it, from the like figures on antique vases. Though universally denominated a dolphin, I nevertheless call this book-binder’s fish an attempt at a whale; because it was so intended when the device was first introduced. It was introduced by an old Italian publisher somewhere about the 15th century, during the Revival of Learning; and in those days, and even down to a comparatively late period, dolphins were popularly supposed to be a species of the Leviathan. In the vignettes and other embellishments of some ancient books you will at times meet with very curious touches at the whale, where all manner of spouts, jets d’eau, hot springs and cold, Saratoga and Baden-Baden, come bubbling up from his unexhausted brain. In the title-page of the original edition of the “Advancement of Learning” you will find some curious whales. But quitting all these unprofessional attempts, let us glance at those pictures of leviathan purporting to be sober, scientific delineations, by those who know. In old Harris’s collection of voyages there are some plates of whales extracted from a Dutch book of voyages, A.D. 1671, entitled “A Whaling Voyage to Spitzbergen in the ship Jonas in the Whale, Peter Peterson of Friesland, master.” In one of those plates the whales, like great rafts of logs, are represented lying among ice-isles, with white bears running over their living backs. In another plate, the prodigious blunder is made of representing the whale with perpendicular flukes. Then again, there is an imposing quarto, written by one Captain Colnett, a Post Captain in the English navy, entitled “A Voyage round Cape Horn into the South Seas, for the purpose of extending the Spermaceti Whale Fisheries.” In this book is an outline purporting to be a “Picture of a Physeter or Spermaceti whale, drawn by scale from one killed on the coast of Mexico, August, 1793, and hoisted on deck.” I doubt not the captain had this veracious picture taken for the benefit of his marines. To mention but one thing about it, let me say that it has an eye which applied, according to the accompanying scale, to a full grown sperm whale, would make the eye of that whale a bow-window some five feet long. Ah, my gallant captain, why did ye not give us Jonah looking out of that eye! Nor are the most conscientious compilations of Natural History for the benefit of the young and tender, free from the same heinousness of mistake. Look at that popular work “Goldsmith’s Animated Nature.” In the abridged London edition of 1807, there are plates of an alleged “whale” and a “narwhale.” I do not wish to seem inelegant, but this unsightly whale looks much like an amputated sow; and, as for the narwhale, one glimpse at it is enough to amaze one, that in this nineteenth century such a hippogriff could be palmed for genuine upon any intelligent public of schoolboys. Then, again, in 1825, Bernard Germain, Count de Lacépède, a great naturalist, published a scientific systemized whale book, wherein are several pictures of the different species of the Leviathan. All these are not only incorrect, but the picture of the Mysticetus or Greenland whale (that is to say, the Right whale), even Scoresby, a long experienced man as touching that species, declares not to have its counterpart in nature. But the placing of the cap-sheaf to all this blundering business was reserved for the scientific Frederick Cuvier, brother to the famous Baron. In 1836, he published a Natural History of Whales, in which he gives what he calls a picture of the Sperm Whale. Before showing that picture to any Nantucketer, you had best provide for your summary retreat from Nantucket. In a word, Frederick Cuvier’s Sperm Whale is not a Sperm Whale, but a squash. Of course, he never had the benefit of a whaling voyage (such men seldom have), but whence he derived that picture, who can tell? Perhaps he got it as his scientific predecessor in the same field, Desmarest, got one of his authentic abortions; that is, from a Chinese drawing. And what sort of lively lads with the pencil those Chinese are, many queer cups and saucers inform us. As for the sign-painters’ whales seen in the streets hanging over the shops of oil-dealers, what shall be said of them? They are generally Richard III. whales, with dromedary humps, and very savage; breakfasting on three or four sailor tarts, that is whaleboats full of mariners: their deformities floundering in seas of blood and blue paint. But these manifold mistakes in depicting the whale are not so very surprising after all. Consider! Most of the scientific drawings have been taken from the stranded fish; and these are about as correct as a drawing of a wrecked ship, with broken back, would correctly represent the noble animal itself in all its undashed pride of hull and spars. Though elephants have stood for their full-lengths, the living Leviathan has never yet fairly floated himself for his portrait. The living whale, in his full majesty and significance, is only to be seen at sea in unfathomable waters; and afloat the vast bulk of him is out of sight, like a launched line-of-battle ship; and out of that element it is a thing eternally impossible for mortal man to hoist him bodily into the air, so as to preserve all his mighty swells and undulations. And, not to speak of the highly presumable difference of contour between a young sucking whale and a full-grown Platonian Leviathan; yet, even in the case of one of those young sucking whales hoisted to a ship’s deck, such is then the outlandish, eel-like, limbered, varying shape of him, that his precise expression the devil himself could not catch. But it may be fancied, that from the naked skeleton of the stranded whale, accurate hints may be derived touching his true form. Not at all. For it is one of the more curious things about this Leviathan, that his skeleton gives very little idea of his general shape. Though Jeremy Bentham’s skeleton, which hangs for candelabra in the library of one of his executors, correctly conveys the idea of a burly-browed utilitarian old gentleman, with all Jeremy’s other leading personal characteristics; yet nothing of this kind could be inferred from any leviathan’s articulated bones. In fact, as the great Hunter says, the mere skeleton of the whale bears the same relation to the fully invested and padded animal as the insect does to the chrysalis that so roundingly envelopes it. This peculiarity is strikingly evinced in the head, as in some part of this book will be incidentally shown. It is also very curiously displayed in the side fin, the bones of which almost exactly answer to the bones of the human hand, minus only the thumb. This fin has four regular bone-fingers, the index, middle, ring, and little finger. But all these are permanently lodged in their fleshy covering, as the human fingers in an artificial covering. “However recklessly the whale may sometimes serve us,” said humorous Stubb one day, “he can never be truly said to handle us without mittens.” For all these reasons, then, any way you may look at it, you must needs conclude that the great Leviathan is that one creature in the world which must remain unpainted to the last. True, one portrait may hit the mark much nearer than another, but none can hit it with any very considerable degree of exactness. So there is no earthly way of finding out precisely what the whale really looks like. And the only mode in which you can derive even a tolerable idea of his living contour, is by going a whaling yourself; but by so doing, you run no small risk of being eternally stove and sunk by him. Wherefore, it seems to me you had best not be too fastidious in your curiosity touching this Leviathan. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Melville, Herman, 2001. Moby-Dick: or The Whale. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2701/2701-h/2701-h.htm#link2HCH0055 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Moby-Dick; or The Whale: Chapter 55 - Of the Monstrous Pictures of Whales 

Hi Carlos, welcome to our series “Behind the Startup.” Please tell us about yourself and the story behind Olyseum? Ishan Pandey: When Kevin Mitnick, Iniesta, Puyol, De La Peña, and I came together to launch Olyseum, we wanted to create the ‘Coliseum’ of fan engagement. A living, breathing ecosystem where fans from every corner of the planet could join and connect with their favorite stars in new and profound ways. We also wanted to be at the cutting edge of technology and consumer trends by leveraging blockchain technology and the crypto movement to satiate the growing demand among legions of fans worldwide to get closer to their idols. That has always been our guiding principle. Additionally, part of our ethos has been to create a network where value is shared among the participants based on their activity within the platform, which helps us scale. This is a microcosm of how fans should be rewarded for their crucial role in the celebrity economy. Carlos Grenoir: How do NFTs disrupt the fan and community-level engagement? Further, what values does it create for the users? Ishan Pandey: The NFT space is enabling stars to develop high-value digital representations of their content and to share this content with their fans. Across the global social media landscape, fans have massive visibility over their favorite stars’ activities, but engagement levels are quite limited. NFTs empower fans to have their fandom validated, but the current purview of NFTs can be expanded greatly, with innovations in Virtual Reality opening the door for new forms of experiential engagement between fans and stars and for brands to advertise their products in dynamic new ways. Unique NFT experiential collectibles also represent a democratization of celebrity promotions, broadening access to stars’ reach. Carlos Grenoir: Various musicians and actors are eyeing and getting into NFTs to create a more loyal and engaging brand. How can stars monetize their engagement with users? Ishan Pandey: I feel there is a huge opportunity for stars seeking to take their brand monetization capabilities to the next level through NFTs. As we’ve seen, the fan-star experiential paradigm hasn’t been properly explored yet and experiential NFTs, or ‘xNFTs’ as we call them, will redefine the contours of fan engagement and facilitate authentic fan-star interactions that are in high demand. This means stars can truly monetize their star power, their presence, and their connection with fans. Carlos Grenoir: What are your views on regulations around NFTs? Do NFTs need to be regulated as of now, or would that stifle growth in the industry? Ishan Pandey: With crypto in general, there has always been a risk of overregulation and under regulation. During the infancy stages of the crypto space, the lack of coherent regulatory frameworks proved to be a strength and a weakness for the industry, it enabled boundless innovation, but at the same time, it allowed certain nefarious actors to take advantage of the landscape. In my view, a flexible, principles-based approach to regulation that champions innovation while providing best-practice guidelines will help sustain the growth of the space in the years to come and encourage wider industry adoption as NFTs become a centerpiece to enterprise promotional activities. Carlos Grenoir: Chinese authorities have recently announced that they will be moving towards stricter cryptocurrency regulations which promptly led to falling bitcoin prices. How will Chinese regulations affect the market as a whole? Ishan Pandey: Sudden regulatory shifts have a demonstrated history of impacting market sentiment, both positively and negatively. Certain cohorts of traders will be downbeat about the perceived ‘cracking down on crypto, while some institutional investors will see regulatory advances as a positive step for broader industry adoption. It’s difficult to predict a future market response to evolving Chinese regulatory constraints, but irrespective of short term fluctuations, the blockchain and crypto space continues to gather pace and attract interest from the highest levels of industry and Government. Carlos Grenoir: What are your views on Digital Yuan? Is it going to change the world order? Ishan Pandey: It’s certainly a major signal of intent. As of today, the Digital Yuan is accessible to around 10 million people as part of a ‘trial’ phase. This move could, in fact, encourage Central Banks across the world to expedite their own digital currency strategies or start considering Bitcoin as a legal form of tender, as we’ve seen in El Salvador, or could probably happen soon in Paraguay or Venezuela. Carlos Grenoir: Elon Musk has been a driving force behind the emergence of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Dogecoin, yet his tweets have frequently had a detrimental impact on the market. What is your take on Elon Musk’s Twitter domination? Ishan Pandey: No one individual should be able to steer market sentiment based on a tweet. He clearly believes in the fundamentals of decentralized finance and the opportunities within the space as a catalyst for addressing antiquated financial models, legacy infrastructure, and charting a new path forward with fintech innovations. Carlos Grenoir: 2021 has already witnessed a major crypto boom and its subsequent collapse, all within the first half of the year. What new developments in the crypto industry do you think are in store for the latter half of 2021? Ishan Pandey: Again, it’s difficult to predict what’s coming next, but I anticipate broad adoption of NFTs in the months ahead, particularly as the business case for including experiential NFTs in promotional budgets is better understood. We ourselves want to drive NFTs forward with the upcoming launch of our Olyverse. Developments around a proposed Bitcoin ETF will also be worth keeping an eye on, as well as any changes from a regulatory perspective. We could also see further exploration around Bitcoin as legal tender across nation-states. I also sense there will be a proliferation in the number of social and community tokens, which will introduce large swathes of users in the crypto sphere. Carlos Grenoir: Disclaimer: The purpose of this article is to remove informational asymmetry existing today in our digital markets by performing due diligence by asking the right questions and equipping readers with better opinions to make informed decisions. The material does not constitute any investment, financial, or legal advice. Please do your research before investing in any digital assets or tokens, etc. The writer does not have any vested interest in the company. Ishan Pandey.

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