Chrono24

chrono24

The Noonification: Chronological Feed: Sam Altman Fired by OpenAI Board  Hired By Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella (maybe) (11/21/2023)

of Sam Altman’s forced ousting by OpenAI Board got even weirder and stranger over the weekend. If you are not in tech, I envy you. Your tech friends just binge watched 3 seasons of Succession and got left on a cliff hanger! But anyway, here are the sequence of events since Sam’s forced ousting on Friday 12:59 pm Monday Nov 20, 2023: The absolutely bizzare story : Greg Brockman, OpenAI COO/Chairman of the Board/Co-founder, , in solidarity with Sam. He mentioned knowing of the news mere minutes before it went out. Late Friday Nov 17 quit : several high ranking talents @ openAI quit. Turns out, Greg & Sam are pretty popular leaders. Then, there was a coordinated effort from many OpenAI employees to signal to the public who would all quit if Greg & Sam are not back, by quoting Sam’s tweet “I love the OpenAI team so much” with a heart emoji. Notably, to-be-interim CEO Mira Murati was part of that effort. Saturday Nov 18 : Sam got back in the OpenAI office for a negotiation with Board re/ his (and Greg’s) potential return. Condition would have been to find a new board, and all current board members to resign. Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella led the negotiation between Sam & board. A 5pm deadline was set and missed. Late Saturday Nov 18 :  Sam again got back in the office for a negotiation with Board re/ his (and Greg’s) potential return. Sam mentioned that this time, it would be his last. Another 5pm deadline was set and missed. Sunday Nov 19 Groundhog’s Day Monday Nov 20: a “bring sam back or we’ll quit” letter was leaked. Out of 770+ employees, 667 (and counting) have signed on to the letter, as of 10am MT Monday. Notably, it got cut off at the word “Iliya Sutskever”, the Chief Scientist Officer, one of 6 board members, the one whose vote was instrumental in ousting Sam. : Former CEO of Twitch, Emmett Shear, accepted job offer to be CEO of OpenAI! Midnight Sunday Nov 19/ Monday Nov 20 : Satya Nadella announced that Sam & Greg would, get this, JOIN MICROSOFT. More info . ok Monday Nov 20 here ….And we are half way over yet with Monday. “Concluding” Thoughts, aka WTF? I’m sure the story will continue to develop, hence the “concluding” is in quotation marks. But here are some of my thoughts on this absolutely insane story. And this time - I would like you, the readers - to help answer/shed some lights on some of them. : excuse my language, but who the fuck came up with this unnecessarily complicated and bizarre idea? And more importantly, why? . The former cares not at all about profit, while the latter is driven by it. The OpenAI Board consists of literally no one who has actual skin in the game. None of them holds OpenAI shares. In fact, the Quora CEO, has a conflict of interest in the form of his own ! Microsoft, who owns 49% of OpenAI shares, has no Board seat. Go figure. The Nonprofit Board controlling a For-profit Company The incentive of a nonprofit board is highly at odds with the incentive of a for-profit board alternative AI model, called Poe . I was following just fine on the OpenAI story (it was crazy, insane, glitch in the universe, etc, but it made sense….until he apologized). There are 6 Board members of OpenAI: CEO/founder Sam Altman, COO/cofounder Greg Brockman, CSO Ilya Suskever, Quora CEO Adam D’Angelo, Tech Entrepreneur Tasha McCauley, and Georgia Tech Director of Grants Helen Toner. In order to oust the CEO, there has to be a majority, aka, 4 votes. We know that Sam & Greg are on the same side. That leaves Ilya Suskever being the instrumental vote in forcing Sam’s ousting. Some people even call it a coup between the AI accelerationist vs. the AI safetyist. AND NOW ILYA’S APOLOGIZING? And telling the board he would… resign? If he saw something so atrocious from their “deliberate review” process that shows Sam not being “candid” with Board and render board lack “confidence” in Sam’s ability to run the company… WHAT IS IT? And why is it not important now? like, wtf? I don’t know much about Ilya’s motivation or what he knows that we don’t, but given I think his vote could have been a hallucination corrected by reinforcement learning from human feedback: The absolute bizarreness that is Ilya Sutskever’s U-turn what lya  Sutskever said in a March of this year interview with HackerNoon ” “We call it Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. We can say that in the pre-training process, you want to learn everything about the world. With reinforcement learning from human feedback, we care about the outputs. We say, anytime the output is inappropriate, don't do this again. Every time the output does not make sense, don't do this again.And it learns quickly to produce good outputs. But it's the level of the outputs, which is not the case during the language model pre-training process. Now on the point of hallucinations, it has a propensity of making stuff up from time to time, and that's something that also greatly limits their usefulness.But I'm quite hopeful that by simply improving this subsequent reinforcement learning from human feedback step, we can teach it to not hallucinate. Now you could say is it really going to learn? My answer is, let's find out. Microsoft tanked by 1% from the news of Sam’s ousting on Friday, which came out before market closes. As the CEO, Satya Nadella has fiduciary duty to fulfill to his shareholders (unlike, idk, the OpenAI board), he’s been instrumental in all these back-and-forth negotiations between the ideologues and the operators of OpenAI. All I can say right now is it sure as hell looks like Microsoft literally just acqui-hired OpenAI (Sam, Greg, and what looks like 80% of a company that was recently valued $80 Bilion) for $10 Billion dollars. What a move. Is the winner, ultimately, Microsoft? Nobody knows. Literally. They all have been sending extremely mixed signals to the public. In one breath threatening board to resign and leave with Sam and in the same breath saying they are “more united” than ever. Apparently, according to the Verge, the hiring of Sam & Greg and “colleagues” (read: almost all of OpenAI) is not even final yet. And the new CEO Emmett Shear is having a hard time gathering paperwork and having employees follow his order. What will happen to OpenAI next? : AI might be the most important technology of this decade, and the decades to come. But the story unfolded this past weekend just shows us how incredibly flawed the people under peril of whose it’s being controlled are. Savvy tech + flawed humans = pretty disastrous combo, imho. Whether or not you feel hopeful or doomed about the future, going forward, very much depends on your predisposition and existing temperament to begin with. If Ilya the scientist can make a u-turn, i guess so can the future of humanity. The danger of leaving AI’s fate in a few PS: So sorry that this story was extremely twitter-screenshot heavy. It’s not my fault that tech rank-and-files still latch on to that platform like moths despite everything. So I will leave you with this screenshot, from , instead. Until next time! threads

Chronological Feed: Sam Altman Fired by OpenAI Board & Hired By Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella (maybe)

কালানুক্রমিক ফিড: স্যাম অল্টম্যানকে ওপেনএআই বোর্ড দ্বারা বরখাস্ত করা হয়েছে এবং মাইক্রোসফ্ট সিইও সত্য নাদেলা (সম্ভবত) দ্বারা নিয়োগ করা হয়েছে

Chronologischer Feed: Sam Altman vom OpenAI-Vorstand entlassen und von Microsoft-CEO Satya Nadella eingestellt (vielleicht)

Feed cronológico: Sam Altman despedido por la junta de OpenAI y contratado por el director ejecutivo de Microsoft, Satya Nadella (tal vez)

Flux chronologique : Sam Altman licencié par le conseil d'administration d'OpenAI et embauché par le PDG de Microsoft, Satya Nadella (peut-être)

कालानुक्रमिक फ़ीड: सैम ऑल्टमैन को ओपनएआई बोर्ड द्वारा निकाल दिया गया और माइक्रोसॉफ्ट के सीईओ सत्या नडेला द्वारा नियुक्त किया गया (शायद)

時系列フィード: サム・アルトマン氏がOpenAI取締役会に解雇され、マイクロソフトCEOのサティア・ナデラ氏に雇われた（たぶん）

연대표: Sam Altman이 OpenAI 이사회에서 해고되고 Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella가 고용함(아마도)

Feed cronológico: Sam Altman demitido pelo conselho da OpenAI e contratado pelo CEO da Microsoft, Satya Nadella (talvez)

Хронологическая лента: Сэм Альтман уволен советом директоров OpenAI и нанят генеральным директором Microsoft Сатьей Наделлой (возможно)

Kronolojik Akış: Sam Altman OpenAI Yönetim Kurulu Tarafından Kovuldu ve Microsoft CEO'su Satya Nadella Tarafından İşe Alındı (belki)

Nguồn cấp dữ liệu theo thời gian: Sam Altman Bị Hội đồng OpenAI sa thải và được Giám đốc điều hành Microsoft Satya Nadella thuê (có thể)

按时间顺序排列：萨姆·奥尔特曼 (Sam Altman) 被 OpenAI 董事会解雇，并被微软首席执行官萨蒂亚·纳德拉 (Satya Nadella) 聘用（可能）

The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHRONOLOGY OF THE HACKER CRACKDOWN here CHRONOLOGY OF THE HACKER CRACKDOWN 1865 U.S. Secret Service (USSS) founded. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone. 1878 First teenage males flung off phone system by enraged authorities. 1939 "Futurian" science-fiction group raided by Secret Service. 1971 Yippie phone phreaks start YIPL/TAP magazine. 1972 RAMPARTS magazine seized in blue-box rip-off scandal. 1978 Ward Christenson and Randy Suess create first personal computer bulletin board system. 1982 William Gibson coins term "cyberspace." 1982 "414 Gang" raided. 1983-1983 AT&T dismantled in divestiture. 1984 Congress passes Comprehensive Crime Control Act giving USSS jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud. 1984 "Legion of Doom" formed. 1984. 2600: THE HACKER QUARTERLY founded. 1984. WHOLE EARTH SOFTWARE CATALOG published. 1985. First police "sting" bulletin board systems established. 1985. Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link computer conference (WELL) goes on-line. 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act passed. 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act passed. 1987 Chicago prosecutors form Computer Fraud and Abuse Task Force. 1988 July. Secret Service covertly videotapes "SummerCon" hacker convention. September. "Prophet" cracks BellSouth AIMSX computer network and downloads E911 Document to his own computer and to Jolnet. September. AT&T Corporate Information Security informed of Prophet's action. October. Bellcore Security informed of Prophet's action. 1989 January. Prophet uploads E911 Document to Knight Lightning. February 25. Knight Lightning publishes E911 Document in PHRACK electronic newsletter. May. Chicago Task Force raids and arrests "Kyrie." June. "NuPrometheus League" distributes Apple Computer proprietary software. June 13. Florida probation office crossed with phone-sex line in switching-station stunt. July. "Fry Guy" raided by USSS and Chicago Computer Fraud and Abuse Task Force. July. Secret Service raids "Prophet," "Leftist," and "Urvile" in Georgia. 1990 January 15. Martin Luther King Day Crash strikes AT&T long-distance network nationwide. January 18-19. Chicago Task Force raids Knight Lightning in St. Louis. January 24. USSS and New York State Police raid "Phiber Optik," "Acid Phreak," and "Scorpion" in New York City. February 1. USSS raids "Terminus" in Maryland. February 3. Chicago Task Force raids Richard Andrews' home. February 6. Chicago Task Force raids Richard Andrews' business. February 6. USSS arrests Terminus, Prophet, Leftist, and Urvile. February 9. Chicago Task Force arrests Knight Lightning. February 20. AT&T Security shuts down public-access "attctc" computer in Dallas. February 21. Chicago Task Force raids Robert Izenberg in Austin. March 1. Chicago Task Force raids Steve Jackson Games, Inc., "Mentor," and "Erik Bloodaxe" in Austin. May 7,8,9. USSS and Arizona Organized Crime and Racketeering Bureau conduct "Operation Sundevil" raids in Cincinnatti, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Tucson, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco. May. FBI interviews John Perry Barlow re NuPrometheus case. June. Mitch Kapor and Barlow found Electronic Frontier Foundation; Barlow publishes CRIME AND PUZZLEMENT manifesto. July 24-27. Trial of Knight Lightning. 1991 February. CPSR Roundtable in Washington, D.C. March 25-28. Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference in San Francisco. May 1. Electronic Frontier Foundation, Steve Jackson, and others file suit against members of Chicago Task Force. July 1-2. Switching station phone software crash affects Washington, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, San Francisco. September 17. AT&T phone crash affects New York City and three airports. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Bruce Sterling (1994). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/101/pg101-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

CHRONOLOGY OF THE HACKER CRACKDOWN

Once upon a time, in a bustling city filled with dreamers and visionaries, there was a group of friends - Alex, Maya, and Jack. They all shared a love for video games and a burning desire to create their own interactive worlds. United by this common dream, they formed a small indie game development studio called "Eternal Realms Studios." Their journey began with humble beginnings. Alex, the programmer of the group, had a background in computer science, while Maya was a talented artist with a flair for creating captivating visuals. Jack, the master storyteller, had an uncanny ability to weave engaging narratives. They believed Unity, the renowned game development engine, would be their gateway to success. With their roles defined and hearts full of determination, the trio set off on their adventure. They started brainstorming ideas, searching for inspiration in the wonders of nature and the realms of fantasy literature. ChronoRealms - The Story Begins Finally, they settled on "ChronoRealms," an epic fantasy RPG set in a magical world filled with ancient civilizations, mythical creatures, and hidden treasures. Unity's powerful and versatile tools became their guiding light. Alex dived into coding, creating intricate systems for combat, questing, and character progression. Meanwhile, Maya used Unity's animation and rendering capabilities to breathe life into the game's enchanting landscapes and characters. Unity's asset store was a treasure trove of resources, providing them with the perfect sound effects, music, and particle effects to immerse players in the world of ChronoRealms. As they delved deeper into the development process, they encountered challenges they hadn't anticipated. Optimization became a key focus, as they strived to maintain smooth performance and cater to players with varying hardware capabilities. Unity's profiler and performance analysis tools became their trusted companions, helping them identify bottlenecks and optimize resource usage. Communication and teamwork proved essential throughout their journey. They held regular meetings to align their visions, discuss feedback from playtesters, and plan upcoming milestones. Unity's collaborative features allowed them to work seamlessly together, ensuring that their efforts complemented each other perfectly. Despite the late nights and occasional setbacks, their passion for ChronoRealms never wavered. Along the way, they discovered the importance of iterative development. Early prototypes helped them validate their core gameplay mechanics and gather player feedback. This iterative approach enabled them to make informed design decisions, creating a more refined and enjoyable experience for players. As the development cycle progressed, they found that open communication with their player community was vital. They set up social media channels and forums, engaging players and incorporating their suggestions into the game. Unity's frequent updates and active community forums also played a role in keeping them up-to-date with the latest advancements and best practices. Finally, after months of hard work and dedication, the day arrived when they were ready to release ChronoRealms to the world. The excitement and nerves were palpable as they hit the publish button. A Fairy Tale Ending To their delight, players embraced the game with open arms, praising its captivating world, engaging gameplay, and polished mechanics. With their first successful release under their belts, Eternal Realms Studios continued to grow and develop new games with Unity as their trusted ally. They learned that in the ever-evolving world of game development, adaptability and a willingness to learn were crucial. And so, the story of Eternal Realms Studios continued, each chapter filled with creativity, perseverance, and the magic of Unity - a tool that transformed their dreams into reality and brought joy to players across the globe. For in the world of game development, where imagination knows no bounds, the possibilities are as limitless as the human spirit.

ChronoRealms: A Unity-Powered Journey Into Enchantment 

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the benefits that the recent features of modern C++ and std::chrono have on various fields, including mathematical modeling applications for Quantitative Finance. Introduction Dealing with time is a common task in various modern industries such as technology, medicine, and finance. It is especially important for Quantitative Finance where time can be an important factor, for instance with Fixed Income Securities. For illustration, we can consider credit products, such as Bonds and CDS (Credit Default Swap). CDS are made fungible nowadays with the introduction of standard coupons. The practical meaning of this is that it should be easy to replace one standard CDS contract with another, and the standard payment CDS dates were introduced with respect to the 20th of March, June, September, and December each year. The periodic payments are quarterly with the payment amounts computed following the ACT/360-day count convention when valuing the premium leg of the CDS. To illustrate this, suppose is the coupon and are accrual (end) dates. C t_0, t_1, ..., t_n According to ACT/360, the amounts of cash flows can be calculated as follows: C_i = C * (t_i - t_{i - 1}) / 360 This simple example demonstrates the crucial role of date and time computations for modern financial pricing applications. The canonical programming language for building pricing libraries is C++, which has to work with time since C++11, and since C++20 it has new features which could help quants to leverage the power of C++ more effectively in their everyday job. std::chrono Those features could be: new clocks: , , utc_clock tai_clock gps_clock year_month_day operator sys_days clock_cast The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, with simple mock examples, how to work with some of these new features. The code was tested on MS Visual Studio 2022 but is expected to be compilable with both GCC and Clang as soon as the corresponding library features are implemented. Let's move on to technical details. Some useful std::chrono features In the first part of the article, we will consider the use of , and . Then, we will create our own clock class to mimic those in . Finally, we will make out clock class convertible to , which is one of the most widely used clock classes. utc_clock year_month_day operator sys_days std::chrono system_clock One must include header into the code to start using Chrono. Next, we will introduce an alias for std::chrono namespace which we will use in the following examples: <chrono> namespace chr = std::chrono; C++20 has a reach set of literals that helps to define a date. We can do this with overload operator / using chr::March;

chr::year_month_day const cds_date = March / 20 / 2023; or this way using namespace std::literals;

chr::year_month_day const cds_date = 2023y / 03 / 20d; It is possible to easily convert an instance of class into with new C++20 operator: year_month_day system_clock::time_point sys_days chr::system_clock::time_point const tp_sys = chr::sys_days(cds_date); and to cast it, for example, to for : time_point utc_clock chr::time_point<chr::utc_clock> const tp_utc = chr::clock_cast<chr::utc_clock>(tp_sys); Obviously, we can leverage here all the machinery from the previous C++ standard, and a good example here is . duration_cast In the next chapter, we will learn how to create our own clock class compatible with all the above C++20 features for Chrono. How to create your own clock Further, we won't concentrate much on financial details and will create a very simple sample clock that starts at the beginning of the millennium, i.e. on . But the techniques we will use are completely relevant for the financial problems when dealing with dates -- we just want to keep things as simple as possible for demonstration purposes: January 1, 2000 #include <cstdint>
#include <chrono>
  
class millennium_clock final
{
public:
    using rep = std::int32_t;
    using period = std::ratio<1, 1>;
    using duration = std::chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point = std::chrono::time_point<millennium_clock>;

    static constexpr bool is_steady = false;
  
    static time_point now()
    {
        return time_point{ std::chrono::duration_cast<duration>(std::chrono::system_clock::now() - epoch) };
    }

private:
    static std::chrono::sys_time<duration> const epoch;
};

std::chrono::sys_time<millennium_clock::duration> const millennium_clock::epoch { std::chrono::sys_days(std::chrono::January / 1 / 2000) };

static_assert(std::chrono::is_clock_v<millennium_clock>); Here we mimic the methods we have for class and then checking on compile time that the class we created completely satisfies all requirements for clocks. Please also note that the must be and that the basic units for it are . system_clock chrono period std::ratio seconds Potentially, we would like to be able to use casts in our code from our clock to, let's say, : system_clock auto const& now_mil = millennium_clock::now();
auto const& now_sys = chr::clock_cast<chr::system_clock>(now_mil); To do that, we need to make a specialization for class: clock_time_conversion namespace std::chrono {
    // specialization for std::chrono::clock_cast
    template <>
    struct clock_time_conversion<system_clock, millennium_clock>
    {
        template <typename Duration>
        sys_time<Duration> operator()(time_point<millennium_clock, Duration> const& tp) const
        {
            return sys_time<Duration>(tp.time_since_epoch() + millennium_clock::epoch);
        }
    };
} The last step is to give the access for class to private members of class: clock_time_conversion millennium_clock class millennium_clock final
{
    friend struct std::chrono::clock_time_conversion<std::chrono::system_clock, millennium_clock>; That's it, now we can cast a using ! time_point clock_cast Conclusion The article demonstrates some good practices for modern C++ use when working with with emphasis on the potential applications for financial libraries development. It clearly demonstrates that it is possible to write elegant and efficient C++ code and how to leverage these practices with the latest C++ standard. <chrono> Lead image generated with stable diffusion.

Understanding C++20 <chrono> in the Context of Quantitative Finance

The Game Awards, since its inception, has been one of if not the biggest gaming award show out there. Sure, there are others, but The Game Awards always seems to bring the most hype and excitement. Especially when it comes to their Game of the Year category. Of course, when choosing the best anything, opinions will clash. With that in mind, let’s look back at the previous Game of the Year winners, and you can decide if The Game Awards got it right or wrong. All of the Game of the Year Winners Dragon Age: Inquisition The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt Overwatch The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild God of War Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice The Last of Us Part II It Takes Two Elden Ring Baldur’s Gate 3 2014 Game of the Year Winner: Dragon Age: Inquisition The fight for Game of the Year was fierce during the show’s first year. But in the end, it was Bioware’s that took the award home. But was it the right choice? That’s up to you to decide. Here are the it was competing against: Dragon Age: Inquisition other games Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft Dark Souls 2 Bayonetta 2 Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor 2015 Game of the Year Winner: The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt Look, all of the 2015 nominees were amazing, but this category belonged to . It’s many people’s favorite game, and everyone knew it would win. However, maybe you think one of should have won: The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt these games Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain Bloodborne Super Mario Maker Fallout 4 2016 Game of the Year Winner: Overwatch It’s very impressive that Overwatch is still going strong 7 years later, but it’s even more impressive that it in 2016. It had in the form of some extremely popular games; let’s check some of them out: won the Game of the Year award strong competition Titanfall 2 Doom Inside Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End 2017 Game of the Year Winner: The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild It’s been 6 years since this game came out, and fans have been counting the days until its sequel releases. This a testament to how beloved the Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is, so it should come as no surprise that it . But maybe another game deserved to win; take a look at the and decide: won in 2017 other nominees PlayerUnknow’s Battlegrounds Horizon Zero Dawn Super Mario Odyssey Persona 5 2018 Game of the Year: God of War A decade ago, God of War was very popular. But even its hardcore fans probably never imagined that not only would it become that popular again, but that it would surpass that level of fame. The 2018 version of God of War reinvigorated the franchise, and it ended up winning the . Let’s look at the it had: Game of the Year in 2018 competition Monster Hunter: World Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Marvel’s Spider-Man Red Dead Redemption Celeste 2019 Game of the Year Winner: Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice After getting two of their games nominated but not winning, FromSoftware finally won the big one with their game . Although this game is amazing and people love it, it was surprising that it won over the juggernaut that is Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Here are the rest of the : Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice nominees Resident Evil 2 The Outer Worlds Death Stranding Control Super Smash Bros. Ultimate 2020 Game of the Year Winner: The Last of Us Part II Although the game might have been divisive with players, it was a hit at the award show. It won in numerous categories, including . 2020, in particular, was stacked with great games, and all of them had a strong argument for why they should win. The other were: Game of the Year nominees Hades Animal Crossing: New Horizons Doom Eternal Ghost of Tsushima Final Fantasy VII Remake 2021 Game of the Year Winner: It Takes Two Hazelight, the developer of It Takes Two, had a popular game in A Way Out. However, nobody expected their next game to be as huge as it was. It Takes Two took the world by storm, and it won in . Let’s look at the it had: 2021 competition Resident Evil Village Metroid Dread Deathloop Ratchet and Clank: Rift Apart Psychonauts 2 2022 Game of the Year Winner: Elden Ring No offense to the other games that were nominated, but everyone knew that the real competition was between two specific games, God of War Ragnarok and Elden Ring. These two colossuses fought, and Elden Ring . Check out the that were in contention: came out the victor other games Xenoblade Chronicles 3 A Plague Tale: Requiem Horizon Forbidden West Stray God of War: Ragnarok 2023 Game of the Year - Baldur’s Gate 3 When Baldur’s Gate 3 came out in 2023, it immediately hit the ground running. The game’s peak number of concurrent players on Steam was , and it received multiple 10/10 ratings from gaming publications such as and 875,343 IGN Gamespot. Again, this year was just a case of the other nominees being great, but one game in particular just shining a bit brighter. The Other Nominees: Alan Wake 2 Marvel’s Spider-Man 2 Resident Evil 4 Super Mario Bros. Wonder The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom So, what do you think? Were any games snubbed? Or did they hit the mark every year? Make sure to say in the comment section below. More in Gaming AI Is Adding a Layer to Everything - Even Problem-Solving Games Gamefi 2.0: The Movement From Play To Earn To Blockchain Esports 10 Best Mario Party Games Ranked by Sales Feature image source

Every Game of the Year Winner in Chronological Order

Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks

Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended by Isaac Newton, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended Title : To which is Prefix'd, A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great Subtitle : Isaac Newton Author : May 7, 2005 [EBook #15784] Release Date : English Language Table of Links TO THE QUEEN THE INTRODUCTION A SHORT CHRONICLE Chap. I. Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks. Chap. II. Of the Empire of Egypt. Chap. III. Of the Assyrian Empire. Chap. IV. Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes. Chap. V. A Description of the Temple of Solomon. Chap. VI. Of the Empire of the Persians. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Newton (2005). Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/15784/pg15784-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended by Isaac Newton - Table of Links

Star Wars may be one of the best, if not the best, movie franchises of all time. Although it's pretty easy to tell which films to watch first, it can be very complicated at times. Star Wars Films in Order Star Wars I: The Phantom Menace Star Wars II: Attack of the Clones Star Wars: The Clone Wars Star Wars III: Revenge of the Sith Solo: A Star Wars Story Star Wars: Rebels Obi-wan Kenobi Rogue One: A Star Wars Story Star Wars IV: A New Hope Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Back Star Wars VI: Return of the Jedi The Mandalorian Star Wars VII: The Force Awakens Star Wars VIII: The Last Jedi Star Wars IX: Rise of Skywalker 1. Star Wars: The Phantom Menace Although Star Wars: The Phantom Menace was the 4th Star Wars film to be released, it is the first in the Star Wars Universe. The film focuses on two Jedi known as Qui-Gon Jinn (played by Liam Neeson) and his Jedi Student Obi-Wan Kenobi (played by Ewan McGregor). The two Jedi search on the dusty planet of Tatooine to find parts for a ship, but along the way, they suspect they found the chosen one. They meet a little boy known as Anakin Skywalker (played by Jake Lloyd) and they have to decide whether or not to take the boy to train as a Jedi or stay as a slave with his mother. The film was released in 1999 and even though it did not get high ratings, it is still the first to watch. 2. Star Wars 2: Attack of the Clones Even though Star Wars: Attack of the Clones was the 5th film to come out, it is known as the second in the Star Wars franchise. The film focuses on two Jedi: Obi-Wan Kenobi and his Jedi Partner Anakin Skywalker (now played by the older Hayden Christensen). The two Jedis must keep senator Padme Amidala (played by actress Natalie Portman) from bounty hunters but will they succeed? The film was released in 2002 and it has a lower rating than others, but it’s the film that continues the story. 3. Star Wars: The Clone Wars The Clone Wars film was released after the second half of the Star Wars movies were already released, in the year 2008, but it still has a chunk of the Star Wars story in it. Star Wars: The Clone Wars starts shortly after Star Wars: Attack Of The Clones and it focuses on the son of Jabba The Hutt who has been kidnapped. Anakin Skywalker (played by Matt Lanter) and his Jedi partner Ahsoka Tano (played by Ashley Eckstein) have to save him in a limited amount of time. Even though the storyline of this tv series is far from the live-action films, it starts off the Clone War Era. 4. Star Wars 3: Revenge Of The Sith Star Wars 3: Revenge Of The Sith may be the 6th installment of The Star Wars saga, but it is the 3rd film in the franchise. The big film focuses on Anakin Skywalker (still played by Hayden Christiansen) struggling with the dark side. Eventually, he gives in and joins the Siths, and goes against the Jedi. Then, it all leads up to a big duel between Anakin and Obi-Wan, with it ending with Anakin losing his arm and limbs. At the end of the film, we can see him turn into the villainous Darth Vader. Some say this is arguably the best Star Wars film of all and I could agree with that. The film was released in 2005 and has higher ratings than most of the films of the franchise. 5. Solo: A Star Wars Story Now we branch off the main Star Wars Films and into a more solo side of the franchise. Solo: A Star Wars Story focuses on the one and only Han Solo (played by Alden Ehrenreich) and his origin story. He crosses paths with many Star Wars heroes such as Chewbacca (played by Joonas Suotamo) and Lando Calrissian. This film was released in 2018. 6. Star Wars: Rebels Just like the Clone Wars TV series, Star Wars: Rebels is animated and the TV series focuses on a crew that tracks down the last of the Jedi Knights. They run into tons of trouble and legendary Sith Lords such as Darth Vader (played by the original Darth Vader actor James Earl Jones). The TV series made its debut in 2014 and ended in 2018. 7. Obi-Wan Kenobi Obi-Wan Kenobi focuses on Obi-Wan trying to keep a low profile after the events of Revenge of the Sith and the extinction of the Jedi. He struggles with trauma of losing his best friend Anakin, little does he know, Anakin is still alive but there definitely not best friends anymore. Both Ewan McGregor and Hayden Christianson return for there roles as Kenobi and Anakin / Darth Vader. 8. Rogue One: A Star Wars Story Rogue One is more on the downside of Star Wars and not really popular, but it was released in 2016 and its focus is on a more unpopular crew of heroes that try to steal the plans of the Death Star. But Darth Vader (played by actor Spencer Wilding) gets in the way and destroys most of the crew's plans. Rogue One’s prologue scenes are set right after the events of Star Wars 3: Revenge Of The Sith but at the end of the film, it is set during the beginning of the next film: Star Wars 4: A New Hope. 9. Star Wars 4: A New Hope Now back to where it all started. Star Wars 4: A New Hope was the first-ever Star Wars film to come out. The story focuses on Luke Skywalker (played by Mark Hamill) leaving the dusty planet of Tatooine and going on his first adventure with the legendary Obi-Wan Kenobi (played by the more elderly actor, Alec Guinness) and the original actor to play Han Solo, Harrison Ford, and the one and only Carrie Fisher, who plays the wonderful Princess Leia. The main villain is the powerful Darth Vader who is played by David Prowse the original actor that played Anakin/Darth Vader. The film was released in 1977. 10. Star Wars 5: The Empire Strikes Back Star Wars 5 was originally the second chapter of the Star Wars franchise until Attack of the Clones officially become the second. Star Wars V: Empire Strikes Back is known as one of the best Star Wars movies of all time. Most famously, it's known for the amazing surprise at the end of the film between Luke and Vader. The film was released in 1980. 11. Star Wars 6: Return Of The Jedi Star Wars Return of the Jedi , also known as Star Wars 6, is one of the most celebrated movies of all time. Though it was the 3rd installment in the franchise at the time, it’s the film that closes out the original trilogy also known as the second half of the series. The film was released in 1983 and it had many turns. After several years, Vader turns back to the light side becoming a Jedi again, and ultimately becoming his true self, Anakin Skywalker. In the last sequence of the film, Vader takes off his mask revealing his true face but this time it is not Hayden Christiansen (he was just 2 years old at the time) and it wasn’t David Prowse either. It was actor Sebastian Shaw. 12. The Mandalorian The Mandalorian is one of the most popular Star Wars TV shows with just 2 seasons, with a third in the making. This series takes place just a little bit after Return Of The Jedi and it follows a bounty hunter who is traveling but obviously, there are many problems. A shock at the end of season 2 is when they show a young version of Luke Skywalker in his Return of the Jedi outfit. The TV series made its debut in 2019 and is currently still going in 2022. 13: Star Wars 7: The Force Awakens Many years after The Mandalorian, a new main character is introduced and it’s a girl named Rey (played by Daisy Ridley) and she teams up with a group of people to find Luke Skywalker who hasn’t been seen in public for 30 years. But there is a new villain that is stopping them known as Kylo Ren. It is later revealed that he is the son of Han Solo and Leia Skywalker meaning he is the grandson of Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader. In the end, Rey is seen standing across from Luke Skywalker with his lightsaber in her hand. The film was released in 2015. 14. Star Wars 8: The Last Jedi Star Wars 8 is known as the 8th movie of the franchise and the second to last. Just shortly after the last film is where this film takes off. The Last Jedi was released in 2017 and it is known as one of the more hated Star Wars films. 15. Star Wars 9: Rise Of Skywalker Star Wars 9 is the last and 9th installment to the Star Wars franchise. Many fans across the world were disappointed in this film because it had more potential. At least the film had various callbacks to original Star Wars actors and actresses such as Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan, Alec Guinness as the older Obi-Wan, Liam Neeson as Qui-Gon, and Hayden Christiansen As Anakin Skywalker. But we sadly did not get to see the actual actors playing their old roles, we only got to hear their voices. The film was released in 2019.

The Star Wars Movies in Chronological Order 

Assassin’s Creed is arguably one of the best gaming franchises of all time. There are about 12 main games and 17 spin-off games of Assassin's Creed. If you are interested in playing or learning about all of them, below is a list of them in chronological order. 1. Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey                 (431-404 BC) Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey is not the first AC game to be released but it is the first in the main storyline. Unlike other AC games, Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey allows you to pick between two characters, Alexios and Kassandra. The game is mainly set in the year 431 BC and the game was released in 2018 making it one of the more recent games. Although it doesn’t feature Assassins it is the start of the universe. 2. Assassin’s Creed: Origins                 (49-43 BC) Assassin’s Creed: Origins is where the rivalry between Assassin and Templars occurs. The game focuses on a character named Bayek and his wife. They hunt down multiple people after their son was murdered. The game is set in the years of 49-43 BC and the game was released in 2017. Many people love this game for not just the quality or the storyline but also because AC Origins is the beginning of the Assassins. 3. Assassin’s Creed: Valhalla (872-878 AD) Assassin’s Creed: Valhalla is the most recent AC game since it had been released in 2020 and is still being updated in 2022. Unlike the other games, Valhalla is focused on Vikings more than Assassins. Fans have complained that the game is too long from the length of the game being 60 hours long. Fans have also complained that after Valhalla, AC games won’t be the same anymore. Although this game is more of a Vikings, it is still part of the main franchise. 4. Assassin’s Creed: Altaïr’s Chronicles (1190) Assassin’s Creed: Altaïr’s Chronicles is a prequel to the first Assassin’s Creed game. Altaïr’s Chronicles was released in 2008 but the game was set in 1190 and it follows Altaïr and his failure against the Templars. You are able to play this game on the Nintendo DS. 5. Assassin’s Creed (1191) Here is where it all started. Assassin, Creed which was released in 2007 is the first-ever AC game to be released. The main character is Altaïr and in the storyline he is taking down Templars though out the game to find the Templar grandmaster which is revealed at the end to be his Assassin master which the game was also set in 1191. 6. Assassin’s Creed: Bloodlines (1191) In 2009’s Assassin’s Creed: Bloodlines, which is set in 1191, Altaïr hunts down more Templars but it’s part of a Romance Love story between Altaïr and a female Templar known as Marie. This game would be the last game to contain Altaïr’s story. 7. Assassin’s Creed 2 (1476-1499) Assassin’s Creed ll or other known as Assassin’s Creed 2 takes place many years after the original game with the new protagonist being 17-year-old Ezio Auditore. At the start of the blockbuster game it takes place in 1476 but it ends in 1499. After most of his family is killed by Templars, Ezio becomes an Assassin and hunts down all the Templars until he finds the grandmaster who was responsible for his family’s death. The game was released in 2009 and is ranked as one of the highest AC games. 8. Assassin’s Creed 2: Discovery (1491) Assassin’s Creed 2: Discovery Actually takes place during the events of Assassin’s Creed ll. Like Altaïr Chronicles, Discovery is available on the DS and more mobile platforms. 9. Assassin’s Creed: Brotherhood (1499-1507) 2010’s Assassin’s Creed: Brotherhood starts off right after AC ll and it continues the story of Ezio and him against the Borgia Family. Between the two they hunt down the same treasure known as the apple of Eden. In the end, Ezio wins and sets out the rest of his life as an Assassin. 10. Assassin’s Creed: Revelations (1511-1512) This is the 4th and final game with protagonists such as Ezio. Assassin’s Creed: Revelations closes out the Ezio trilogy with this game being the last game with Ezio. The game mostly takes place in 1511 and is set in the city of Asia. Though out the game, Ezio finds all the keys to Altaïr’s secret library. 11. Assassin’s Creed: Chronicles China (1526) The first side-scrolling game to be introduced in the AC games is Chronicles China. The main character Shao Jun, the first female assassin in the game she takes down multiple Templars though out the game. Shao Jun was first Introduced in the animated short Film. Assassin’s Creed: Embers where she helped the most legendary assassin ever Ezio hours before his death. 12. Assassin’s Creed 4: Black Flag (1715-1722) Assassin’s Creed lV also known as Assassin’s Creed 4 takes place centuries after Revelations and there is a new protagonist known as the pirate Edward Kenway. Not revealed until the near end of the storyline. After becoming an assassin, Edward finds out his Great-Great-Great Ancestor Grandfather is Ezio, revealing why Edward had such great grip on two walls. The game was released in 2013 but the game is set through the years 1715-1722. 13. Assassin’s Creed Freedom Cry (1735-1737) Freedom Cry takes place around 20 years after Black flag and it was originally a DLC for black flag but was honored into it’s known spin-off game. 14. Assassin’s Creed: Rouge       (1752-1776) 2014’s Assassin’s Creed: Rouge as a lower rating then most of AC games but it is set during the same time period as AC lll and the main protagonist, Shay Cormac who was an assassin till he became a templare interacts with many other AC characters such as Charles Dorian who he kills at the end of the game but this scene is tide in to another AC game. 15. Assassin’s Creed 3 Assassin’s Creed 3 is one of the more down siders of the AC franchise. The main character is Conner Kenway and Conner’s father is Haythem Kenway. This makes Conner one of the many grandsons of Ezio, How? Well Conner's Grandfather is Edward Kenway, which makes Conner a grandson of Ezio. Unfortunately, Assassin’s Creed lll would be the last game with Ezio’s bloodline and family in the AC games. 16. Assassin’s Creed 3: Liberation (1765-1777) AC 3 Liberation is a spin-off to the last game AC lll. The main protagonist Aveline the female assassin goes through the city of New Orleans and takes down the evil Templars. 17. Assassin’s Creed Unity                     (1776-1800) 2014’s Assassin’s Creed Unity is the first main game to not have Ezio’s bloodline in it. This time with a whole new bloodline stars in this game. Unity starts off right after AC rouge ends with Shay Cormac killing Charles Dorian. The main character of Unity is Charles’s son, Arno Dorian Though out the game, Arno learns how to be an assassin and eventually becomes one. The game is also a love story between Arno and the Templar Elise. 18. Assassin’s Creed: Chronicles India (1841) Just like Chronicles China, Chronicles India is a side scroller. The game is set in 1841 and the main character Arbaaz hunts down Templars during the East Indian War. 19. Assassin’s Creed Syndicate (1868) Assassin’s Creed Syndicate is the last main game that is the most recent to our time since it’s set in 1868 but the game was released in 2015. This is also the first AC game to pick between two characters. Jacob and Evie Frye are twins and both assassins. They hunt down the Templar master. Syndicate has a low game rating since fans noticed that when Jacob or Evie are standing up, their hoods are not on and hoods in AC games are the main part of the assassin's outfit. People have speculated that the reason for this is because in the AC franchise near the 1900s assassins and Templars finally started to die down after many centuries. 20. Assassin’s Creed: Chronicles Russia (1918) This game is not as popular as the other AC games but it’s the last AC game in the timeline so far since it was set pretty recently in the year of 1918.

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