CAREit

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Fruit Fly Connectome: An Expansive Theory of Signals

In my last post, I discussed the issue of getting people to care about security, and how it’s largely due to a focus on security behaviors rather than security outcomes. In this post, I’m picking up where I left off, and will talk about… Forging a Path Forward Obviously, the point of sharing this post (and the last one) is to do more than just complain about the situation. This will only be useful if it offers ideas and suggestions for approaching the problem differently and moving past it to a more successful outcome. So, what actionable advice do I have? Speaking the Language of Business I’ve written about this before, but it’s worth reiterating here: We IT practitioners need to learn what matters to the business and then frame our goals and needs in those terms. No matter how different we wished it was, nobody ever got a PO approved by describing the technical capabilities of a new firewall to the CFO. If it bothers you, having to learn to couch your critical technical and security needs in business terms, consider this quote from Bob Lewis, which holds as true today as it did when he first said it back in 2004: “There’s no such thing as an IT project. There are only business projects with an IT component.” What does that mean from a functional perspective? Lesson 1: The only two things that make people buy a product are “discomfort” and “convenience.” Discomfort will win every time. Lesson 2: There are only three things a business cares about: Increasing revenue, reducing cost, and removing risk. You need to speak to (at least) one of those things to make your case. Lesson 3: Know what’s important. Which systems does the business consider critical to its continued financial success? Those are the ones you’ll want to focus on in terms of risk assessments. One of the InfoSec experts I spoke to in preparing this blog put it this way: “In my firm, the biggest financial risk is reputational damage, so the CISO’s pitch to the board is framed in terms of how it affects that.” If that angle works for you at your company, you should absolutely pursue it. In many companies, the concern about ransomware remains that it interrupts services, which in turn stops the money-making machine. That, in addition to the cost to recover, is concerning enough to catch many executives’ attention. Lesson 4: Know when it’s important. While it might be true that some systems are critical all the time, some times are more critical than others. For some businesses, it might be Black Friday, while for others, it might be the end of the year, tax season, or summer break. Whatever it is, you need to understand your organization’s financial rhythms to time your messaging (and your work). As an IT practitioner who cares about information security, you’re probably familiar with the concept of “situational awareness.” This is equally true for an IT practitioner who wants the business to approve their work, initiatives, and budget. You will only be effective in executing a plan by first understanding the pre-existing opinions, pain points, needs, and timelines of the people you’re trying to convince. Say it With Flowers Data IT folks should appreciate that data is your business’s love language. Infosec professionals must bring facts to make a compelling argument. Let’s start by using data to refute some of the commonly held beliefs I mentioned earlier in this post: Contrary to what many managers believe, reputational damage resulting from a breach DOES have negative impacts. In discussing this topic with Zatik Security CEO Kymberlee Price, she pointed me to a post by Dr. Erdal Ozkaya. According to Dr. Ozkaya, business impacts of security breaches include: An immediate 3-5% drop in stock price, typically driven by investor concerns.
Underperforming in the market for several years afterward.
Eroded investor confidence, leading to long-term lower stock valuations.
In some cases, a credit rating downgrade. Any one of those things should be enough to grab the attention of the C-suite. Taken together, they become a compelling argument for an improved security posture. Ms. Price also let the air out of the tires of the whole “it’s cheaper to pay for insurance than for security” myth. She points out that various new laws coming into effect in Europe call for fines of 2% to 7% of an enterprise’s global annual revenue for violations of each law. This means that a single incident leading to a data breach may trigger multiple instances of revenue-based fines — and that’s just in Europe. When you consider other jurisdictions that are following the EU’s Brussels lead, this adds up fast. Samuel Svarc, owner of CompuMedic Solution, echos and extends this thought: “Cyber liability insurers, due to the complex realities and prevalence of hacking, are mandating that companies certify that they are mitigating their risk and reject claims where these were falsely attested to.” There are many other reports, sources, and data points you can bring to bear in your discussions. The problem with my listing them here is that they aren’t guaranteed to be specific to your circumstances, industry, or even the point you’re trying to make. Instead, I suggest you structure your discussion points using the guidelines in “Integrating Cybersecurity and Enterprise Risk Management” from NIST. In that document, it suggests you develop a formal “risk profile,” use it to identify risks and assign impact estimates, and then build a risk management plan (including cybersecurity) with the intent of having the business decide whether (and how) they will mitigate, avoid, transfer, or accept those risks. As a final thought on this topic, look for places where your goals and interests align with other teams. A great example of that is automation, a beloved topic among your DevOps and SRE teams. Putting your weight behind their efforts to automate can help get more automation rolled out – reducing risks associated with human error while increasing efficiency- and creating a powerful organizational alliance. Another is metrics and telemetry – something your monitoring and observability folks will happily discuss at length. There’s Still More Ground to Cover. I’ve started to identify the things you can do to encourage and promote healthy infosec behaviors, but there’s still more. Stick with me until the next post, where I lay it all out. And if you have any questions, corrections, or kudos to share in the meantime, I’d love to hear them in the comments below. In my last post , I discussed the issue of getting people to care about security, and how it’s largely due to a focus on security behaviors rather than security outcomes. In this post, I’m picking up where I left off, and will talk about… In my last post Forging a Path Forward Obviously, the point of sharing this post (and the last one) is to do more than just complain about the situation. This will only be useful if it offers ideas and suggestions for approaching the problem differently and moving past it to a more successful outcome. So, what actionable advice do I have? actionable Speaking the Language of Business I’ve written about this before , but it’s worth reiterating here: We IT practitioners need to learn what matters to the business and then frame our goals and needs in those terms. No matter how different we wished it was, nobody ever got a PO approved by describing the technical capabilities of a new firewall to the CFO. written about this before If it bothers you, having to learn to couch your critical technical and security needs in business terms, consider this quote from Bob Lewis, which holds as true today as it did when he first said it back in 2004 : “There’s no such thing as an IT project. There are only business projects with an IT component.” he first said it back in 2004 What does that mean from a functional perspective? Lesson 1 : The only two things that make people buy a product are “discomfort” and “convenience.” Discomfort will win every time. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 : There are only three things a business cares about: Increasing revenue, reducing cost, and removing risk. You need to speak to (at least) one of those things to make your case. Lesson 2 Lesson 3 : Know what’s important. Which systems does the business consider critical to its continued financial success? Those are the ones you’ll want to focus on in terms of risk assessments. Lesson 3 One of the InfoSec experts I spoke to in preparing this blog put it this way: “In my firm, the biggest financial risk is reputational damage, so the CISO’s pitch to the board is framed in terms of how it affects that.” If that angle works for you at your company, you should absolutely pursue it. In many companies, the concern about ransomware remains that it interrupts services, which in turn stops the money-making machine. That, in addition to the cost to recover, is concerning enough to catch many executives’ attention. Lesson 4 : Know when it’s important. While it might be true that some systems are critical all the time, some times are more critical than others. For some businesses, it might be Black Friday, while for others, it might be the end of the year, tax season, or summer break. Whatever it is, you need to understand your organization’s financial rhythms to time your messaging (and your work). Lesson 4 As an IT practitioner who cares about information security, you’re probably familiar with the concept of “ situational awareness .” This is equally true for an IT practitioner who wants the business to approve their work, initiatives, and budget. You will only be effective in executing a plan by first understanding the pre-existing opinions, pain points, needs, and timelines of the people you’re trying to convince. situational awareness Say it With Flowers Data IT folks should appreciate that data is your business’s love language. Infosec professionals must bring facts to make a compelling argument. Let’s start by using data to refute some of the commonly held beliefs I mentioned earlier in this post: Contrary to what many managers believe, reputational damage resulting from a breach DOES have negative impacts. In discussing this topic with Zatik Security CEO Kymberlee Price , she pointed me to a post by Dr. Erdal Ozkaya. According to Dr. Ozkaya , business impacts of security breaches include: Zatik Security CEO Kymberlee Price According to Dr. Ozkaya An immediate 3-5% drop in stock price, typically driven by investor concerns. Underperforming in the market for several years afterward. Eroded investor confidence, leading to long-term lower stock valuations. In some cases, a credit rating downgrade. An immediate 3-5% drop in stock price, typically driven by investor concerns. Underperforming in the market for several years afterward. Eroded investor confidence, leading to long-term lower stock valuations. In some cases, a credit rating downgrade. Any one of those things should be enough to grab the attention of the C-suite. Taken together, they become a compelling argument for an improved security posture. Ms. Price also let the air out of the tires of the whole “it’s cheaper to pay for insurance than for security” myth. She points out that various new laws coming into effect in Europe call for fines of 2% to 7% of an enterprise’s global annual revenue for violations of each law. This means that a single incident leading to a data breach may trigger multiple instances of revenue-based fines — and that’s just in Europe. new laws coming into effect in Europe call for fines of 2% to 7% of an enterprise’s global annual revenue for violations of each law. When you consider other jurisdictions that are following the EU’s Brussels lead, this adds up fast. Samuel Svarc, owner of CompuMedic Solution , echos and extends this thought: “Cyber liability insurers, due to the complex realities and prevalence of hacking, are mandating that companies certify that they are mitigating their risk and reject claims where these were falsely attested to.” CompuMedic Solution There are many other reports, sources, and data points you can bring to bear in your discussions. The problem with my listing them here is that they aren’t guaranteed to be specific to your circumstances, industry, or even the point you’re trying to make. Instead, I suggest you structure your discussion points using the guidelines in “ Integrating Cybersecurity and Enterprise Risk Management ” from NIST. Integrating Cybersecurity and Enterprise Risk Management In that document, it suggests you develop a formal “risk profile,” use it to identify risks and assign impact estimates, and then build a risk management plan (including cybersecurity) with the intent of having the business decide whether (and how) they will mitigate, avoid, transfer, or accept those risks. As a final thought on this topic, look for places where your goals and interests align with other teams. A great example of that is automation, a beloved topic among your DevOps and SRE teams. Putting your weight behind their efforts to automate can help get more automation rolled out – reducing risks associated with human error while increasing efficiency- and creating a powerful organizational alliance. Another is metrics and telemetry – something your monitoring and observability folks will happily discuss at length. monitoring and observability There’s Still More Ground to Cover. I’ve started to identify the things you can do to encourage and promote healthy infosec behaviors, but there’s still more. Stick with me until the next post, where I lay it all out. And if you have any questions, corrections, or kudos to share in the meantime, I’d love to hear them in the comments below.

Starting to Care About Security: The Path Ahead

(This post originally appeared on AdatoSystems.com) Nobody cares about security. There. I said it. I said the thing everyone feels, some people think, but very few have the temerity to say out loud. But before you call me a blasphemous heathen, I will ask for just a few moments of your time to offer context. I even have some ideas and solutions. When I say “Nobody cares about security,” I mean it in the same way I remind folks that nobody cares about backups. What they care about is RESTORES. To quote my friend and colleague Tom LaRock, backups are worthless. Restores are priceless. Ultimately, the thing we need is the ability to get our data back if something catastrophic happens. This means we need A) the data itself and B) the ability to restore it. In order to have those things, we must first perform backups, and we’re forced to perform them regularly. (And, I can’t emphasize enough, that those backups must be tested. Otherwise, you have Schrodinger’s Backup ). Over the decades that the IT industry has existed, we’ve consistently improved both the technology and techniques of backups, from the “grandfather, father, son” rotation scheme of the 80’s and 90’s to the “3-2-1” rule first used in 2009 and onward. We’ve done so NOT because we care about the backups themselves, but the sheer frequency of unexpected and catastrophic data loss events serve as both object lessons and cautionary tales that drive our willingness to invest effort and money in backups nevertheless. So much so that, when some part of the organization questions the necessity (and the costs – from software to hardware to staff time) of backups, there’s usually a recent event that IT professionals can easily point to and say, “Remember how horrible that was? Remember the cost? We don’t want THAT to happen again, do we?” The ability to back up and efficiently restore data is an insurance policy that guards the company against even greater lost revenue. The Opposite of Love Isn’t Hate; It’s Apathy This brings me back to my original point: Nobody (i.e., business leaders) cares about security. What they care about is avoiding lost revenue due to application downtime, extortion, and lawsuits. Now, that’s a pretty hefty list, and one might think it’s more than enough to justify (almost) any cost of beefing up a company’s information security posture and capabilities. But look at that list of consequences again and consider it from a purely business point of view. Each of those concerns can be addressed in other ways, from built-in redundancy to cyber liability insurance. These mitigations are (or at least appear to be, from a business standpoint) less expensive than the investment needed to improve infosec. What’s worse, many of you reading this will notice that I left two commonly cited consequences off my initial list: fines and damage to reputation. I did that because the prevailing attitude among business leaders is: Damage to the company’s reputation SOUNDS bad, but (so the thinking goes) it’s really too amorphous to quantify. Plus, many companies in recent memory were the victims of massive cyber attacks, took a hit to their reputation or stock price, but saw it rebound a week later with no other ill effects. (again, that’s the belief. More on this later) The fines currently in place appear to be lower than the expected cost to improve the company’s security posture. However, the financial bottom line is only part of the reason businesses ignore their information needs. The other reasons are equally challenging to address: Infosec issues are, almost by their very nature, complex. They are certainly more complex than having up-to-date backups. They might be more complex than any other category of risk the company will face. Cyber threats are constantly changing and expensive to preemptively address. There’s usually no single “right” answer to “How much infosec do we need?” To put it another way, the broad answer to addressing both the issue of backups and infosec is that one needs to establish healthy habits. But the habits for backups are akin to remembering to brush your teeth in the morning. Important, but straightforward. Whereas the habits needed for proper information hygiene are akin to making healthy heart choices: the path to optimizing your cardiovascular health might involve not just one but a range of habits – from eating healthy foods (and avoiding unhealthy ones) to getting the right amount of exercise and sleep. But even within those broad instructions lie a range of nuances. What, exactly, are “healthy foods”? (Organic? Low-starch? Unprocessed? Keto friendly?) What type of exercise will be most effective? (Cardio? Weight training? Crossfit?) Underlying all of those variations is the very real chance that none of it may help – not because the person isn’t committed, but because there are so many other factors – from age to genetics to individual metabolism – that it still might not work. And even after adjusting for every single other variable, there’s the genuine possibility that a person can do everything right and still succumb to some other disease or physical failure. That last point – that despite our health goals, we may still have health problems – is far closer to the reality of infosec than many readers might realize. A few years ago, Cisco CEO John Chambers stated, “There are only two types of companies: those that have been hacked and those who don’t know they’ve been hacked yet.” Abe Silber, CEO at CyberCure.com, succinctly identified the core issue: “The problem with security is that it’s impossible to measure your ROI. Even if we can measure the cost of a security incident (not an easy task) it’s almost impossible to measure the likelihood of preventing them (hence ROI) based on different security solutions. So it’s not that business people don’t care. It’s that we (IT practitioners) have no way to show them what they get for their money. If I spend x amount on honeypots, how less likely am I to get hacked?
(We can try to make the case that) Security helps you not lose money, like insurance. But unlike insurance, it’s not guaranteed protection. I can tell you firsthand that it’s easier to sell a CEO a $25,000 cyber insurance policy than a $10,000 security solution.” This Is Only the Beginning. In my next post, I’ll start to propose a way forward – a set of actionable decisions you (and your company) can make to get people to not only care about security but to support and participate in healthy security behaviors. In the meantime, if you want to share your own ideas, I’d love to hear them in the comments below. (This post originally appeared on AdatoSystems.com) (This post originally appeared on AdatoSystems.com ) AdatoSystems.com Nobody cares about security. There. I said it. I said the thing everyone feels, some people think, but very few have the temerity to say out loud. But before you call me a blasphemous heathen, I will ask for just a few moments of your time to offer context. I even have some ideas and solutions. When I say “Nobody cares about security,” I mean it in the same way I remind folks that nobody cares about backups. What they care about is RESTORES. To quote my friend and colleague Tom LaRock, backups are worthless. Restores are priceless. are worthless. Restores are priceless. Ultimately, the thing we need is the ability to get our data back if something catastrophic happens. This means we need A) the data itself and B) the ability to restore it. In order to have those things, we must first perform backups, and we’re forced to perform them regularly. (And, I can’t emphasize enough, that those backups must be tested. Otherwise, you have Schrodinger’s Backup ). get our data back get our data back Schrodinger’s Backup Over the decades that the IT industry has existed, we’ve consistently improved both the technology and techniques of backups, from the “grandfather, father, son” rotation scheme of the 80’s and 90’s to the “3-2-1” rule first used in 2009 and onward. We’ve done so NOT because we care about the backups themselves, but the sheer frequency of unexpected and catastrophic data loss events serve as both object lessons and cautionary tales that drive our willingness to invest effort and money in backups nevertheless. “grandfather, father, son” “3-2-1” So much so that, when some part of the organization questions the necessity (and the costs – from software to hardware to staff time) of backups, there’s usually a recent event that IT professionals can easily point to and say, “Remember how horrible that was? Remember the cost? We don’t want THAT to happen again, do we?” The ability to back up and efficiently restore data is an insurance policy that guards the company against even greater lost revenue. and efficiently restore data The Opposite of Love Isn’t Hate; It’s Apathy This brings me back to my original point: Nobody (i.e., business leaders) cares about security. What they care about is avoiding lost revenue due to application downtime, extortion, and lawsuits. Now, that’s a pretty hefty list, and one might think it’s more than enough to justify (almost) any cost of beefing up a company’s information security posture and capabilities. But look at that list of consequences again and consider it from a purely business point of view. Each of those concerns can be addressed in other ways, from built-in redundancy to cyber liability insurance . These mitigations are (or at least appear to be, from a business standpoint) less expensive than the investment needed to improve infosec. cyber liability insurance What’s worse, many of you reading this will notice that I left two commonly cited consequences off my initial list: fines and damage to reputation. I did that because the prevailing attitude among business leaders is: Damage to the company’s reputation SOUNDS bad, but (so the thinking goes) it’s really too amorphous to quantify. Plus, many companies in recent memory were the victims of massive cyber attacks, took a hit to their reputation or stock price, but saw it rebound a week later with no other ill effects. (again, that’s the belief. More on this later) Damage to the company’s reputation SOUNDS bad, but (so the thinking goes) it’s really too amorphous to quantify. Plus, many companies in recent memory were the victims of massive cyber attacks, took a hit to their reputation or stock price, but saw it rebound a week later with no other ill effects. (again, that’s the belief. More on this later) The fines currently in place appear to be lower than the expected cost to improve the company’s security posture. The fines currently in place appear to be lower than the expected cost to improve the company’s security posture. However, the financial bottom line is only part of the reason businesses ignore their information needs. The other reasons are equally challenging to address: Infosec issues are, almost by their very nature, complex. They are certainly more complex than having up-to-date backups. They might be more complex than any other category of risk the company will face. Cyber threats are constantly changing and expensive to preemptively address. There’s usually no single “right” answer to “How much infosec do we need?” To put it another way, the broad answer to addressing both the issue of backups and infosec is that one needs to establish healthy habits. But the habits for backups are akin to remembering to brush your teeth in the morning. Important, but straightforward. Whereas the habits needed for proper information hygiene are akin to making healthy heart choices: the path to optimizing your cardiovascular health might involve not just one but a range of habits – from eating healthy foods (and avoiding unhealthy ones) to getting the right amount of exercise and sleep. But even within those broad instructions lie a range of nuances. What, exactly, are “healthy foods”? (Organic? Low-starch? Unprocessed? Keto friendly?) What type of exercise will be most effective? (Cardio? Weight training? Crossfit?) Underlying all of those variations is the very real chance that none of it may help – not because the person isn’t committed, but because there are so many other factors – from age to genetics to individual metabolism – that it still might not work. And even after adjusting for every single other variable, there’s the genuine possibility that a person can do everything right and still succumb to some other disease or physical failure. That last point – that despite our health goals, we may still have health problems – is far closer to the reality of infosec than many readers might realize. A few years ago, Cisco CEO John Chambers stated, “There are only two types of companies: those that have been hacked and those who don’t know they’ve been hacked yet.” “There are only two types of companies: those that have been hacked and those who don’t know they’ve been hacked yet.” Abe Silber, CEO at CyberCure.com , succinctly identified the core issue: Abe Silber, CEO at CyberCure.com “The problem with security is that it’s impossible to measure your ROI. Even if we can measure the cost of a security incident (not an easy task) it’s almost impossible to measure the likelihood of preventing them (hence ROI) based on different security solutions. So it’s not that business people don’t care. It’s that we (IT practitioners) have no way to show them what they get for their money. If I spend x amount on honeypots, how less likely am I to get hacked? (We can try to make the case that) Security helps you not lose money, like insurance. But unlike insurance, it’s not guaranteed protection. I can tell you firsthand that it’s easier to sell a CEO a $25,000 cyber insurance policy than a $10,000 security solution.” “The problem with security is that it’s impossible to measure your ROI. Even if we can measure the cost of a security incident (not an easy task) it’s almost impossible to measure the likelihood of preventing them (hence ROI) based on different security solutions. So it’s not that business people don’t care. It’s that we (IT practitioners) have no way to show them what they get for their money. If I spend x amount on honeypots, how less likely am I to get hacked? “The problem with security is that it’s impossible to measure your ROI. Even if we can measure the cost of a security incident (not an easy task) it’s almost impossible to measure the likelihood of preventing them (hence ROI) based on different security solutions. So it’s not that business people don’t care. It’s that we (IT practitioners) have no way to show them what they get for their money. If I spend x amount on honeypots, how less likely am I to get hacked? (We can try to make the case that) Security helps you not lose money, like insurance. But unlike insurance, it’s not guaranteed protection. I can tell you firsthand that it’s easier to sell a CEO a $25,000 cyber insurance policy than a $10,000 security solution.” (We can try to make the case that) Security helps you not lose money, like insurance. But unlike insurance, it’s not guaranteed protection. I can tell you firsthand that it’s easier to sell a CEO a $25,000 cyber insurance policy than a $10,000 security solution.” This Is Only the Beginning. In my next post, I’ll start to propose a way forward – a set of actionable decisions you (and your company) can make to get people to not only care about security but to support and participate in healthy security behaviors. In the meantime, if you want to share your own ideas, I’d love to hear them in the comments below.

Here's the Truth: Nobody Cares About Security

AI Sentience: How Neural Correlates Setback Consciousness Research

I fell down a rabbit hole last week, and it led to unexpected results. Now would like to take you through that whole fall with me, so you too can learn everything I did as a result. The Original Trigger It all started when KnownOrigin announced it was going to shut down soon. I had minted 2 NFTs there, so I was trying to understand what would happen once the platform was gone. So, KO is shutting down….What does it actually mean for KO artists and collectors though… The art is on the blockchain and is gonna exist forever, whether or not KnownOrigin is still around, right? In the past week, while we were building something, Rick walked me through what was actually happening behind the scenes. So, let me try to explain it to you now. Behind the Curtains When you mint your art on KO, its smart contract creates a token (KODA) on the blockchain and sends it to your wallet. That is the ONLY thing that is on the chain. Everything else beyond this point is not… So, for example, if you wanna check my KO unsold art KODA token on Etherscan, this is all you see. Looking at it makes my soul cry for help. Where is the art name? The artist’s name? The image FFS… They are in your art files, which are stored on IPFS. And the Koda token links to it. Basically, it points to where you can see what it represents. Ok… So now, we need to figure out where it points to, and we’ll see what it is… Probably just a link to click and go and check those out yeah?... Nope At this point - honestly, I didn’t even wanna know… In short, it’s not straightforward - and to a non-techie brain, it makes no sense at all… But once we could get there what would those art files be? Your Art (image, video, gif, music - whatever it is that you created and “minted”)
Metadata File (title, your name, description, etc.)
Cover Image/gif (if applicable) IPFS??? Now, we need to understand what IPFS is and how it works. Basically, it’s a distributed file storage, and it’s kind of cool (old enough to remember Napster?) Guess what? It’s decentralized and distributed across a network of nodes. Fine… so although the art is not on the blockchain, it will still live forever, but on IPFS, right? Hmmmmm kind of. Files to remain accessible must be "pinned" by one or more of these nodes. Pinning is the process of keeping a copy of the file available on the network. So, what happens if a file is not pinned by anyone? If no one pins the file and it is not frequently accessed, it could eventually disappear from the network. For NFTs, if the files associated with the tokens are not pinned, the NFT will lose its associated art and metadata. This could lead to broken links or missing content in wallets and marketplaces. The Future… So imagine - no more pinning, no more art… and the only thing everyone sees is a KODA token with its unique number and a blockchain registry that x number of days ago it was minted. Collectors scratching their heads…. Which Koda token was which art… Artists panicking cause they feel like they lost their “immutable record on the blockchain”… Damn! Good news: there are many pinning services and by using them you yourself can pin those files and not worry about when KO goes away or for how much longer they would be pinning those files for you. Announcement!? All this was a long story to give you more context before making a “launch announcement” I guess… And yes I know it feels so counterintuitive to mention it only at the end - and many marketers might not approve… But hey I don’t care… Welcome SoulKeeper! What the hell is SoulKeeper? Well, it’s a tool Rick and I built for all KO artists and collectors. For it, you don’t have to know any of the tech stuff - all you have to know is your KO wallet address (you don’t even have to connect it to the tool), and it’s very easy to use. What it basically does is it finds all KnownOrigin art files that your KODA token links to and either you can download those and go and use any pinning service you prefer - or SoulKeeper will help you pin them through Pinata (the one we’re using for my Knownorigin NFTs at the moment). All that wouldn’t take you more than 10-15 minutes. SoulKeeper is free to use. We genuinely wanted to help artists and collectors to make sure their art stays alive! Try it out, and let us know what you think. If you know artists and collectors who might need it - please feel free to share it with them too. I fell down a rabbit hole last week, and it led to unexpected results. Now would like to take you through that whole fall with me, so you too can learn everything I did as a result. The Original Trigger It all started when KnownOrigin announced it was going to shut down soon. KnownOrigin announced it was going to shut down soon . KnownOrigin KnownOrigin shut down soon I had minted 2 NFTs there, so I was trying to understand what would happen once the platform was gone. So, KO is shutting down….What does it actually mean for KO artists and collectors though… The art is on the blockchain and is gonna exist forever, whether or not KnownOrigin is still around, right? In the past week, while we were building something, Rick walked me through what was actually happening behind the scenes. So, let me try to explain it to you now. Rick Behind the Curtains When you mint your art on KO, its smart contract creates a token (KODA) on the blockchain and sends it to your wallet. That is the ONLY thing that is on the chain. Everything else beyond this point is not… So, for example, if you wanna check my KO unsold art KODA token on Etherscan, this is all you see. Looking at it makes my soul cry for help. Where is the art name? The artist’s name? The image FFS… They are in your art files, which are stored on IPFS. And the Koda token links to it. Basically, it points to where you can see what it represents. Ok… So now, we need to figure out where it points to, and we’ll see what it is… Probably just a link to click and go and check those out yeah?... Nope At this point - honestly, I didn’t even wanna know… In short, it’s not straightforward - and to a non-techie brain, it makes no sense at all… But once we could get there what would those art files be? Your Art (image, video, gif, music - whatever it is that you created and “minted”) Metadata File (title, your name, description, etc.) Cover Image/gif (if applicable) Your Art (image, video, gif, music - whatever it is that you created and “minted”) Metadata File (title, your name, description, etc.) Cover Image/gif (if applicable) IPFS??? Now, we need to understand what IPFS is and how it works. Basically, it’s a distributed file storage, and it’s kind of cool (old enough to remember Napster?) Guess what? It’s decentralized and distributed across a network of nodes. Fine… so although the art is not on the blockchain, it will still live forever, but on IPFS, right? Hmmmmm kind of. Files to remain accessible must be "pinned" by one or more of these nodes. Pinning is the process of keeping a copy of the file available on the network. So, what happens if a file is not pinned by anyone? If no one pins the file and it is not frequently accessed, it could eventually disappear from the network. For NFTs, if the files associated with the tokens are not pinned, the NFT will lose its associated art and metadata. This could lead to broken links or missing content in wallets and marketplaces. The Future… So imagine - no more pinning, no more art… and the only thing everyone sees is a KODA token with its unique number and a blockchain registry that x number of days ago it was minted. Collectors scratching their heads…. Which Koda token was which art… Artists panicking cause they feel like they lost their “immutable record on the blockchain”… Damn! Good news: there are many pinning services and by using them you yourself can pin those files and not worry about when KO goes away or for how much longer they would be pinning those files for you. Announcement!? All this was a long story to give you more context before making a “launch announcement” I guess… And yes I know it feels so counterintuitive to mention it only at the end - and many marketers might not approve… But hey I don’t care… Welcome SoulKeeper! What the hell is SoulKeeper ? SoulKeeper Well, it’s a tool Rick and I built for all KO artists and collectors. For it, you don’t have to know any of the tech stuff - all you have to know is your KO wallet address (you don’t even have to connect it to the tool), and it’s very easy to use. What it basically does is it finds all KnownOrigin art files that your KODA token links to and either you can download those and go and use any pinning service you prefer - or SoulKeeper will help you pin them through Pinata (the one we’re using for my Knownorigin NFTs at the moment). All that wouldn’t take you more than 10-15 minutes. SoulKeeper is free to use. We genuinely wanted to help artists and collectors to make sure their art stays alive! Try it out, and let us know what you think. If you know artists and collectors who might need it - please feel free to share it with them too.

KnownOrigin Will Disappear Soon - Now What?

Can you find a bank that doesn’t have a mobile application nowadays? Well, I may say that it is almost impossible. Now we can see a really significant shift in how financial services become much more available for the clients. In fact, recent surveys reveal that modern customers have quite a strong preference for mobile apps over traditional websites —  with more than 60% being more likely to use a mobile app than a website through a mobile browser. However, even though banks make an effort to keep up with all these technology and designing trends, not all of them succeed. And the impact of such upgrades on the quality of customer service can be not so clear. So, why is design so important for mobile apps? What actions should be done to create a positive customer experience? Let’s figure it out together. Key Features Modern Banks To Keep Their Eyes On Let’s start with top-3 features your bank must include in the mobile bank, shall we? First of all, I can advise banks to think about a range of features that can meet the growing user preferences and expectations. Banks that invest in innovative and user-friendly mobile apps can set themselves apart from the crowd, gaining a real competitive advantage. A nice-designed app may help fintechs to earn clients’ loyalty by making processes convenient and fast. Don’t forget about operational efficiency. Banks should understand that mobile apps are created first of all to be a convenient and fast way for people to get financial services. Bank apps may remove the need to have physical branches, eliminating many offline branch costs. Furthermore, by implementing automation, banks serve more customers with fewer human resources. This is not only about cost reduction but can also allow bank staff  to focus on more complex and creative tasks. Last but not least comes customer support provided inside the bank’s mobile app. Understanding that we have quite quickly entered the world of automatisation, users still want this personal experience. Not to deny, you want to be heard when asking a question or facing an issue. Use chatbots, comprehensive FAQs, and live support. You should remember about human touch and feeling of constant support. And who doesn’t want that? Mobile-First Approach: Why Should Banks Prioritize It? Based on everything I’ve touched upon above, one of the main mistakes banks can make when creating mobile applications is neglecting the user experience. A poorly designed UI and UX can be very frustrating and result in customers leaving to seek more user-friendly alternatives among competitors. Here’s some pure facts: today, 15% of U.S. adults are “smartphone-only” internet users. This implies that modern users are increasingly accustomed to seamless digital experiences and conducting their financial operations “on-the-go”, so mobile-first approach is a must-have for banks. Now you cannot just duplicate the design of traditional online banking system into your app. Modern customers demand easy-to-navigate technical solutions that can make their banking tasks faster. Which 5 Essential Features Should a Modern Banking App Have? Let’s switch to the main part - what steps should you never skip when building a worthy modern mobile banking app?  Here are the top features that, to my mind, are a must. Begin with ensuring your app has an automated onboarding. Automated onboarding  may help improve your clients’ satisfaction right from the very beginning. Remember that in most cases, it’s the first impression that really matters. Ensure that if users download your bank’s app, they will be able to easily and quickly create their accounts and complete the registration and KYC process within a few minutes. This may also be the thing that enhances security. Then, don’t forget to implement biometric authentication. Who wants to remember all their personal data and passwords in 2024? To make your customer’s lives easier, you should surely incorporate biometric authentication methods into your app. This will not only help users access their bank accounts easier but will also enhance security by lowering the risk of unauthorized access. The third step would be connecting the transactions to contacts. You may think it is obvious but don’t be so sure. Of course, it allows customers to transfer money easily without any details such as IBAN numbers. Simplified transactions, in my opinion, will make any app more user-friendly and increase its utility in daily usage. Then, create a well-organized dashboard. The dashboard (main screen) is the most frequently viewed screen  in a mobile banking app and, as such, should be designed with more attention and care. It should present critical information in a clear and concise manner, so don’t put any ads and extra design elements. Quite often, they are just too messy (I won't point my finger). Otherwise you will definitely see people’s frustration. Finally, card management. Your users should be able to freeze or block their cards, view PIN, request reissues if it’s needed, and access card details directly from the app without any extra actions and requests. Many people have security fears and banks should do everything to minimize them. Of course, the things I told you about are the only one part of the successful mobile app. These are technical details, and the most important you should always think about are people. Can you find a bank that doesn’t have a mobile application nowadays? Well, I may say that it is almost impossible. Can you find a bank that doesn’t have a mobile application nowadays? Well, I may say that it is almost impossible. Now we can see a really significant shift in how financial services become much more available for the clients. In fact, recent surveys reveal that modern customers have quite a strong preference for mobile apps over traditional websites —  with more than 60% being more likely to use a mobile app than a website through a mobile browser. surveys surveys However, even though banks make an effort to keep up with all these technology and designing trends, not all of them succeed. And the impact of such upgrades on the quality of customer service can be not so clear. So, why is design so important for mobile apps? What actions should be done to create a positive customer experience? Let’s figure it out together. impact impact Key Features Modern Banks To Keep Their Eyes On Key Features Modern Banks To Keep Their Eyes On Let’s start with top-3 features your bank must include in the mobile bank, shall we? First of all, I can advise banks to think about a range of features that can meet the growing user preferences and expectations. Banks that invest in innovative and user-friendly mobile apps can set themselves apart from the crowd, gaining a real competitive advantage. A nice-designed app may help fintechs to earn clients’ loyalty by making processes convenient and fast. range of features Don’t forget about operational efficiency . Banks should understand that mobile apps are created first of all to be a convenient and fast way for people to get financial services. Bank apps may remove the need to have physical branches, eliminating many offline branch costs. Furthermore, by implementing automation, banks serve more customers with fewer human resources. This is not only about cost reduction but can also allow bank staff  to focus on more complex and creative tasks. operational efficiency Last but not least comes customer support provided inside the bank’s mobile app. Understanding that we have quite quickly entered the world of automatisation, users still want this personal experience. Not to deny, you want to be heard when asking a question or facing an issue. Use chatbots, comprehensive FAQs, and live support. You should remember about human touch and feeling of constant support. And who doesn’t want that? Mobile-First Approach: Why Should Banks Prioritize It? Based on everything I’ve touched upon above, one of the main mistakes banks can make when creating mobile applications is neglecting the user experience. A poorly designed UI and UX can be very frustrating and result in customers leaving to seek more user-friendly alternatives among competitors. Here’s some pure facts: today, 15% of U.S. adults are “smartphone-only” internet users. This implies that modern users are increasingly accustomed to seamless digital experiences and conducting their financial operations “on-the-go”, so mobile-first approach is a must-have for banks. Now you cannot just duplicate the design of traditional online banking system into your app. Modern customers demand easy-to-navigate technical solutions that can make their banking tasks faster. 15% of U.S. adults 15% of U.S. adults Which 5 Essential Features Should a Modern Banking App Have? Let’s switch to the main part - what steps should you never skip when building a worthy modern mobile banking app?  Here are the top features that, to my mind, are a must. Begin with ensuring your app has an automated onboarding . Automated onboarding  may help improve your clients’ satisfaction right from the very beginning. Remember that in most cases, it’s the first impression that really matters. Ensure that if users download your bank’s app, they will be able to easily and quickly create their accounts and complete the registration and KYC process within a few minutes. This may also be the thing that enhances security. automated onboarding Then, don’t forget to implement biometric authentication . Who wants to remember all their personal data and passwords in 2024? To make your customer’s lives easier, you should surely incorporate biometric authentication methods into your app. This will not only help users access their bank accounts easier but will also enhance security by lowering the risk of unauthorized access. biometric authentication The third step would be connecting the transactions to contacts . You may think it is obvious but don’t be so sure. Of course, it allows customers to transfer money easily without any details such as IBAN numbers. Simplified transactions, in my opinion, will make any app more user-friendly and increase its utility in daily usage. transactions to contacts Then, create a well-organized dashboard. The dashboard (main screen) is the most frequently viewed screen  in a mobile banking app and, as such, should be designed with more attention and care. It should present critical information in a clear and concise manner, so don’t put any ads and extra design elements. Quite often, they are just too messy (I won't point my finger). Otherwise you will definitely see people’s frustration. dashboard. Finally, card management. Your users should be able to freeze or block their cards, view PIN, request reissues if it’s needed, and access card details directly from the app without any extra actions and requests. Many people have security fears and banks should do everything to minimize them. card management. Of course, the things I told you about are the only one part of the successful mobile app. These are technical details, and the most important you should always think about are people.

Working on Developing a Banking App? Here Is Your 5-Step Guide to Success

Healthcare experts find it difficult to use Patient Feedback appropriately in improving the overall Patient Experience. But with the help of patient feedback tools, one of the most resourceful tools used in the healthcare industry, it's easy to capture Patient Feedback. The imperative work starts after the post-collection of data, which consists of analyzing the results, understanding service gaps, and creating and implementing strategies to enhance efficiency. Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) found that approximately 80% of the practices identified as “better performing” in the healthcare industry used patient surveys. The Importance of Using Patient Surveys Healthcare & Patient Surveys not only gauge Patient Feedback, but it helps in improving the overall performance and communication with the patients. Nowadays, the healthcare industry is more relying on Patient Survey App to evaluate their performance as a provider. Implementation of patient surveys can help hospitals understand patient requirements and fulfill them.
It will help you understand what is essential to your patients which will further help you deliver quality services.
If you care about your patient’s opinions, then it will give them a solid reason to keep you as their medical care professional and will ultimately lead to word-of-mouth recommendations.
Patient Surveys can help you with the right data to improve patient satisfaction. As per Accenture, “61% of respondents surveyed would switch health care providers for the ability to get an appointment quickly when needed.” Make Use of the CG-CAHPS Survey The CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) survey is an industry-recognized survey that is globally known for measuring Patient Satisfaction and capturing patient insights. The survey is created by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality under the guidance of experts from the healthcare industry. There are numerous versions available of the CAHPS survey depending upon the medical providers. CG-CAHPS, also known as, Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, is another version of the CAHPS survey, which is used to measure patient perceptions regarding care delivered in a hospital. As per Press Ganey, a renowned company that is used for improving patient satisfaction, 5 essential questions from a CH-CAHPS survey should be included in surveys, which are the key pointers for determining Patient Satisfaction and Patient Loyalty. How would you rate your confidence in the healthcare provider?
How well does the staff coordinate in providing exceptional care?
How much concern was shown from the healthcare providers’ end for your queries?
During your recent visit, how carefully did the healthcare provider hear your problems?
How would you like to rate the friendliness of the hospital? Best Practices for Patient Surveys Surveying your patients will help you understand their preferences and what they are looking for in a particular service, be it patient registration, doctor appointment, specific healthcare treatment, etc. It can help you enhance the overall healthcare processes. It’s not necessary that patients will prefer making use of patient surveys; being a healthcare provider, you need to give a compelling reason to the respondents and ensure to include the best patient survey practices. Let them know why you care about their opinion and how it can help you offer a seamless patient experience. Best Practices for Patient Surveys Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms
Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction)
Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions
Keep your Surveys Short and Simple Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms There is always a question that comes to the mind of most healthcare providers which is: What should be the medium to collect surveys? Whether online or offline? To get a high response rate from your patients, it’s always recommended to distribute patient surveys on different platforms, be it online or offline. It can include social media networking sites, websites, emails, kiosks, etc. For example, an inpatient post-discharge could be emailed a survey about his visit and experience with the hospital. On the other hand, an outpatient can be presented with a kiosk to take real-time feedback while he is at the healthcare center. Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) It’s another vital factor to capture patient feedback. Capturing it after every interaction will help you analyze what services can be improved. Patients might not be able to share useful insights if the surveys are sent to them after long intervals. Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Open-ended questions are those questions where patients don’t have to write anything. They will get multiple-choice answer options which would be pre-populated. Close-ended questions are those questions where patients will get the opportunity to answer questions in a more descriptive format. Using both open-ended and close-ended questions will help you capture maximum patient insights. Keep your Surveys Short and Simple It has been observed that most of the time, patients hesitate to take surveys or leave them in between if they are too long. Try to keep them precise, short, and simple. Respect their time, and it will result in high response rates. Conclusion Nowadays, technology has become an integral part of most industries, and healthcare should not be left behind. To improve Patient Satisfaction, collecting feedback at a particular time plays an important role. If you want to provide incredible services to your patients, then making use of a real-time Patient Feedback System with tracking capabilities can be helpful. Making use of surveys will help you capture patient complaints, which should be addressed immediately to make them happy and satisfied. Healthcare experts find it difficult to use Patient Feedback appropriately in improving the overall Patient Experience. But with the help of patient feedback tools, one of the most resourceful tools used in the healthcare industry, it's easy to capture Patient Feedback. patient feedback tool s, patient feedback tool The imperative work starts after the post-collection of data, which consists of analyzing the results, understanding service gaps, and creating and implementing strategies to enhance efficiency. Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) found that approximately 80% of the practices identified as “better performing” in the healthcare industry used patient surveys. Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) The Importance of Using Patient Surveys The Importance of Using Patient Surveys Healthcare & Patient Surveys not only gauge Patient Feedback, but it helps in improving the overall performance and communication with the patients. Nowadays, the healthcare industry is more relying on Patient Survey App to evaluate their performance as a provider. Implementation of patient surveys can help hospitals understand patient requirements and fulfill them. It will help you understand what is essential to your patients which will further help you deliver quality services. If you care about your patient’s opinions, then it will give them a solid reason to keep you as their medical care professional and will ultimately lead to word-of-mouth recommendations. Patient Surveys can help you with the right data to improve patient satisfaction. Implementation of patient surveys can help hospitals understand patient requirements and fulfill them. It will help you understand what is essential to your patients which will further help you deliver quality services. If you care about your patient’s opinions, then it will give them a solid reason to keep you as their medical care professional and will ultimately lead to word-of-mouth recommendations. Patient Surveys can help you with the right data to improve patient satisfaction . improve patient satisfaction improve patient satisfaction As per Accenture, “61% of respondents surveyed would switch health care providers for the ability to get an appointment quickly when needed.” As per Accenture, “61% of respondents surveyed would switch health care providers for the ability to get an appointment quickly when needed.” Make Use of the CG-CAHPS Survey Make Use of the CG-CAHPS Survey The CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) survey is an industry-recognized survey that is globally known for measuring Patient Satisfaction and capturing patient insights. The survey is created by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality under the guidance of experts from the healthcare industry. measuring Patient Satisfaction Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality There are numerous versions available of the CAHPS survey depending upon the medical providers. CG-CAHPS, also known as, Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, is another version of the CAHPS survey, which is used to measure patient perceptions regarding care delivered in a hospital. Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, As per Press Ganey , a renowned company that is used for improving patient satisfaction, 5 essential questions from a CH-CAHPS survey should be included in surveys, which are the key pointers for determining Patient Satisfaction and Patient Loyalty. Press Ganey How would you rate your confidence in the healthcare provider? How well does the staff coordinate in providing exceptional care? How much concern was shown from the healthcare providers’ end for your queries? During your recent visit, how carefully did the healthcare provider hear your problems? How would you like to rate the friendliness of the hospital? How would you rate your confidence in the healthcare provider? How well does the staff coordinate in providing exceptional care? How much concern was shown from the healthcare providers’ end for your queries? During your recent visit, how carefully did the healthcare provider hear your problems? How would you like to rate the friendliness of the hospital? Best Practices for Patient Surveys Best Practices for Patient Surveys Surveying your patients will help you understand their preferences and what they are looking for in a particular service, be it patient registration, doctor appointment, specific healthcare treatment, etc. It can help you enhance the overall healthcare processes. It’s not necessary that patients will prefer making use of patient surveys; being a healthcare provider, you need to give a compelling reason to the respondents and ensure to include the best patient survey practices. Let them know why you care about their opinion and how it can help you offer a seamless patient experience. Best Practices for Patient Surveys Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Keep your Surveys Short and Simple Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Keep your Surveys Short and Simple Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms Distribute Surveys on Multiple Platforms There is always a question that comes to the mind of most healthcare providers which is: What should be the medium to collect surveys? Whether online or offline? To get a high response rate from your patients, it’s always recommended to distribute patient surveys on different platforms, be it online or offline. It can include social media networking sites, websites, emails, kiosks, etc. For example, an inpatient post-discharge could be emailed a survey about his visit and experience with the hospital. On the other hand, an outpatient can be presented with a kiosk to take real-time feedback while he is at the healthcare center. Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) Distribute Survey at the Right Time (post interaction) It’s another vital factor to capture patient feedback. Capturing it after every interaction will help you analyze what services can be improved. Patients might not be able to share useful insights if the surveys are sent to them after long intervals. Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Make use of Open-Ended Questions and Close-Ended Questions Open-ended questions are those questions where patients don’t have to write anything. They will get multiple-choice answer options which would be pre-populated. Close-ended questions are those questions where patients will get the opportunity to answer questions in a more descriptive format. Using both open-ended and close-ended questions will help you capture maximum patient insights. Keep your Surveys Short and Simple Keep your Surveys Short and Simple Keep your Surveys Short and Simple It has been observed that most of the time, patients hesitate to take surveys or leave them in between if they are too long. Try to keep them precise, short, and simple. Respect their time, and it will result in high response rates. Conclusion Nowadays, technology has become an integral part of most industries, and healthcare should not be left behind. To improve Patient Satisfaction, collecting feedback at a particular time plays an important role. If you want to provide incredible services to your patients, then making use of a real-time Patient Feedback System with tracking capabilities can be helpful. Making use of surveys will help you capture patient complaints, which should be addressed immediately to make them happy and satisfied.

The Growing Importance of Patient Surveys

রোগীর সমীক্ষার ক্রমবর্ধমান গুরুত্ব

Die wachsende Bedeutung von Patientenbefragungen

La creciente importancia de las encuestas a pacientes

L’importance croissante des enquêtes auprès des patients

रोगी सर्वेक्षणों का बढ़ता महत्व

患者調査の重要性の高まり

환자 설문조사의 중요성 증가

A crescente importância das pesquisas com pacientes

Растущая важность опросов пациентов

Hasta Anketlerinin Artan Önemi

Tầm quan trọng ngày càng tăng của khảo sát bệnh nhân

患者调查的重要性日益增加

The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) recent approval of the loss drug Wegovy means it’ll soon sweep the nation. However, as its popularity and price have surged, it’s become less accessible to the average American. Can wearables provide a solution to this problem? The Problem With Wegovy and How Wearables Can Fix It The weight loss market is at an all-time high — and indicators suggest it’ll continue expanding. According to one estimate, its value will surpass $399.3 billion by 2032, achieving a CAGR of 10.3%. This growth has driven demand for drugs like Wegovy. Wegovy is a treatment for chronic weight management. Its recent FDA approval means it will likely become one of the leading weight loss drugs in the United States. That said, despite the country’s high obesity rate most — 41.9% of adults over 20 are obese — Americans won’t benefit from it. Most people don’t have an extra $1,300 to spend each month — that’s Wegovy’s list price. Although one report found its average net price was $700 monthly between 2022 to 2023, it’s still more than most can afford. What’s worse is that Wegovy isn’t just a weight loss drug — new evidence suggests it can also lower the risk of cardiovascular issues, prolonging people’s lives. A 17,000-patient study discovered those taking it had a 20% lower risk of experiencing a cardiac-related health event than those taking a placebo. Skyrocketing demand, high research and development costs, the limited availability of clinical trials, and technology gaps might make it almost impossible for Novo Nordisk — the drugmaker behind Wegovy — to improve the accessibility of its lifesaving, fat-burning drug. That’s where wearable tech comes in. Wearables could improve Wegovy’s treatment efficacy, increasing its ability to accomplish desired outcomes. Their unique data collection capabilities could also accelerate research, potentially lowering costs and increasing accessibility. How Wearables Can Track and Enhance Treatment Efficacy Wearable tech has emerged as the next horizon in health care. It has proven exceptionally valuable in clinical trials because it can gather patient data 24/7 regardless of participants’ location — specialized facilities and invasive observation technology can move aside. Medical professionals can track treatment efficacy by monitoring the real-time patient data internet-connected wearables constantly send. Being able to view data-driven results immediately instead of waiting for testing or in-person visits streamlines their processes. Eventually, clinical trial teams can gather enough information to segment participants by demographics, physical states, or preexisting conditions. This way, they can tailor factors like dosage or medication frequency to each group, increasing the drug’s effectiveness. Unlike other sensor technologies, wearable tech often pairs with a supplementary app. Drugmakers and clinical trial leaders could use this unique functionality to send helpful push notifications or help people track their progress. Wearable Tech Tracks Patients’ Treatment Responses Wearable tech can monitor physiological responses like glucose levels and heart rate without invasive procedures like blood drawing. It can track metrics like blood pressure, blood oxygen level, or daily calories burned the same way. Non-invasive sensor tech — meaning no needles, swallowable capsules, or electrodes — could help people feel better about participating in clinical trials or taking new drugs. There’s no longer any need for repetitive, painful, or time-consuming testing. How Wearable Tech Can Promote Self-Efficacy One overlooked opportunity for wearables involves self-efficacy — a person’s belief in their ability to reach a specific goal. When people wear something that tracks their activity and health, they feel more inclined to improve their habits. While a medication can help people slim down, weight loss usually requires various efforts. In a 68-week clinical trial, Wegovy lowered participants’ mean body weight by 14.9% by targeting hormones responsible for appetite and food intake — a noticeable difference from the placebo’s 2.4% reduction. Notably, the loss is within the 5%–15% range recommended to improve obesity-related conditions. Although research shows Wegovy outperforms similar drugs, its long-term outcomes remain unproven — the 68-week clinical trial saw participants adopt healthy habits and take the drug to achieve clinically relevant body weight reduction. In other words, the self-efficacy wearables could prompt lifestyle changes, increasing the drug’s effectiveness. Research suggests wearables increase self-efficacy in weight loss trial participants by encouraging physical activity, motivating and enhancing awareness. While there’s no clear link between diet, exercise, and this technology, researchers have made some connections. Wearables could go a long way in making Wegovy more accessible to the average American seeking to shed a few pounds. Typically, people gain weight quickly after stopping these kinds of drugs, but most won’t be able to afford the $700 monthly bill. Pairing the medication with lifestyle changes could enhance its effectiveness, increasing long-term success. Integration Obstacles That Need Overcoming One of the largest obstacles drugmakers and clinical trial leaders must overcome is data accuracy. Although 24/7 at-home monitoring makes processes easier, it can also mess them up. Countless variables could affect results since participants aren’t inside a controlled environment. Wegovy isn’t supposed to be used with other semaglutide-containing products for safety reasons. This factor is simple enough to control in a lab. However, it’s easy for someone at home to pick up an over-the-counter prescription or use an herbal remedy without reading the label to check for semaglutide. Privacy concerns are another obstacle since wearable tech tracks excess information. While the abundance of measurements is excellent for researchers, patients might hesitate to share so much. There’s also the issue of data breaches and leaks. If the weight loss market plans to integrate wearables into health care — a sector notorious for its late adoption of technology due to several legal, moral, and regulatory hurdles — they’ll need to consider the upfront cost. Do clinical trial participants pay for the tech? Who pays when someone breaks theirs? Decision-makers should also consider long-term effectiveness. While this tech can inspire lifestyle changes, people might be unwilling to stick to their new fitness routines. Unless they ensure participants stay dedicated, it’ll look like their decreasing use correlates to diminishing efficacy. The Power of Wearable Tech for Treatment Efficacy If clinical trial leaders and medical professionals give people wearables when they hand out Wegovy, there’s a good chance they’ll enhance treatment success, leading to better long-term patient outcomes. Eventually, these improvements could lead to a more affordable drug and higher demand — a win-win for both the drugmaker and those looking to lose weight. The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) recent approval of the loss drug Wegovy means it’ll soon sweep the nation. However, as its popularity and price have surged, it’s become less accessible to the average American. Can wearables provide a solution to this problem? The Problem With Wegovy and How Wearables Can Fix It The Problem With Wegovy and How Wearables Can Fix It The weight loss market is at an all-time high — and indicators suggest it’ll continue expanding. According to one estimate, its value will surpass $399.3 billion by 2032, achieving a CAGR of 10.3%. This growth has driven demand for drugs like Wegovy. will surpass $399.3 billion will surpass $399.3 billion Wegovy is a treatment for chronic weight management. Its recent FDA approval means it will likely become one of the leading weight loss drugs in the United States. That said, despite the country’s high obesity rate most — 41.9% of adults over 20 are obese — Americans won’t benefit from it. 41.9% of adults over 20 41.9% of adults over 20 Most people don’t have an extra $1,300 to spend each month — that’s Wegovy’s list price. Although one report found its average net price was $700 monthly between 2022 to 2023, it’s still more than most can afford. net price was $700 monthly net price was $700 monthly What’s worse is that Wegovy isn’t just a weight loss drug — new evidence suggests it can also lower the risk of cardiovascular issues, prolonging people’s lives. A 17,000-patient study discovered those taking it had a 20% lower risk of experiencing a cardiac-related health event than those taking a placebo. had a 20% lower risk had a 20% lower risk Skyrocketing demand, high research and development costs, the limited availability of clinical trials, and technology gaps might make it almost impossible for Novo Nordisk — the drugmaker behind Wegovy — to improve the accessibility of its lifesaving, fat-burning drug. That’s where wearable tech comes in. Wearables could improve Wegovy’s treatment efficacy, increasing its ability to accomplish desired outcomes. Their unique data collection capabilities could also accelerate research, potentially lowering costs and increasing accessibility. How Wearables Can Track and Enhance Treatment Efficacy Wearable tech has emerged as the next horizon in health care. It has proven exceptionally valuable in clinical trials because it can gather patient data 24/7 regardless of participants’ location — specialized facilities and invasive observation technology can move aside. has proven exceptionally valuable has proven exceptionally valuable Medical professionals can track treatment efficacy by monitoring the real-time patient data internet-connected wearables constantly send. Being able to view data-driven results immediately instead of waiting for testing or in-person visits streamlines their processes. Eventually, clinical trial teams can gather enough information to segment participants by demographics, physical states, or preexisting conditions. This way, they can tailor factors like dosage or medication frequency to each group, increasing the drug’s effectiveness. Unlike other sensor technologies, wearable tech often pairs with a supplementary app. Drugmakers and clinical trial leaders could use this unique functionality to send helpful push notifications or help people track their progress. Wearable Tech Tracks Patients’ Treatment Responses Wearable tech can monitor physiological responses like glucose levels and heart rate without invasive procedures like blood drawing. It can track metrics like blood pressure, blood oxygen level, or daily calories burned the same way. Non-invasive sensor tech — meaning no needles, swallowable capsules, or electrodes — could help people feel better about participating in clinical trials or taking new drugs. There’s no longer any need for repetitive, painful, or time-consuming testing. How Wearable Tech Can Promote Self-Efficacy One overlooked opportunity for wearables involves self-efficacy — a person’s belief in their ability to reach a specific goal. When people wear something that tracks their activity and health, they feel more inclined to improve their habits. While a medication can help people slim down, weight loss usually requires various efforts. In a 68-week clinical trial, Wegovy lowered participants’ mean body weight by 14.9% by targeting hormones responsible for appetite and food intake — a noticeable difference from the placebo’s 2.4% reduction. Notably, the loss is within the 5%–15% range recommended to improve obesity-related conditions. mean body weight by 14.9% mean body weight by 14.9% Although research shows Wegovy outperforms similar drugs, its long-term outcomes remain unproven — the 68-week clinical trial saw participants adopt healthy habits and take the drug to achieve clinically relevant body weight reduction. In other words, the self-efficacy wearables could prompt lifestyle changes, increasing the drug’s effectiveness. Research suggests wearables increase self-efficacy in weight loss trial participants by encouraging physical activity, motivating and enhancing awareness. While there’s no clear link between diet, exercise, and this technology, researchers have made some connections. wearables increase self-efficacy in weight loss wearables increase self-efficacy in weight loss Wearables could go a long way in making Wegovy more accessible to the average American seeking to shed a few pounds. Typically, people gain weight quickly after stopping these kinds of drugs, but most won’t be able to afford the $700 monthly bill. Pairing the medication with lifestyle changes could enhance its effectiveness, increasing long-term success. Integration Obstacles That Need Overcoming One of the largest obstacles drugmakers and clinical trial leaders must overcome is data accuracy. Although 24/7 at-home monitoring makes processes easier, it can also mess them up. Countless variables could affect results since participants aren’t inside a controlled environment. Wegovy isn’t supposed to be used with other semaglutide-containing products for safety reasons. This factor is simple enough to control in a lab. However, it’s easy for someone at home to pick up an over-the-counter prescription or use an herbal remedy without reading the label to check for semaglutide. with other semaglutide-containing products with other semaglutide-containing products Privacy concerns are another obstacle since wearable tech tracks excess information. While the abundance of measurements is excellent for researchers, patients might hesitate to share so much. There’s also the issue of data breaches and leaks. If the weight loss market plans to integrate wearables into health care — a sector notorious for its late adoption of technology due to several legal, moral, and regulatory hurdles — they’ll need to consider the upfront cost. Do clinical trial participants pay for the tech? Who pays when someone breaks theirs? Decision-makers should also consider long-term effectiveness. While this tech can inspire lifestyle changes, people might be unwilling to stick to their new fitness routines. Unless they ensure participants stay dedicated, it’ll look like their decreasing use correlates to diminishing efficacy. The Power of Wearable Tech for Treatment Efficacy If clinical trial leaders and medical professionals give people wearables when they hand out Wegovy, there’s a good chance they’ll enhance treatment success, leading to better long-term patient outcomes. Eventually, these improvements could lead to a more affordable drug and higher demand — a win-win for both the drugmaker and those looking to lose weight.

Wearable Tech and Its Potential to Monitor Wegovy Treatment Efficacy

On the Effect of Taxes and of Legal Restrictions upon Manufactures

The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . MARIE MELMOTTE'S FATE here MARIE MELMOTTE'S FATE. In the meantime Marie Melmotte was living with Madame Melmotte in their lodgings up at Hampstead, and was taking quite a new look out into the world. Fisker had become her devoted servant,—not with that old-fashioned service which meant making love, but with perhaps a truer devotion to her material interests. He had ascertained on her behalf that she was the undoubted owner of the money which her father had made over to her on his first arrival in England,—and she also had made herself mistress of that fact with equal precision. It would have astonished those who had known her six months since could they now have seen how excellent a woman of business she had become, and how capable she was of making the fullest use of Mr. Fisker's services. In doing him justice it must be owned that he kept nothing back from her of that which he learned, probably feeling that he might best achieve success in his present project by such honesty,—feeling also, no doubt, the girl's own strength in discovering truth and falsehood. "She's her father's own daughter," he said one day to Croll in Abchurch Lane;—for Croll, though he had left Melmotte's employment when he found that his name had been forged, had now returned to the service of the daughter in some undefined position, and had been engaged to go with her and Madame Melmotte to New York. "Ah; yees," said Croll, "but bigger. He vas passionate, and did lose his 'ead; and vas blow'd up vid bigness." Whereupon Croll made an action as though he were a frog swelling himself to the dimensions of an ox. "'E bursted himself, Mr. Fisker. 'E vas a great man; but the greater he grew he vas always less and less vise. 'E ate so much that he became too fat to see to eat his vittels." It was thus that Herr Croll analyzed the character of his late master. "But Ma'me'selle,—ah, she is different. She vill never eat too moch, but vill see to eat alvays." Thus too he analyzed the character of his young mistress. At first things did not arrange themselves pleasantly between Madame Melmotte and Marie. The reader will perhaps remember that they were in no way connected by blood. Madame Melmotte was not Marie's mother, nor, in the eye of the law, could Marie claim Melmotte as her father. She was alone in the world, absolutely without a relation, not knowing even what had been her mother's name,—not even knowing what was her father's true name, as in the various biographies of the great man which were, as a matter of course, published within a fortnight of his death, various accounts were given as to his birth, parentage, and early history. The general opinion seemed to be that his father had been a noted coiner in New York,—an Irishman of the name of Melmody,—and, in one memoir, the probability of the descent was argued from Melmotte's skill in forgery. But Marie, though she was thus isolated, and now altogether separated from the lords and duchesses who a few weeks since had been interested in her career, was the undoubted owner of the money,—a fact which was beyond the comprehension of Madame Melmotte. She could understand,—and was delighted to understand,—that a very large sum of money had been saved from the wreck, and that she might therefore look forward to prosperous tranquillity for the rest of her life. Though she never acknowledged so much to herself, she soon learned to regard the removal of her husband as the end of her troubles. But she could not comprehend why Marie should claim all the money as her own. She declared herself to be quite willing to divide the spoil,—and suggested such an arrangement both to Marie and to Croll. Of Fisker she was afraid, thinking that the iniquity of giving all the money to Marie originated with him, in order that he might obtain it by marrying the girl. Croll, who understood it all perfectly, told her the story a dozen times,—but quite in vain. She made a timid suggestion of employing a lawyer on her own behalf, and was only deterred from doing so by Marie's ready assent to such an arrangement. Marie's equally ready surrender of any right she might have to a portion of the jewels which had been saved had perhaps some effect in softening the elder lady's heart. She thus was in possession of a treasure of her own,—though a treasure small in comparison with that of the younger woman; and the younger woman had promised that in the event of her marriage she would be liberal. It was distinctly understood that they were both to go to New York under Mr. Fisker's guidance as soon as things should be sufficiently settled to allow of their departure; and Madame Melmotte was told, about the middle of August, that their places had been taken for the 3rd of September. But nothing more was told her. She did not as yet know whether Marie was to go out free or as the affianced bride of Hamilton Fisker. And she felt herself injured by being left so much in the dark. She herself was inimical to Fisker, regarding him as a dark, designing man, who would ultimately swallow up all that her husband had left behind him,—and trusted herself entirely to Croll, who was personally attentive to her. Fisker was, of course, going on to San Francisco. Marie also had talked of crossing the American continent. But Madame Melmotte was disposed to think that for her, with her jewels, and such share of the money as Marie might be induced to give her, New York would be the most fitting residence. Why should she drag herself across the continent to California? Herr Croll had declared his purpose of remaining in New York. Then it occurred to the lady that as Melmotte was a name which might be too well known in New York, and which it therefore might be wise to change, Croll would do as well as any other. She and Herr Croll had known each other for a great many years, and were, she thought, of about the same age. Croll had some money saved. She had, at any rate, her jewels,—and Croll would probably be able to get some portion of all that money, which ought to be hers, if his affairs were made to be identical with her own. So she smiled upon Croll, and whispered to him; and when she had given Croll two glasses of Curaçoa,—which comforter she kept in her own hands, as safe-guarded almost as the jewels,—then Croll understood her. But it was essential that she should know what Marie intended to do. Marie was anything but communicative, and certainly was not in any way submissive. "My dear," she said one day, asking the question in French, without any preface or apology, "are you going to be married to Mr. Fisker?" "What makes you ask that?" "It is so important I should know. Where am I to live? What am I to do? What money shall I have? Who will be a friend to me? A woman ought to know. You will marry Fisker if you like him. Why cannot you tell me?" "Because I do not know. When I know I will tell you. If you go on asking me till to-morrow morning I can say no more." And this was true. She did not know. It certainly was not Fisker's fault that she should still be in the dark as to her own destiny, for he had asked her often enough, and had pressed his suit with all his eloquence. But Marie had now been wooed so often that she felt the importance of the step which was suggested to her. The romance of the thing was with her a good deal worn, and the material view of matrimony had also been damaged in her sight. She had fallen in love with Sir Felix Carbury, and had assured herself over and over again that she worshipped the very ground on which he stood. But she had taught herself this business of falling in love as a lesson, rather than felt it. After her father's first attempts to marry her to this and that suitor because of her wealth,—attempts which she had hardly opposed amidst the consternation and glitter of the world to which she was suddenly introduced,—she had learned from novels that it would be right that she should be in love, and she had chosen Sir Felix as her idol. The reader knows what had been the end of that episode in her life. She certainly was not now in love with Sir Felix Carbury. Then she had as it were relapsed into the hands of Lord Nidderdale,—one of her early suitors,—and had felt that as love was not to prevail, and as it would be well that she should marry some one, he might probably be as good as any other, and certainly better than many others. She had almost learned to like Lord Nidderdale and to believe that he liked her, when the tragedy came. Lord Nidderdale had been very good-natured,—but he had deserted her at last. She had never allowed herself to be angry with him for a moment. It had been a matter of course that he should do so. Her fortune was still large, but not so large as the sum named in the bargain made. And it was moreover weighted with her father's blood. From the moment of her father's death she had never dreamed that he would marry her. Why should he? Her thoughts in reference to Sir Felix were bitter enough;—but as against Nidderdale they were not at all bitter. Should she ever meet him again she would shake hands with him and smile,—if not pleasantly as she thought of the things which were past,—at any rate with good humour. But all this had not made her much in love with matrimony generally. She had over a hundred thousand pounds of her own, and, feeling conscious of her own power in regard to her own money, knowing that she could do as she pleased with her wealth, she began to look out into life seriously. What could she do with her money, and in what way would she shape her life, should she determine to remain her own mistress? Were she to refuse Fisker how should she begin? He would then be banished, and her only remaining friends, the only persons whose names she would even know in her own country, would be her father's widow and Herr Croll. She already began to see Madame Melmotte's purport in reference to Croll, and could not reconcile herself to the idea of opening an establishment with them on a scale commensurate with her fortune. Nor could she settle in her own mind any pleasant position for herself as a single woman, living alone in perfect independence. She had opinions of women's rights,—especially in regard to money; and she entertained also a vague notion that in America a young woman would not need support so essentially as in England. Nevertheless, the idea of a fine house for herself in Boston, or Philadelphia,—for in that case she would have to avoid New York as the chosen residence of Madame Melmotte,—did not recommend itself to her. As to Fisker himself,—she certainly liked him. He was not beautiful like Felix Carbury, nor had he the easy good-humour of Lord Nidderdale. She had seen enough of English gentlemen to know that Fisker was very unlike them. But she had not seen enough of English gentlemen to make Fisker distasteful to her. He told her that he had a big house at San Francisco, and she certainly desired to live in a big house. He represented himself to be a thriving man, and she calculated that he certainly would not be here, in London, arranging her father's affairs, were he not possessed of commercial importance. She had contrived to learn that, in the United States, a married woman has greater power over her own money than in England, and this information acted strongly in Fisker's favour. On consideration of the whole subject she was inclined to think that she would do better in the world as Mrs. Fisker than as Marie Melmotte,—if she could see her way clearly in the matter of her own money. "I have got excellent berths," Fisker said to her one morning at Hampstead. At these interviews, which were devoted first to business and then to love, Madame Melmotte was never allowed to be present. "I am to be alone?" "Oh, yes. There is a cabin for Madame Melmotte and the maid, and a cabin for you. Everything will be comfortable. And there is another lady going,—Mrs. Hurtle,—whom I think you will like." "Has she a husband?" "Not going with us," said Mr. Fisker evasively. "But she has one?" "Well, yes;—but you had better not mention him. He is not exactly all that a husband should be." "Did she not come over here to marry some one else?"—For Marie in the days of her sweet intimacy with Sir Felix Carbury had heard something of Mrs. Hurtle's story. "There is a story, and I dare say I shall tell you all about it some day. But you may be sure I should not ask you to associate with any one you ought not to know." "Oh,—I can take care of myself." "No doubt, Miss Melmotte,—no doubt. I feel that quite strongly. But what I meant to observe was this,—that I certainly should not introduce a lady whom I aspire to make my own lady to any lady whom a lady oughtn't to know. I hope I make myself understood, Miss Melmotte." "Oh, quite." "And perhaps I may go on to say that if I could go on board that ship as your accepted lover, I could do a deal more to make you comfortable, particularly when you land, than just as a mere friend, Miss Melmotte. You can't doubt my heart." "I don't see why I shouldn't. Gentlemen's hearts are things very much to be doubted as far as I've seen 'em. I don't think many of 'em have 'em at all." "Miss Melmotte, you do not know the glorious west. Your past experiences have been drawn from this effete and stone-cold country in which passion is no longer allowed to sway. On those golden shores which the Pacific washes man is still true,—and woman is still tender." "Perhaps I'd better wait and see, Mr. Fisker." But this was not Mr. Fisker's view of the case. There might be other men desirous of being true on those golden shores. "And then," said he, pleading his cause not without skill, "the laws regulating woman's property there are just the reverse of those which the greediness of man has established here. The wife there can claim her share of her husband's property, but hers is exclusively her own. America is certainly the country for women,—and especially California." "Ah;—I shall find out all about it, I suppose, when I've been there a few months." "But you would enter San Francisco, Miss Melmotte, under such much better auspices,—if I may be allowed to say so,—as a married lady or as a lady just going to be married." "Ain't single ladies much thought of in California?" "It isn't that. Come, Miss Melmotte, you know what I mean." "Yes, I do." "Let us go in for life together. We've both done uncommon well. I'm spending 30,000 dollars a year,—at that rate,—in my own house. You'll see it all. If we put them both together,—what's yours and what's mine,—we can put our foot out as far as about any one there, I guess." "I don't know that I care about putting my foot out. I've seen something of that already, Mr. Fisker. You shouldn't put your foot out farther than you can draw it in again." "You needn't fear me as to that, Miss Melmotte. I shouldn't be able to touch a dollar of your money. It would be such a triumph to go into Francisco as man and wife." "I shouldn't think of being married till I had been there a while and looked about me." "And seen the house! Well;—there's something in that. The house is all there, I can tell you. I'm not a bit afraid but what you'll like the house. But if we were engaged, I could do every thing for you. Where would you be, going into San Francisco all alone? Oh, Miss Melmotte, I do admire you so much!" I doubt whether this last assurance had much efficacy. But the arguments with which it was introduced did prevail to a certain extent. "I'll tell you how it must be then," she said. "How shall it be?" and as he asked the question he jumped up and put his arm round her waist. "Not like that, Mr. Fisker," she said, withdrawing herself. "It shall be in this way. You may consider yourself engaged to me." "I'm the happiest man on this continent," he said, forgetting in his ecstasy that he was not in the United States. "But if I find when I get to Francisco anything to induce me to change my mind, I shall change it. I like you very well, but I'm not going to take a leap in the dark, and I'm not going to marry a pig in a poke." "There you're quite right," he said,—"quite right." "You may give it out on board the ship that we're engaged, and I'll tell Madame Melmotte the same. She and Croll don't mean going any farther than New York." "We needn't break our hearts about that;—need we?" "It don't much signify. Well;—I'll go on with Mrs. Hurtle, if she'll have me." "Too much delighted she'll be." "And she shall be told we're engaged." "My darling!" "But if I don't like it when I get to Frisco, as you call it, all the ropes in California shan't make me do it. Well;—yes; you may give me a kiss I suppose now if you care about it." And so,—or rather so far,—Mr. Fisker and Marie Melmotte became engaged to each other as man and wife. After that Mr. Fisker's remaining business in England went very smoothly with him. It was understood up at Hampstead that he was engaged to Marie Melmotte,—and it soon came to be understood also that Madame Melmotte was to be married to Herr Croll. No doubt the father of the one lady and the husband of the other had died so recently as to make these arrangements subject to certain censorious objections. But there was a feeling that Melmotte had been so unlike other men, both in his life and in his death, that they who had been concerned with him were not to be weighed by ordinary scales. Nor did it much matter, for the persons concerned took their departure soon after the arrangement was made, and Hampstead knew them no more. On the 3rd of September Madame Melmotte, Marie, Mrs. Hurtle, Hamilton K. Fisker, and Herr Croll left Liverpool for New York; and the three ladies were determined that they never would revisit a country of which their reminiscences certainly were not happy. The writer of the present chronicle may so far look forward,—carrying his reader with him,—as to declare that Marie Melmotte did become Mrs. Fisker very soon after her arrival at San Francisco. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2004). The Way We Live Now. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5231/pg5231-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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