Caliva

caliva

The Child of the Ages

How do you pitch a business that doesn’t yet have a product, or even a prototype? For serial entrepreneur , it’s about selling possibility, with an emphasis on his track record of innovation. Roger Dickey As a prolific angel investor, Roger knows that big ideas aren’t enough. Investors look for founders who can build strong teams and deliver tested, on-trend products. Once he nailed down a pitch that worked, he captured the imagination of investors from his previous startup as well as VIPs from Silicon Valley, Hollywood and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Roger’s latest venture, , is a “search lab” focused on the consumer space. It’s a “full-time, funded effort to systematically launch and test business ideas until a promising candidate for a company is found,” Roger writes in his on Medium. Untitled Labs launch announcement It’s his third foray into the search lab concept. His first lab, Curiosoft, launched social game Dope Wars in 2007, the precursor to 2008’s mega-viral Mafia Wars. His next lab, Liquid Labs, spawned “liquid workforce” platform Gigster in 2014. Inspired by venture capital search funds, a search lab has some similarities to studio models and incubators. But it doesn’t fund or create any independent companies. Instead, its small, super-flexible internal R&D team tests ideas until one emerges as the winner. “We’re experimenting with ideas,” Roger says. “So far, we’ve raised about $3 million to run five to 10 prototypes with a team of five to 10 folks. When we find an idea that we think works really well based on early metrics, we’ll shut off everything else and focus the entire team on that one idea. Then we’ll raise a Series A.” Here’s his blueprint, including his biggest mistake (hint: priced rounds are awkward), and the reason why he’s going after fewer investors this time ‘round. Even angels iterate “The fundraising process was, to be honest, a little stressful,” says Roger. “Because I didn’t really know how to position it. I’d never raised money for something like this.” He and his team previously raised for Liquid Labs, but they centered the pitch on an actual product, which they called Get Experts. “It’s hilarious — we had this janky web application that hardly worked,” Roger says with a chuckle. “We went in to pitch Sequoia and they graciously laughed us out of the room. They’re amazing. You’re an amazing firm when you say no to people, but they still come away having had a five-star experience.” Now a few years older, wiser and bolder, Roger’s tactics were different for selling Untitled to investors. “This time, I told people, ‘I know how to experiment. We have no first idea. We don’t have anything built. There’s no team — just me. I’m going to build a team, and we’re going to go experiment.’” It took a few tries to perfect his pitch. “At the first pitch meeting, I started by saying, ‘here’s a big list of ideas,’ and I just read down an unstructured list. That was a little confusing for investors. They didn’t really know what to do with that.” With the second firm he pitched, Roger took a new approach: “I planted a flag and said, ‘we’re doing one of these ideas. We’re doing this one first and maybe there are some others.’” The problem with that, he says, was that his pitch still lacked specificity. “We were neither here nor there. We didn’t have a real company or product. So that was kind of a fail.’” By the time he met with a third firm, he got it right. “I narrowed it down to three themes and I said, ‘look, I’m not going to pitch you on a whole idea list. There are three things I believe about the world, and I want to go study these. Within each of these themes, here’s a specific idea. I did pitch one idea per theme, but I spent more time talking about the themes and the team I was going to build, based on my background.” That was the kicker, he says. “We saw a better success rate with that pitch. “I didn’t really talk to that many people,” he notes, adding that they got “a lot of quick ‘yeses’” from investors who had funded one of his previous companies. Attracting A-list investors Building on those ‘yeses’, Roger persuaded a few Silicon Valley heavyweights to invest. Leading the seed round squad was , the playground of acquisition-exit billionaires like , and . But Roger was really attracted to the firm’s newer blood. Founders Fund Peter Thiel Brian Singerman Ken Howery “I really love, and wanted to work with, ,” he says. “And they just added , which is incredibly exciting news.” Cyan Banister Keith Rabois Other notable entries on Untitled’s roster include football great Joe Montana, who’s the established seed-stage force behind crowdsourced beef startup and cannabis venture . Crowd Cow Caliva Enter stage left: and his fund . Its portfolio includes Spotify, Airbnb, Shazam and Soundcloud. Ashton Kutcher A-Grade Investments “Ashton invested in Gigster and was very helpful. He even came into the office and did a fireside chat with me and the team” Roger says. The price is … wrong How does Roger contrast and compare raising money for his previous company Liquid Labs versus Untitled? “It definitely was different,” he says. “We raised it as a price round, which I wouldn’t recommend. It was more expensive and took more time than it should have.” Roger tried to complete the round in a one- to two-week period. “It created some time pressure for folks to make decisions sooner,” he says. But settling on valuation after fundraising was an “awkward process.” His early investors agreed to fund the company without a valuation, but that wasn’t ideal, he says. “Afterwards, I had to go back and say, ‘by the way, here’s the price.’ Most stayed in, but they had questions. I think it would’ve been better for us to lead and set the price earlier.” Roger recommends that startups in his position fundraise via instead. “That would have alleviated a bit of stress,” he says. convertible note But when the rubber meets the road, he’s woke about his privilege. “It’s really hard for me to provide more advice that would be valuable because I’m in a fortunate position, given my track record,” he says. Digging into deeper pockets “There’s such a healthy Series A, Series B ecosystem that there’s not really any signaling risk if you get an entirely new set of investors in those rounds,” Roger says. For Roger, target investors had deeper pockets than the ones he tapped for Gigster, a company that had approximately 25 angels in its seed round. “I wanted a smaller group of people with more skin in the game for Untitled,” he says. “We have about eight investors … we needed people who could write half-million dollar checks.” Why catch a few big fish instead of a net full of small ones? “If everybody’s written a $50,000 check, nobody really cares if you fail. They’re not going to help you. You’re still selling 15, 20, or 30 percent of your company to investors. That’s a part of your cap table you can never get back. “This time around, I wanted to bring on people who felt motivated to be helpful.” Nathan Beckord is the CEO of Foundersuite.com , makers of the leading fundraising CRM and investor database for startup founders. Foundersuite has helped entrepreneurs raise over $1.2 billion in seed and venture capital since 2016. This article is based on an episode of Foundersuite’s How I Raised It podcast , a behind-the-scenes look at how startup founders have raised capital.

The New Model For Venture Creation: Inside Roger Dickey's "Untitled Labs" Startup Factory 

Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 1.1 The twincode platform 1.2 Related Work 2 Research Questions 3 Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 4 Participants 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.4 Data Analysis Acknowledgments and References ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the students who volunteered to participate in the pilot studies at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Seville. We particularly acknowledge Vron Vance’s assistance regarding inclusive language around gender identity. This work has been partially supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación under projects OPHELIA (RTI2018–101204–B–C22), HORATIO (RTI2018- 101204–B–C21), and Junta de Andalucía under project EKIPMENTPLUS (P18–FR–2895). REFERENCES [1] Ahmad Al-Jarrah and Enrico Pontelli. 2016. On the effectiveness of a collaborative virtual pair-programming environment. In International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Springer, 583–595. [2] E. A. Chaparro, Aybala Yuksel, Pablo Romero, and Sallyann Bryant. 2005. Factors Affecting the Perceived Effectiveness of Pair Programming in Higher Education. In Proceedings of the 17th Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group. [3] Kyungsub S. Choi. 2013. Evaluating Gender Significance within a Pair Programming Context. In Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS ’13). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 4817–4825. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.209 [4] Kyungsub Stephen Choi. 2015. A comparative analysis of different gender pair combinations in pair programming. Behaviour & Information Technology 34, 8 (2015), 825–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.937460 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.937460 [5] Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison. 2018. Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge. [6] Bernardo José da Silva Estácio and Rafael Prikladnicki. 2015. Distributed Pair Programming: A Systematic Literature Review. Information and Software Technology 63 (2015), 1–10. [7] N.K. Denzin. 2006. Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook (5th ed.). Aldine Transaction. [8] Dean Eckles, René F. Kizilcec, and Eytan Bakshy. 2016. Estimating peer effects in networks with peer encouragement designs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 27 (2016), 7316–7322. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511201113 arXiv:https://www.pnas.org/content/113/27/7316.full.pdf [9] O. Gómez, M. Solari, C. Calvache, and A. Ledezma-Carrizalez. 2017. A Controlled Experiment on Productivity of Pair Programming Gender Combinations: Preliminary Results. In Proceedings of the XX Ibero–American Conference on Software Engineering. 197–210. [10] Brian Hanks, Sue Fitzgerald, Renée McCauley, Laurie Murphy, and Carol Zander. 2011. Pair programming in education: A literature review. Computer Science Education 21, 2 (2011), 135–173. [11] Jo E. Hannay, Erik Arisholm, Harald Engvik, and Dag I.K. Sjoberg. 2010. Effects of Personality on Pair Programming. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 36, 1 (2010), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2009.41 [12] Sarah I. Hofer. 2015. Studying Gender Bias in Physics Grading: The role of teaching experience and country. International Journal of Science Education 37, 17 (2015), 2879–2905. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1114190 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1114190 [13] Lindsay Jarratt, Nicholas A. Bowman, K.C. Culver, and Alberto Maria Segre. 2019. A Large-Scale Experimental Study of Gender and Pair Composition in Pair Programming. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Aberdeen, Scotland Uk) (ITiCSE ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 176–181. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3304221.3319782 [14] N. Katira, L. Williams, and J. Osborne. 2005. Towards increasing the compatibility of student pair programmers. In Proceedings. 27th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2005. ICSE 2005. 625–626. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE. 2005.1553618 [15] K. Kaur Chahal, A. Kaur, and M. Saini. 2021. Research and Evidence in Software Engineering: From Empirical Studies to Open Source Artifacts. Taylor & Francis Group, Chapter Empirical Studies on Using Pair Programming as a Pedagogical Tool in Higher Education Courses: A Systematic Literature Review, 251–287. [16] Sandeep Kaur Kuttal, Kevin Gerstner, and Alexandra Bejarano. 2019. Remote Pair Programming in Online CS Education: Investigating through a Gender Lens. In 2019 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2019.8818790 [17] J.R. Landis and G.G. Koch. 1977. The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics 33, 1 (1977), 159–174. [18] Martell, D. M. Lane, and C. Emrich. 1996. Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist 2, 51 (7 1996), 157–158. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0003-066X.51.2.157 [19] Fernando J. Rodríguez, Kimberly Michelle Price, and Kristy Elizabeth Boyer. 2017. Exploring the Pair Programming Process: Characteristics of Effective Collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Seattle, Washington, USA) (SIGCSE ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 507–512. https://doi.org/10. 1145/3017680.3017748 [20] Norsaremah Salleh, Emilia Mendes, and John Grundy. 2014. Investigating the effects of personality traits on pair programming in a higher education setting through a family of experiments. Empirical Software Engineering 19, 3 (2014), 714–752. [21] Norsaremah Salleh, Emilia Mendes, John Grundy, and Giles St J Burch. 2010. The effects of neuroticism on pair programming: an empirical study in the higher education context. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement. 1–10. [22] David Stotts, Laurie Williams, Nachiappan Nagappan, Prashant Baheti, Dennis Jen, and Anne Jackson. 2003. Virtual teaming: Experiments and experiences with distributed pair programming. In Conference on Extreme Programming and Agile Methods. Springer, 129–141. [23] Lynda Thomas, Mark Ratcliffe, and Ann Robertson. 2003. Code Warriors and Code-a-Phobes: A Study in Attitude and Pair Programming. In Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Reno, Navada, USA) (SIGCSE ’03). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1145/611892.612007 [24] Linda L. Werner, Brian Hanks, and Charlie McDowell. 2004. Pair-Programming Helps Female Computer Science Students. J. Educ. Resour. Comput. 4, 1 (March 2004), 4–es. https://doi.org/10.1145/1060071.1060075 [25] S. Xinogalos, M. Satratzemi, A. Chatzigeorgiou, and D. Tsompanoudi. 2017. Student perceptions on the benefits and shortcomings of distributed pair programming assignments. 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (2017), 1513–1521. Authors:
(1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es);
(2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es);
(3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es);
(4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu);
(5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu);
(6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 1.1 The twincode platform 1.1 The twincode platform 1.2 Related Work 1.2 Related Work 2 Research Questions 2 Research Questions 3 Variables 3 Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.1 Independent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.2 Dependent Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 3.3 Confounding Variables 4 Participants 4 Participants 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5 Execution Plan and 5.1 Recruitment 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.2 Training and 5.3 Experiment Execution 5.4 Data Analysis 5.4 Data Analysis Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the students who volunteered to participate in the pilot studies at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Seville. We particularly acknowledge Vron Vance’s assistance regarding inclusive language around gender identity. This work has been partially supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación under projects OPHELIA (RTI2018–101204–B–C22), HORATIO (RTI2018- 101204–B–C21), and Junta de Andalucía under project EKIPMENTPLUS (P18–FR–2895). REFERENCES [1] Ahmad Al-Jarrah and Enrico Pontelli. 2016. On the effectiveness of a collaborative virtual pair-programming environment. In International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Springer, 583–595. [2] E. A. Chaparro, Aybala Yuksel, Pablo Romero, and Sallyann Bryant. 2005. Factors Affecting the Perceived Effectiveness of Pair Programming in Higher Education. In Proceedings of the 17th Workshop of the Psychology of Programming Interest Group. [3] Kyungsub S. Choi. 2013. Evaluating Gender Significance within a Pair Programming Context. In Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS ’13). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 4817–4825. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.209 [4] Kyungsub Stephen Choi. 2015. A comparative analysis of different gender pair combinations in pair programming. Behaviour & Information Technology 34, 8 (2015), 825–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.937460 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.937460 [5] Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison. 2018. Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge. [6] Bernardo José da Silva Estácio and Rafael Prikladnicki. 2015. Distributed Pair Programming: A Systematic Literature Review. Information and Software Technology 63 (2015), 1–10. [7] N.K. Denzin. 2006. Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook (5th ed.). Aldine Transaction. [8] Dean Eckles, René F. Kizilcec, and Eytan Bakshy. 2016. Estimating peer effects in networks with peer encouragement designs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 27 (2016), 7316–7322. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511201113 arXiv:https://www.pnas.org/content/113/27/7316.full.pdf [9] O. Gómez, M. Solari, C. Calvache, and A. Ledezma-Carrizalez. 2017. A Controlled Experiment on Productivity of Pair Programming Gender Combinations: Preliminary Results. In Proceedings of the XX Ibero–American Conference on Software Engineering. 197–210. [10] Brian Hanks, Sue Fitzgerald, Renée McCauley, Laurie Murphy, and Carol Zander. 2011. Pair programming in education: A literature review. Computer Science Education 21, 2 (2011), 135–173. [11] Jo E. Hannay, Erik Arisholm, Harald Engvik, and Dag I.K. Sjoberg. 2010. Effects of Personality on Pair Programming. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 36, 1 (2010), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2009.41 [12] Sarah I. Hofer. 2015. Studying Gender Bias in Physics Grading: The role of teaching experience and country. International Journal of Science Education 37, 17 (2015), 2879–2905. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1114190 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1114190 [13] Lindsay Jarratt, Nicholas A. Bowman, K.C. Culver, and Alberto Maria Segre. 2019. A Large-Scale Experimental Study of Gender and Pair Composition in Pair Programming. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Aberdeen, Scotland Uk) (ITiCSE ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 176–181. https: //doi.org/10.1145/3304221.3319782 [14] N. Katira, L. Williams, and J. Osborne. 2005. Towards increasing the compatibility of student pair programmers. In Proceedings. 27th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2005. ICSE 2005. 625–626. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE. 2005.1553618 [15] K. Kaur Chahal, A. Kaur, and M. Saini. 2021. Research and Evidence in Software Engineering: From Empirical Studies to Open Source Artifacts. Taylor & Francis Group, Chapter Empirical Studies on Using Pair Programming as a Pedagogical Tool in Higher Education Courses: A Systematic Literature Review, 251–287. [16] Sandeep Kaur Kuttal, Kevin Gerstner, and Alexandra Bejarano. 2019. Remote Pair Programming in Online CS Education: Investigating through a Gender Lens. In 2019 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2019.8818790 [17] J.R. Landis and G.G. Koch. 1977. The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics 33, 1 (1977), 159–174. [18] Martell, D. M. Lane, and C. Emrich. 1996. Male-female differences: A computer simulation. American Psychologist 2, 51 (7 1996), 157–158. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0003-066X.51.2.157 [19] Fernando J. Rodríguez, Kimberly Michelle Price, and Kristy Elizabeth Boyer. 2017. Exploring the Pair Programming Process: Characteristics of Effective Collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Seattle, Washington, USA) (SIGCSE ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 507–512. https://doi.org/10. 1145/3017680.3017748 [20] Norsaremah Salleh, Emilia Mendes, and John Grundy. 2014. Investigating the effects of personality traits on pair programming in a higher education setting through a family of experiments. Empirical Software Engineering 19, 3 (2014), 714–752. [21] Norsaremah Salleh, Emilia Mendes, John Grundy, and Giles St J Burch. 2010. The effects of neuroticism on pair programming: an empirical study in the higher education context. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement. 1–10. [22] David Stotts, Laurie Williams, Nachiappan Nagappan, Prashant Baheti, Dennis Jen, and Anne Jackson. 2003. Virtual teaming: Experiments and experiences with distributed pair programming. In Conference on Extreme Programming and Agile Methods. Springer, 129–141. [23] Lynda Thomas, Mark Ratcliffe, and Ann Robertson. 2003. Code Warriors and Code-a-Phobes: A Study in Attitude and Pair Programming. In Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (Reno, Navada, USA) (SIGCSE ’03). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 363–367. https://doi.org/10.1145/611892.612007 [24] Linda L. Werner, Brian Hanks, and Charlie McDowell. 2004. Pair-Programming Helps Female Computer Science Students. J. Educ. Resour. Comput. 4, 1 (March 2004), 4–es. https://doi.org/10.1145/1060071.1060075 [25] S. Xinogalos, M. Satratzemi, A. Chatzigeorgiou, and D. Tsompanoudi. 2017. Student perceptions on the benefits and shortcomings of distributed pair programming assignments. 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (2017), 1513–1521. Authors: (1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es); (2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es); (3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es); (4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu); (5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu); (6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Amador Durán, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (amador@us.es); (2) Pablo Fernández, SCORE Lab, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (pablofm@us.es); (3) Beatriz Bernárdez, I3US Institute, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (beat@us.es); (4) Nathaniel Weinman, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (nweinman@berkeley.edu); (5) Aslı Akalın, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (asliakalin@berkeley.edu); (6) Armando Fox, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA (fox@berkeley.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

Gender Bias in Remote Pair Programming: Acknowledgments and References

Author:
(1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter Simple and Accurate models for tides Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Poisson effect on pressurized cables Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References 6. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we experimentally studied arrival phase variations of an RF signal on an optically looped-back carrier between Japan and the US. Our measurement suggests that cable length variations induced by water pressure, which depends on the tides across the pacific, stretch the fiber. This contradicts a ‘loose tube model’ for cables. The inherent coupling between the fibers and the loose tube, though this friction is very small, allows for transmittal of tension and tinily stretches them by a few ppb. We found a strong correlation between averaged tide levels and the arrival phase over daily periods. Larger offsets appear during weeklong recordings. It is surprising how long-term stable cables are but, then again, it’s remarkable how much tides cycle their length on a daily basis. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank R. Ray, W. Patterson, S. Bernstein, S. Abbott, B. Bakhshi, and S. Hunziker for supporting this work. 7. REFERENCES [1] G. Marra, C. Clivati, R. Luckett, A. Tampellini, J. Kronjäger, L. Wright, A. Mura, F. Levi, S. Robinson, A. Xuereb, B. Baptie, D. Calonico, “Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables.” Science, eaat4458, (2018). [2] M. Newland, M. Cantono, M. Salsi, V. Kamalov, V. Vusirikala, Z. Zhan, “SubHertz Spectral Analysis of Polarization of Light in a Transcontinental Submarine Cable,” ECOC 2020, Brussels, (2020). [3] Li Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang , F. LI, “A High Spatial Resolution FBG Sensor Array for Measuring Ocean Temperature and Depth,” Photonic Sensors, (2018). [4] B. Howe, B. Arbic, J. Aucan, C. Barnes et al. “SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation,” Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 424 (2019). https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/15 58213 [5] Z. Zhan, “Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber‐Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas,” Seismological Research Letters. 91, pp.1–15, (2020). [6] R.D. Ray, (2013), “Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean tides,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 4570– 4584, (2013) doi:10.1002/jgrc.20336. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1002/jgrc.20336 [7] R.D. Ray, “A Global Ocean Tide Model From TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry: GOT99.2,” NASA/TM-1999-209478, (1999) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19990089548. [8] A. Bertholds, R. Dandliker, “Deformation of Single-Mode Optical Fibers UnderStatic Longitudinal Stress,” JLT, vol. LT-5, No. 7, pp. 895-900, (1987). [9] Richard G. Budynas and Ali M. Sadegh, “Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain,” McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 9781260453751. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Author: (1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Author: Author: (1) Lothar Moeller, SubCom, Eatontown, NJ 07724, USA, lmoeller@subcom.com. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter GPS Long-Term Stabilized RF Phase Meter Simple and Accurate models for tides Simple and Accurate models for tides Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Latency Variations on Transpacific Cable Poisson effect on pressurized cables Poisson effect on pressurized cables Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References 6. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we experimentally studied arrival phase variations of an RF signal on an optically looped-back carrier between Japan and the US. Our measurement suggests that cable length variations induced by water pressure, which depends on the tides across the pacific, stretch the fiber. This contradicts a ‘loose tube model’ for cables. The inherent coupling between the fibers and the loose tube, though this friction is very small, allows for transmittal of tension and tinily stretches them by a few ppb. We found a strong correlation between averaged tide levels and the arrival phase over daily periods. Larger offsets appear during weeklong recordings. It is surprising how long-term stable cables are but, then again, it’s remarkable how much tides cycle their length on a daily basis. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank R. Ray, W. Patterson, S. Bernstein, S. Abbott, B. Bakhshi, and S. Hunziker for supporting this work. 7. REFERENCES [1] G. Marra, C. Clivati, R. Luckett, A. Tampellini, J. Kronjäger, L. Wright, A. Mura, F. Levi, S. Robinson, A. Xuereb, B. Baptie, D. Calonico, “Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and submarine cables.” Science, eaat4458, (2018). [2] M. Newland, M. Cantono, M. Salsi, V. Kamalov, V. Vusirikala, Z. Zhan, “SubHertz Spectral Analysis of Polarization of Light in a Transcontinental Submarine Cable,” ECOC 2020, Brussels, (2020). [3] Li Wang, Y. Wang, J. Wang , F. LI, “A High Spatial Resolution FBG Sensor Array for Measuring Ocean Temperature and Depth,” Photonic Sensors, (2018). [4] B. Howe, B. Arbic, J. Aucan, C. Barnes et al. “SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation,” Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 424 (2019). https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/15 58213 [5] Z. Zhan, “Distributed Acoustic Sensing Turns Fiber‐Optic Cables into Sensitive Seismic Antennas,” Seismological Research Letters. 91, pp.1–15, (2020). [6] R.D. Ray, (2013), “Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean tides,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 4570– 4584, (2013) doi:10.1002/jgrc.20336. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1002/jgrc.20336 [7] R.D. Ray, “A Global Ocean Tide Model From TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry: GOT99.2,” NASA/TM-1999-209478, (1999) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19990089548. [8] A. Bertholds, R. Dandliker, “Deformation of Single-Mode Optical Fibers UnderStatic Longitudinal Stress,” JLT, vol. LT-5, No. 7, pp. 895-900, (1987). [9] Richard G. Budynas and Ali M. Sadegh, “Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain,” McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 9781260453751. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

How the Moon Impacts Subsea Communication Cables: Conclusions, Acknowledgments, and References

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . OUR ORIGIN AS A SPECIES. here OUR ORIGIN AS A SPECIES. By Richard Owen, C.B., F.R.S. There seems to be a manifest desire in some quarters to anticipate the looked for and, by some, hoped-for proofs of our descent, or rather ascent, from the ape. In the September issue of the a writer cites, in this relation, the "Neanderthal skull, which possesses large bosses on the forehead, strikingly suggestive of those which give the gorilla its peculiarly fierce appearance;" and he proceeds: "No other human skull presents so utterly bestial a type as the Neanderthal fragment. If one cuts a female gorilla-skull in the same fashion, the resemblance is truly astonishing, and we may say that the only human feature in the skull is its size.” Fortnightly Review In testing the question as between Linnæus and Cuvier of the zoological value of the differences between lowest man and highest ape, a naturalist would not limit his comparison of a portion of the human skull with the corresponding one of a female ape, but would extend it to the young or immature gorilla, and also to the adult male; he would then find the generic and specific characters summed up, so far, at least, as a portion or "fragment" of the skull might show them. What is posed as the "Neanderthal skull" is the roof of the brain-case, or "calvarium" of the anatomist, including the pent-house overhanging the eye-holes or "orbits." There is no other part of the fragment which can be supposed to be meant by the "large bosses" of the above quotation. And, on this assumption, I have to state that the super-orbital ridge in the calvarium in question is but little more prominent than in certain human skulls of both higher and lower races, and of both the existing and cave-dwelling periods. It is a variable cranial character, by no means indicative of race, but rather of sex. Limiting the comparison to that on which the writer quoted bases his conclusions—apparently the superficial extent of the roof plate—its greater extent as compared with that of a gorilla equaling, probably, in weight the entire frame of the individual from the Neanderthal cave, is strongly significant of the superiority of size of brain in the cave-dweller. The inner surface moreover indicates the more complex character of the soft organ on which it was moulded; the precious "gray substance" being multiplied by certain convolutions which are absent in the apes. But there is another surface which the unbiased zoologist finds it requisite to compare. In the human "calvarium" in question, the mid-line traced backward from the super-orbital ridge runs along a smooth track. In the gorilla a ridge is raised from along the major part of that tract to increase the surface giving attachment to the biting muscles. Such ridge in this position varies only in height in the female and the male adult ape, as the specimens in the British Museum demonstrate. In the Neanderthal individual, as in the rest of mankind, the corresponding muscles do not extend their origins to the upper surface of the cranium, but stop short at the sides forming the inner wall or boundary of what are called the "temples," defined by Johnson as the "upper part of the sides of the head," whence our "biting muscles" are called "temporal," as the side-bones of the skull to which they are attached are also the "temporal bones." In the superficial comparison to which Mr. Grant Allen has restricted himself in bearing testimony on a question which perhaps affects our fellow-creatures, in the right sense of the term, more warmly than any other in human and comparative anatomy, the obvious difference just pointed out ought not to have been passed over. It was the more incumbent on one pronouncing on the paramount problem, because the "sagittal ridge in the gorilla," as in the orang, relates to and signifies the dental character which differentiates all from all that have ever come under the ken of the biologist. And this ridge much more "strikingly suggests" the fierceness of the powerful brute-ape than the part referred to as "large bosses." Frontal prominences, more truly so termed, are even better developed in peaceful, timid, graminivorous quadrupeds than in the skulls of man or of ape. But before noticing the evidence which the teeth bear on the physical relations of man to brute, I would premise that the comparison must not be limited to a part or "fragment" of the bony frame, but to its totality, as relating to the modes and faculties of locomotion. Quadrumana Bimana Beginning with the skull—and, indeed, for present aim, limiting myself thereto—I have found that a vertical longitudinal section brings to light in greatest number and of truest value the differential characters between lowest and highest . Those truly and indifferently interested in the question may not think it unworthy their time—if it has not already been so bestowed—to give attention to the detailed discussions and illustrations of the characters in question in the second and third volumes of the "Transactions of the Zoological Society." The concluding memoir, relating more especially to points of approximation in cranial and denial structure of the highest to the lowest , has been separately published. Homo Simia Quadrumane Bimane I selected from the large and instructive series of human skulls of various races in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons that which was the lowest, and might be called most bestial, in its cranial and dental characters. It was from an adult of that human family of which the life-characters are chiefly but truly and suggestively defined in the narrative of Cook's first voyage in the Endeavor. Not to trespass further on the patience of my readers, I may refer to the "Memoir on the Gorilla," 4to, 1865. Plate xii. gives a view, natural size, of the vertical and longitudinal section of an Australian skull; plate xi. gives a similar view of the skull of the gorilla. Reduced copies of these views may be found at p. 572, figs. 395, 396, vol. ii, of my "Anatomy of Vertebrates." As far as my experience has reached, there is no skull displaying the characters of a quadrumanous species, as that series descends from the gorilla and chimpanzee to the baboon, which exhibits differences, osteal or dental, on which specific and generic distinctions are founded, so great, so marked, as are to be seen, and have been above illustrated, in the comparison of the highest ape with the lowest man. The modification of man's upper limbs for the endless variety, nicety, and perfection of their application, in fulfillment of the behests of his correspondingly developed brain—actions summed up in the term "manipulation"—testify as strongly to the same conclusion. The corresponding degree of modification of the human lower limbs, to which he owes his upright attitude, relieving the manual instruments from all share in station and terrestrial locomotion—combine and concur in raising the group so characterized above and beyond the apes, to, at least, ordinal distinction. The dental characters of mankind bear like testimony. The lowest (Melanian), like the highest (Caucasian), variety of the bimanal order differs from the quadrumanal one in the order of appearance, and succession to the first set of teeth, of the second or "permanent" set. The foremost incisor and foremost molar are the earliest to appear in that scries; the intermediate teeth are acquired sooner than those behind the foremost molar. In the gorilla and chimpanzee, the rate or course of progress is reversed; the second true molar, or the one behind the first, makes its appearance before the bicuspid molars rise in front of the first; and the third or last of the molars behind the first comes into place before the canine tooth has risen. This tooth, indeed, which occupies part of the interval between the foremost incisor and foremost molar, is the last of the permanent set of teeth to be fully developed in the ; especially in those which, in their order, rank next to the . To this differential character add the breaks in the dental series necessitated for the reception of the crowns of the huge canines when the gorilla or chimpanzee shuts its mouth. Quadrumana Bimana But the superior value of developmental over adult anatomical characters in such questions as the present is too well known in the actual phase of biology to need comment. In the article on "Primeval Man," the author states that the Cave-men "probably had lower foreheads, with high bosses like the Neanderthal skull, and big canine teeth like the Naulette jaw." The human lower jaw so defined, from a Belgian cave, which I have carefully examined, gives no evidence of a canine tooth of a size indicative of one in the upper jaw necessitating such vacancy in the lower series of teeth which the apes present. There is no such vacancy nor any evidence of a "big canine tooth" in that cave specimen. And, with respect to cave specimens in general, the zoological characters of the race of men they represent must be founded on the rule, not on an exception, to their cranial features. Those which I obtained from the cavern at Bruniquel, and which are now exhibited in the Museum of Natural History, were disinterred under circumstances more satisfactorily determining their contemporaneity with the extinct quadrupeds those cave-men killed and devoured than in any other spelæan retreat which I have explored. They show neither "lower foreheads" nor "higher bosses" than do the skulls of existing races of mankind. Present evidence concurs in concluding that the modes of life and grades of thought of the men who have left evidences of their existence at the earliest periods hitherto discovered and determined, were such as are now observable in "savages," or the human races which are commonly so called. The industry and pains now devoted to the determination of the physical characters of such races, to their ways of living, their tools and weapons, and to the relations of their dermal, osteal, and dental modifications to those of the mammals which follow next after in the descensive series of mammalian orders, are exemplary. Bimana The present phase of the quest may be far from the bourn to yield hereafter trustworthy evidence of the origin of man; but, meanwhile, exaggerations and misstatements of acquired grounds ought especially to be avoided. Grant Allen, "On Primitive Man," p. 314. "Oseteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Orangs ( ) and Chimpanzees ( and )." Pithecus Troglodites niger Trog. gorilla Hawkesworth's 4th ed., vol. iii., 1770, pp. 86, 137, 229. The skull in question is No 5,394 of the "Catalogue of the Osteology" in the above Museum, 4to, vol. ii, p. 823, 1853. "Odontography," 4to, 1840-44, p. 454, plates 117, 118, 119. , September, p. 321. Fortnightly Review About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

OUR ORIGIN AS A SPECIES

Creating contracts on blockchains that work with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) involves the use of special instructions called opcodes. Among these instructions: “CREATE” “CREATE2” “CREATE3” While the first two are actual opcodes, is a useful library that acts similarly. This guide will give you a quick overview of what each one does and why they matter. “create3” Leveraging the “create” Opcode The opcode is the most commonly used contract creation opcode. When contracts are deployed from scripts or other development environments, the opcode is the low-level instruction executed by the EVM to deploy and generate a contract address. create create Use-case: Creating new contracts within a contract dynamically. More cost-effective for deploying multiple contracts. When the address predictability is not a requirement. Leveraging the “create2” Opcode A fixed prefix, which is always . 0xFF The sender’s address ensures the contract is tied to a specific creator. A chosen salt value adds uniqueness to the contract address. The bytecode contains the code of the new contract to be deployed. By combining these parameters, computes a deterministic address for the new contract, which remains the same even as the blockchain evolves. CREATE2 Use-case: Ensuring a deterministic and predictable address for a new contract. Useful in state channels, contract wallets, and off-chain interactions. Offers an added layer of security by checking for existing contracts before deployment. Leveraging the “create3” Opcode is similar to but without including the contract on the address derivation formula. It can be used to generate deterministic contract addresses that aren’t tied to a specific contract code. CREATE3 CREATE2 initCode is a way to use and in combination such that bytecode no longer affects the deployment address. is more expensive than or (Fixed extra cost of ~55k gas). CREATE3 CREATE CREATE2 CREATE3 CREATE CREATE2 //SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
  @title A library for deploying contracts EIP-3171 style.
  @author Agustin Aguilar <aa@horizon.io>
*/
library Create3 {
  error ErrorCreatingProxy();
  error ErrorCreatingContract();
  error TargetAlreadyExists();

  /**
    @notice The bytecode for a contract that proxies the creation of another contract
    @dev If this code is deployed using CREATE2 it can be used to decouple `creationCode` from the child contract address

  0x67363d3d37363d34f03d5260086018f3:
      0x00  0x67  0x67XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  PUSH8 bytecode  0x363d3d37363d34f0
      0x01  0x3d  0x3d                  RETURNDATASIZE  0 0x363d3d37363d34f0
      0x02  0x52  0x52                  MSTORE
      0x03  0x60  0x6008                PUSH1 08        8
      0x04  0x60  0x6018                PUSH1 18        24 8
      0x05  0xf3  0xf3                  RETURN

  0x363d3d37363d34f0:
      0x00  0x36  0x36                  CALLDATASIZE    cds
      0x01  0x3d  0x3d                  RETURNDATASIZE  0 cds
      0x02  0x3d  0x3d                  RETURNDATASIZE  0 0 cds
      0x03  0x37  0x37                  CALLDATACOPY
      0x04  0x36  0x36                  CALLDATASIZE    cds
      0x05  0x3d  0x3d                  RETURNDATASIZE  0 cds
      0x06  0x34  0x34                  CALLVALUE       val 0 cds
      0x07  0xf0  0xf0                  CREATE          addr
  */
  
  bytes internal constant PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE = hex"67_36_3d_3d_37_36_3d_34_f0_3d_52_60_08_60_18_f3";

  //                        KECCAK256_PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE = keccak256(PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE);
  bytes32 internal constant KECCAK256_PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE = 0x21c35dbe1b344a2488cf3321d6ce542f8e9f305544ff09e4993a62319a497c1f;

  /**
    @notice Returns the size of the code on a given address
    @param _addr Address that may or may not contain code
    @return size of the code on the given `_addr`
  */
  function codeSize(address _addr) internal view returns (uint256 size) {
    assembly { size := extcodesize(_addr) }
  }

  /**
    @notice Creates a new contract with given `_creationCode` and `_salt`
    @param _salt Salt of the contract creation, resulting address will be derivated from this value only
    @param _creationCode Creation code (constructor) of the contract to be deployed, this value doesn't affect the resulting address
    @return addr of the deployed contract, reverts on error
  */
  function create3(bytes32 _salt, bytes memory _creationCode) internal returns (address addr) {
    return create3(_salt, _creationCode, 0);
  }

  /**
    @notice Creates a new contract with given `_creationCode` and `_salt`
    @param _salt Salt of the contract creation, resulting address will be derivated from this value only
    @param _creationCode Creation code (constructor) of the contract to be deployed, this value doesn't affect the resulting address
    @param _value In WEI of ETH to be forwarded to child contract
    @return addr of the deployed contract, reverts on error
  */
  function create3(bytes32 _salt, bytes memory _creationCode, uint256 _value) internal returns (address addr) {
    // Creation code
    bytes memory creationCode = PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE;

    // Get target final address
    addr = addressOf(_salt);
    if (codeSize(addr) != 0) revert TargetAlreadyExists();

    // Create CREATE2 proxy
    address proxy; assembly { proxy := create2(0, add(creationCode, 32), mload(creationCode), _salt)}
    if (proxy == address(0)) revert ErrorCreatingProxy();

    // Call proxy with final init code
    (bool success,) = proxy.call{ value: _value }(_creationCode);
    if (!success || codeSize(addr) == 0) revert ErrorCreatingContract();
  }

  /**
    @notice Computes the resulting address of a contract deployed using address(this) and the given `_salt`
    @param _salt Salt of the contract creation, resulting address will be derivated from this value only
    @return addr of the deployed contract, reverts on error

    @dev The address creation formula is: keccak256(rlp([keccak256(0xff ++ address(this) ++ _salt ++ keccak256(childBytecode))[12:], 0x01]))
  */
  function addressOf(bytes32 _salt) internal view returns (address) {
    address proxy = address(
      uint160(
        uint256(
          keccak256(
            abi.encodePacked(
              hex'ff',
              address(this),
              _salt,
              KECCAK256_PROXY_CHILD_BYTECODE
            )
          )
        )
      )
    );

    return address(
      uint160(
        uint256(
          keccak256(
            abi.encodePacked(
              hex"d6_94",
              proxy,
              hex"01"
            )
          )
        )
      )
    );
  }
}

contract Child {
  function hola() external view returns (string memory) {
    return "mundo";
  }
}

contract Deployer {
  function deployChild() external {
    Create3.create3(keccak256(bytes("<my salt>")), type(Child).creationCode);
  }
}

contract Child2 {
  uint256 meaningOfLife;
  address owner;
  
  constructor(uint256 _meaning, address _owner) {
    meaningOfLife = _meaning;
    owner = _owner;
  }
}

contract Deployer2 {
  function deployChild() external {
    Create3.create3(
      keccak256(bytes("<my salt>")), 
      abi.encodePacked(
        type(Child).creationCode,
        abi.encode(
          42,
          msg.sender
        )
      )
    );
  }
} Features: Deterministic contract address based on msg.sender + salt. The same contract addresses different networks. EVM Supports any chain with support for . EVM-compatible CREATE2 Payable contract creation (forwarded to child contract) , Constructors supported. Use case: When the goal is to deploy your contracts to the same addresses on multiple blockchains, fewer factors affecting deployment addresses make it easier to achieve such a goal. So in this sense, is better to use than . CREATE3 CREATE2 Conclusion “ ,” “ ”, and “ ” are essential tools for anyone working with Ethereum contracts. Each one offers a different way to deploy contracts, with “ ” being straightforward, “ ” providing predictable contract addresses, and “ ” offering multi-chain compatibility through a library approach. Create create2 create3 create create2 create3 For hands-on details, check out: Basic Contract Deployment: Create1 Gist Predictable Contract Address Creation: Create2 Gist Consistent Multi-Chain Deployment: Create3 Gist For more on Ethereum development and insights, visit and . Connect with me on , , and . smart-contracts-developer.com solichain.com Twitter LinkedIn GitHub Also published . here

Ethereum Virtual Machines: Your Guide to create, create2 and create3

Tales and Stories by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . INTRODUCTION here INTRODUCTION. It is customary to regard Mary Shelley’s claims to literary distinction as so entirely rooted and grounded in her husband’s as to constitute a merely parasitic growth upon his fame. It may be unreservedly admitted that her association with Shelley, and her care of his writings and memory after his death, are the strongest of her titles to remembrance. It is further undeniable that the most original of her works is also that which betrays the strongest traces of his influence. was written when her brain, magnetized by his companionship, was capable of an effort never to be repeated. But if the frame of mind which engendered and sustained the work was created by Shelley, the conception was not his, and the diction is dissimilar to his. Both derive from Godwin, but neither is Godwin’s. The same observation, except for an occasional phrase caught from Shelley, applies to all her subsequent work. The frequent exaltation of spirit, the ideality and romance, may well have been Shelley’s—the general style of execution neither repeats nor resembles him. Frankenstein Mary Shelley’s voice, then, is not to die away as a mere echo of her illustrious husband’s. She has the claim to a hearing due to every writer who can assert the possession of a distinctive individuality; and if originality be once conceded to , as in all equity it must, none will dispute the validity of a title to fame grounded on such a work. It has solved the question itself—it is famous. It is full of faults venial in an author of nineteen; but, apart from the wild grandeur of the conception, it has that which even the maturity of mere talent never attains—the insight of genius which looks below the appearances of things, and perhaps even reverses its own first conception by the discovery of some underlying truth. Mary Shelley’s original intention was probably that which would alone have occurred to most writers in her place. She meant to paint Frankenstein’s monstrous creation as an object of unmitigated horror. The perception that he was an object of intense compassion as well imparted a moral value to what otherwise would have remained a daring flight of imagination. It has done more: it has helped to create, if it did not itself beget, a type of personage unknown to ancient fiction. The conception of a character at once justly execrable and truly pitiable is altogether modern. Richard the Third and Caliban make some approach towards it; but the former is too self-sufficing in his valour and his villainy to be deeply pitied, and the latter too senseless and brutal. Victor Hugo has made himself the laureate of pathetic deformity, but much of his work is a conscious or unconscious variation on the original theme of . prima facie Frankenstein Frankenstein None of Mary Shelley’s subsequent romances approached in power and popularity. The reason may be summed up in a word—Languor. After the death of her infant son in 1819, she could never again command the energy which had carried her so vigorously through . Except in one instance, her work did not really interest her. Her heart is not in it. contains many passages of exquisite beauty; but it was, as the authoress herself says, “a child of mighty slow growth;” “laboriously dug,” Shelley adds, “out of a hundred old chronicles,” and wants the fire of imagination which alone could have interpenetrated the mass and fused its diverse ingredients into a satisfying whole. Of the later novels, excepted, it is needless to speak, save for the autobiographic interest with which Professor Dowden’s fortunate discovery has informed the hitherto slighted pages of . But demands great attention, for it is not only a work of far higher merit than commonly admitted, but of all her works the most characteristic of the authoress, the most representative of Mary Shelley in the character of pining widowhood which it was her destiny to support for the remainder of her life. It is an idealized version of her sorrows and sufferings, made to contribute a note to the strain which celebrates the final dissolution of the world. The languor which mars her other writings is a beauty here, harmonizing with the general tone of sublime melancholy. Most pictures of the end of the world, painted or penned, have an apocalyptic character. Men’s imaginations are powerfully impressed by great convulsions of nature; fire, tempest, and earthquake are summoned to effect the dissolution of the expiring earth. In pestilence is the sole agent, and the tragedy is purely human. The tale consequently lacks the magnificence which the subject might have seemed to invite, but, on the other hand, gains in pathos—a pathos greatly increased when the authoress’s identity is recollected, and it is observed how vividly actual experience traverses her web of fiction. None can have been affected by Mary Shelley’s work so deeply as Mary Shelley herself; for the scenery is that of her familiar haunts, the personages are her intimates under thin disguises, the universal catastrophe is but the magnified image of the overthrow of her own fortunes; and there are pages on pages where every word must have come to her fraught with some unutterably sweet or bitter association. Yet, though her romance could never be to the public what it was to the author, it is surprising that criticism should have hitherto done so little justice either to its pervading nobility of thought or to the eloquence and beauty of very many inspired passages. Frankenstein Frankenstein Valperga The Last Man Lodore The Last Man The Last Man When is reprinted it will come before the world as a new work. The same is the case with the short tales in this collection, the very existence of which is probably unknown to those most deeply interested in Mary Shelley. The entire class of literature to which they belong has long ago gone into Time’s wallet as “alms for oblivion.” They are exclusively contributions to a form of publication utterly superseded in this hasty age—the Annual, whose very name seemed to prophesy that it would not be perennial. For the creations of the intellect, however, there is a way back from Avernus. Every new generation convicts the last of undue precipitation in discarding the work of its own immediate predecessor. The special literary form may be incapable of revival; but the substance of that which has pleased or profited its age, be it Crashaw’s verse, or Etherege’s comedies, or Hoadly’s pamphlets, or what it may, always repays a fresh examination, and is always found to contribute some element useful or acceptable to the literature of a later day. The day of the “splendid annual” was certainly not a vigorous or healthy one in the history of English . It came in at the ebb of the great tide of poetry which followed on the French Revolution, and before the insetting of the great tide of Victorian prose. A pretentious feebleness characterizes the majority of its productions, half of which are hardly above the level of the album. Yet it had its good points, worthy to be taken into account. The necessary brevity of contributions to an annual operated as a powerful check on the loquacity so unfortunately encouraged by the three-volume novel. There was no room for tiresome descriptions of minutiæ, or interminable talk about uninteresting people. Being, moreover, largely intended for the perusal of high-born maidens in palace towers, the annuals frequently affected an exalted order of sentiment, which, if intolerable in insincere or merely mechanical hands, encouraged the emotion of a really passionate writer as much as the present taste for minute delineation represses it. This perfectly suited Mary Shelley. No writer felt less call to reproduce the society around her. It did not interest her in the smallest degree. The bent of her soul was entirely towards the ideal. This ideal was by no means buried in the grave of Shelley. She aspired passionately towards an imaginary perfection all her life, and solaced disappointment with what, in actual existence, too often proved the parent of fresh disillusion. In fiction it was otherwise; the fashionable style of publication, with all its faults, encouraged the enthusiasm, rapturous or melancholy, with which she adored the present or lamented the lost. She could fully indulge her taste for exalted sentiment in the Annual, and the necessary limitations of space afforded less scope for that creeping languor which relaxed the nerve of her more ambitious productions. In these little tales she is her perfect self, and the reader will find not only the entertainment of interesting fiction, but a fair picture of the mind, repressed in its energies by circumstances, but naturally enthusiastic and aspiring, of a lonely, thwarted, misunderstood woman, who could seldom do herself justice, and whose precise place in the contemporary constellation of genius remains to be determined. The Last Man belles-lettres The merit of a collection of stories, casually written at different periods and under different influences, must necessarily be various. As a rule, it may be said that Mary Shelley is best when most ideal, and excels in proportion to the exaltation of the sentiment embodied in her tale. Virtue, patriotism, disinterested affection, are very real things to her; and her heroes and heroines, if generally above the ordinary plane of humanity, never transgress the limits of humanity itself. Her fault is the other way, and arises from a positive incapacity for painting the ugly and the commonplace. She does her best, but her villains do not impress us. Minute delineation of character is never attempted; it lay entirely out of her sphere. Her tales are consequently executed in the free, broad style of the eighteenth century, towards which a reaction is now fortunately observable. As stories, they are very good. The theme is always interesting, and the sequence of events natural. No person and no incident, perhaps, takes a very strong hold upon the imagination; but the general impression is one of a sphere of exalted feeling into which it is good to enter, and which ennobles as much as the photography of ugliness degrades. The diction, as usual in the imaginative literature of the period, is frequently too ornate, and could spare a good many adjectives. But its native strength is revealed in passages of impassioned feeling; and remarkable command over the resources of the language is displayed in descriptions of scenes of natural beauty. The microscopic touch of a Browning or a Meredith, bringing the scene vividly before the mind’s eye, is indeed absolutely wanting; but the landscape is suffused with the poetical atmosphere of a Claude or a Danby. The description at the beginning of is a characteristic and beautiful instance. The Sisters of Albano The biographical element is deeply interwoven with these as with all Mary Shelley’s writings. It is of especial interest to search out the traces of her own history, and the sources from which her descriptions and ideas may have been derived. has evident vestiges of her residence near Windsor when was written, and probably reflects the general impression derived from Shelley’s recollections of Eton. The visit to Pæstum in recalls one of the most beautiful of Shelley’s letters, which Mary, however, probably never saw. Claire Clairmont’s fortunes seem glanced at in one or two places; and the story of may be partly founded on some experience of hers in Russia. Trelawny probably suggested the subjects of the two Greek tales, , and is a variation on the theme of , and on that of . These are the only tales in the collection which betray the influence of Godwin, and neither is so fully worked out as it might have been. Mary Shelley was evidently more at home with a human than with a superhuman ideal; her enthusiasm soars high, but does not transcend the possibilities of human nature. The artistic merit of her tales will be diversely estimated, but no reader will refuse the authoress facility of invention, or command of language, or elevation of soul. The Mourner Alastor The Pole The Pole The Evil Eye Euphrasia. The Mortal Immortal St. Leon Transformation Frankenstein About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (2018). Tales and Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/56665/pg56665-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

It is customary to regard Mary Shelley’s claims to literary distinction

A Floating City and The Blockade Runners by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Sullivan Island channel here SULLIVAN ISLAND CHANNEL. Two days after the meeting with the “Iroquois,” the “Dolphin” found herself abreast of the Bermudas, where she was assailed by a violent squall. These isles are frequently visited by hurricanes, and are celebrated for shipwrecks. It is here that Shakspeare has placed the exciting scene of his drama, “The Tempest,” in which Ariel and Caliban dispute for the empire of the floods. The squall was frightful; James Playfair thought once of running for one of the Bermudas, where the English had a military post: it would have been a sad waste of time, and therefore especially to be regretted; happily the “Dolphin” behaved herself wonderfully well in the storm, and after flying a whole day before the tempest, she was able to resume her course towards the American coast. But if James Playfair had been pleased with his ship, he had not been less delighted with the young girl’s bravery; Miss Halliburtt had passed the worst hours of the storm at his side, and James knew that a profound, imperious, irresistible love had taken possession of his whole being. “Yes,” said he, “this brave girl is mistress on board; she turns me like the sea a ship in distress—I feel that I am foundering! What will Uncle Vincent say? Ah! poor nature, I am sure that if Jenny asked me to throw all this cursed cargo into the sea, I should do it without hesitating, for love of her.” Happily for the firm of Playfair and Co., Miss Halliburtt did not demand this sacrifice; nevertheless, the poor Captain had been taken captive, and Crockston, who read his heart like an open book, rubbed his hands gleefully. “We will hold him fast!” he muttered to himself, “and before a week has passed my master will be quietly installed in one of the best cabins of the ‘Dolphin.’” As for Miss Jenny, did she perceive the feelings which she inspired? did she allow herself to share them? No one could say, and James Playfair least of all; the young girl kept a perfect reserve, and her secret remained deeply buried in her heart. But whilst love was making such progress in the heart of the young Captain, the “Dolphin” sped with no less rapidity towards Charleston. On the 13th of January, the watch signalled land ten miles to the west. It was a low-lying coast, and almost blended with the line of the sea in the distance. Crockston was examining the horizon attentively, and about nine o’clock in the morning he cried,— “Charleston lighthouse!” Now that the bearings of the “Dolphin” were set, James Playfair had but one thing to do, to decide by which channel he would run into Charleston Bay. “If we meet with no obstacles,” said he, “before three o’clock we shall be in safety in the docks of the port.” The town of Charleston is situated on the banks of an estuary seven miles long and two broad, called Charleston Harbour, the entrance to which is rather difficult. It is enclosed between Morris Island on the south, and Sullivan Island on the north. At the time when the “Dolphin” attempted to force the blockade Morris Island already belonged to the Federal troops, and General Gillmore had caused batteries to be erected overlooking the harbour. Sullivan Island, on the contrary, was in the hands of the Confederates, who were also in possession of Moultrie Fort, situated at the extremity of the island; therefore it would be advantageous to the “Dolphin” to go as close as possible to the northern shores to avoid the firing from the forts on Morris Island. Five channels led into the estuary, Sullivan Island Channel, the Northern Channel, the Overall Channel, the Principal Channel, and lastly, the Lawford Channel; but it was useless for strangers, unless they had skilful pilots on board, or ships drawing less than seven feet of water to attempt this last; as for Northern and Overall Channels, they were in range of the Federalist batteries, so that it was no good thinking of them. If James Playfair could have had his choice, he would have taken his steamer through the Principal Channel, which was the best, and the bearings of which were easy to follow; but it was necessary to yield to circumstances, and to decide according to the event. Besides, the Captain of the “Dolphin” knew perfectly all the secrets of this bay, its dangers, the depths of its water at low tide, and its currents, so that he was able to steer his ship with the greatest safety as soon as he entered one of these narrow straits. The great question was to get there. Now this work demanded an experienced seaman, and one who knew exactly the qualities of the “Dolphin.” In fact two Federal frigates were now cruising in the Charleston waters. Mr. Mathew soon drew James Playfair’s attention to them. “They are preparing to ask us what we want on these shores,” said he. “Ah, well! we won’t answer them,” replied the Captain, “and they will not get their curiosity satisfied.” In the meanwhile the cruisers were coming on full steam towards the “Dolphin,” who continued her course, taking care to keep out of range of their guns. But in order to gain time James Playfair made for the south-west, wishing to put the enemies’ ships off their guard; the latter must have thought that the “Dolphin” intended to make for Morris Island Channel. Now there they had batteries and guns, a single shot from which would have been enough to sink the English ship; so the Federals allowed the “Dolphin” to run towards the south-west, contenting themselves by observing her without following closely. Thus for an hour the respective situations of the ships did not change, for James Playfair, wishing to deceive the cruisers as to the course of the “Dolphin,” had caused the fires to be moderated, so that the speed was decreased. However, from the thick volumes of smoke which escaped from the chimneys, it might have been thought that he was trying to get his maximum pressure, and, consequently, his maximum of rapidity. “They will be slightly astonished presently,” said James Playfair, “when they see us slip through their fingers!” In fact, when the Captain saw that he was near enough to Morris Island, and before a line of guns, the range of which he did not know, he turned his rudder quickly, and the ship resumed her northerly course, leaving the cruisers two miles to windward of her; the latter seeing this manœuvre understood the steamer’s object, and began to pursue her in earnest, but it was too late. The “Dolphin” doubled her speed under the action of the screws, and distanced them rapidly. Going nearer to the coast, a few shell were sent after her as an acquittal of conscience, but the Federals were outdone, for their projectiles did not reach half way. At eleven o’clock in the morning, the steamer ranging near Sullivan Island, thanks to her small draft, entered the narrow strait full steam; there she was in safety, for no Federalist cruiser dared follow her in this channel, the depth of which, on an average, was only eleven feet at low tide. “How?” cried Crockston, “and is that the only difficulty?” “Oh! oh! Master Crockston,” said James Playfair, “the difficulty is not in entering, but in getting out again.” “Nonsense!” replied the American, “that does not make me at all uneasy; with a boat like the ‘Dolphin’ and a Captain like Mr. James Playfair, one can go where one likes, and come out in the same manner.” Nevertheless, James Playfair, with telescope in his hand, was attentively examining the route to be followed. He had before him excellent coasting guides, with which he could go ahead without any difficulty or hesitation. Once his ship was safely in the narrow channel which runs the length of Sullivan Island, James steered bearing towards the middle of Fort Moultrie as far as the Pinckney Castle, situated on the isolated island of Shute’s Folly; on the other side rose Fort Johnson, a little way to the north of Fort Sumter. At this moment the steamer was saluted by some shot which did not reach her, from the batteries on Morris Island. She continued her course without any deviation, passed before Moultrieville, situated at the extremity of Sullivan Island, and entered the bay. Soon Fort Sumter on the left protected her from the batteries of the Federalists. This fort, so celebrated in the civil war, is situated three miles and a half from Charleston, and about a mile from each side of the bay: it is nearly pentagonal in form, built on an artificial island of Massachusetts granite, it took ten years to construct and cost more than 900,000 dollars. It was from this fort, on the 13th of April, 1861, that Anderson and the Federal troops were driven, and it was against it that the first shot of the Confederates was fired. It is impossible to estimate the quantity of iron and lead which the Federals showered down upon it. However, it resisted for almost three years, but a few months after the passage of the “Dolphin,” it fell beneath General Gillmore’s three hundred-pounders on Morris Island. But at this time it was in all its strength, and the Confederate flag floated proudly above it. Once past the fort the town of Charleston appeared lying between Ashley and Cooper rivers. James Playfair threaded his way through the buoys which mark the entrance of the channel, leaving behind the Charleston lighthouse visible above Morris Island. He had hoisted the English flag, and made his way with wonderful rapidity through the narrow channels. When he had passed the Quarantine buoy, he advanced freely into the centre of the bay. Miss Halliburtt was standing on the poop, looking at the town where her father was kept prisoner, and her eyes filled with tears. At last the steamer’s speed was moderated by the Captain’s orders; the “Dolphin” ranged along the end of the south and east batteries, and was soon moored at the quay of the North Commercial Wharf. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2022). A Floating City and The Blockade Runners. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/67829/67829-h/67829-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Sullivan Island channel.

Christian Science by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER II here CHAPTER II When she wrote this little biography her great life-work had already been achieved, she was become renowned; to multitudes of reverent disciples she was a sacred personage, a familiar of God, and His inspired channel of communication with the human race. Also, to them these following things were facts, and not doubted: She had written a Bible in middle age, and had published it; she had recast it, enlarged it, and published it again; she had not stopped there, but had enlarged it further, polished its phrasing, improved its form, and published it yet again. It was at last become a compact, grammatical, dignified, and workman-like body of literature. This was good training, persistent training; and in all arts it is training that brings the art to perfection. We are now confronted with one of the most teasing and baffling riddles of Mrs. Eddy's history—a riddle which may be formulated thus: How is it that a primitive literary gun which began as a hundred-yard flint-lock smooth-bore muzzle-loader, and in the course of forty years has acquired one notable improvement after another—percussion cap; fixed cartridge; rifled barrel; efficiency at half a mile how is it that such a gun, sufficiently good on an elephant hunt (Christian Science) from the beginning, and growing better and better all the time during forty years, has always collapsed back to its original flint-lock estate the moment the huntress trained it on any other creature than an elephant? Something more than a generation ago Mrs. Eddy went out with her flint-lock on the rabbit range; and this was a part of the result: “After his decease, and a severe casualty deemed fatal by skilful physicians, we discovered that the Principle of all healing and the law that governs it is God, a divine Principle, and a spiritual not material law, and regained health.”—Preface to Science and Health, first revision, 1883. N.B. Not from the book itself; from the Preface. You will notice the awkwardness of that English. If you should carry that paragraph up to the Supreme Court of the United States in order to find out for good and all whether the fatal casualty happened to the dead man—as the paragraph almost asserts—or to some person or persons not even hinted at in the paragraph, the Supreme Court would be obliged to say that the evidence established nothing with certainty except that there had been a casualty—victim not known. The context thinks it explains who the victim was, but it does nothing of the kind. It furnishes some guessing-material of a sort which enables you to infer that it was “we” that suffered the mentioned injury, but if you should carry the language to a court you would not be able to prove that it necessarily meant that. “We” are Mrs. Eddy; a funny little affectation. She replaced it later with the more dignified third person. The quoted paragraph is from Mrs. Eddy's preface to the first revision of Science and Health (1883). Sixty-four pages further along—in the body of the book (the elephant-range), she went out with that same flint-lock and got this following result. Its English is very nearly as straight and clean and competent as is the English of the latest revision of Science and Health after the gun has been improved from smooth-bore musket up to globe-sighted, long distance rifle: “Man controlled by his Maker has no physical suffering. His body is harmonious, his days are multiplying instead of diminishing, he is journeying towards Life instead of death, and bringing out the new man and crucifying the old affections, cutting them off in every material direction until he learns the utter supremacy of Spirit and yields obedience thereto.” In the latest revision of Science and Health (1902), the perfected gun furnishes the following. The English is clean, compact, dignified, almost perfect. But it is observable that it is not prominently better than it is in the above paragraph, which was a product of the primitive flint-lock: “How unreasonable is the belief that we are wearing out life and hastening to death, and at the same time we are communing with immortality? If the departed are in rapport with mortality, or matter, they are not spiritual, but must still be mortal, sinful, suffering, and dying. Then wherefore look to them—even were communication possible—for proofs of immortality and accept them as oracles?” —Edition of 1902, page 78. With the above paragraphs compare these that follow. It is Mrs. Eddy writing—after a good long twenty years of pen-practice. Compare also with the alleged Poems already quoted. The prominent characteristic of the Poems is affectation, artificiality; their makeup is a complacent and pretentious outpour of false figures and fine writing, in the sophomoric style. The same qualities and the same style will be found, unchanged, unbettered, in these following paragraphs—after a lapse of more than fifty years, and after—as aforesaid—long literary training. The italics are mine: “What plague spot or bacilli were [sic] gnawing [sic] at the heart of this metropolis... and bringing it [the heart] on bended knee? Why, it was an institute that had entered its vitals—that, among other things, taught games,” et cetera.—C.S. Journal, p. 670, article entitled “A Narrative—by Mary Baker G. Eddy.” “Parks sprang up [sic]... electric-cars run [sic] merrily through several streets, concrete sidewalks and macadamized roads dotted [sic] the place,” et cetera.—Ibid. “Shorn [sic] of its suburbs it had indeed little left to admire, save to [sic] such as fancy a skeleton above ground breathing [sic] slowly through a barren [sic] breast.”—Ibid. This is not English—I mean, grown-up English. But it is fifteen-year-old English, and has not grown a month since the same mind produced the Poems. The standard of the Poems and of the plague-spot-and-bacilli effort is exactly the same. It is most strange that the same intellect that worded the simple and self-contained and clean-cut paragraph beginning with “How unreasonable is the belief,” should in the very same lustrum discharge upon the world such a verbal chaos as the utterance concerning that plague-spot or bacilli which were gnawing at the insides of the metropolis and bringing its heart on bended knee, thus exposing to the eye the rest of the skeleton breathing slowly through a barren breast. The immense contrast between the legitimate English of Science and Health and the bastard English of Mrs. Eddy's miscellaneous work, and between the maturity of the one diction and the juvenility of the other, suggests—compels—the question, Are there two guns? It would seem so. Is there a poor, foolish, old, scattering flint-lock for rabbit, and a long-range, centre-driving, up-to-date Mauser-magazine for elephant? It looks like it. For it is observable that in Science and Health (the elephant-ground) the practice was good at the start and has remained so, and that the practice in the miscellaneous, outside, small-game field was very bad at the start and was never less bad at any later time. I wish to say that of Mrs. Eddy I am not requiring perfect English, but only good English. No one can write perfect English and keep it up through a stretch of ten chapters. It has never been done. It was approached in the “well of English undefiled”; it has been approached in Mrs. Eddy's Annex to that Book; it has been approached in several English grammars; I have even approached it myself; but none of us has made port. Now, the English of Science and Health is good. In passages to be found in Mrs. Eddy's Autobiography (on pages 53, 57, 101, and 113), and on page 6 of her squalid preface to Science and Health, first revision, she seems to me to claim the whole and sole authorship of the book. That she wrote the Autobiography, and that preface, and the Poems, and the Plague-spot-Bacilli, we are not permitted to doubt. Indeed, we know she wrote them. But the very certainty that she wrote these things compels a doubt that she wrote Science and Health. She is guilty of little awkwardnesses of expression in the Autobiography which a practiced pen would hardly allow to go uncorrected in even a hasty private letter, and could not dream of passing by uncorrected in passages intended for print. But she passes them placidly by; as placidly as if she did not suspect that they were offenses against third-class English. I think that that placidity was born of that very unawareness, so to speak. I will cite a few instances from the Autobiography. The italics are mine: “I remember reading in my childhood certain manuscripts containing Scriptural Sonnets, besides other verses and enigmas,” etc. Page 7. [On page 27.] “Many pale cripples went into the Church leaning on crutches who came out carrying them on their shoulders.” It is awkward, because at the first glance it seems to say that the cripples went in leaning on crutches which went out carrying the cripples on their shoulders. It would have cost her no trouble to put her “who” after her “cripples.” I blame her a little; I think her proof-reader should have been shot. We may let her capital C pass, but it is another awkwardness, for she is talking about a building, not about a religious society. “Marriage and Parentage” [Chapter-heading. Page 30]. You imagine that she is going to begin a talk about her marriage and finish with some account of her father and mother. And so you will be deceived. “Marriage” was right, but “Parentage” was not the best word for the rest of the record. It refers to the birth of her own child. After a certain period of time “my babe was born.” Marriage and Motherhood—Marriage and Maternity—Marriage and Product—Marriage and Dividend—either of these would have fitted the facts and made the matter clear. “Without my knowledge he was appointed a guardian.” Page 32. She is speaking of her child. She means that a guardian for her child was appointed, but that isn't what she says. “If spiritual conclusions are separated from their premises, the nexus is lost, and the argument with its rightful conclusions, becomes correspondingly obscure.” Page 34. We shall never know why she put the word “correspondingly” in there. Any fine, large word would have answered just as well: psychosuperintangibly—electroincandescently—oligarcheologically— sanchrosynchro-stereoptically—any of these would have answered, any of these would have filled the void. “His spiritual noumenon and phenomenon silenced portraiture.” Page 34. Yet she says she forgot everything she knew, when she discovered Christian Science. I realize that noumenon is a daisy; and I will not deny that I shall use it whenever I am in a company which I think I can embarrass with it; but, at the same time, I think it is out of place among friends in an autobiography. There, I think a person ought not to have anything up his sleeve. It undermines confidence. But my dissatisfaction with the quoted passage is not on account of noumenon; it is on account of the misuse of the word “silenced.” You cannot silence portraiture with a noumenon; if portraiture should make a noise, a way could be found to silence it, but even then it could not be done with a noumenon. Not even with a brick, some authorities think. “It may be that the mortal life-battle still wages,” etc. Page 35. That is clumsy. Battles do not wage, battles are waged. Mrs. Eddy has one very curious and interesting peculiarity: whenever she notices that she is chortling along without saying anything, she pulls up with a sudden “God is over us all,” or some other sounding irrelevancy, and for the moment it seems to light up the whole district; then, before you can recover from the shock, she goes flitting pleasantly and meaninglessly along again, and you hurry hopefully after her, thinking you are going to get something this time; but as soon as she has led you far enough away from her turkey lot she takes to a tree. Whenever she discovers that she is getting pretty disconnected, she couples-up with an ostentatious “But” which has nothing to do with anything that went before or is to come after, then she hitches some empties to the train-unrelated verses from the Bible, usually—and steams out of sight and leaves you wondering how she did that clever thing. For striking instances, see bottom paragraph on page 34 and the paragraph on page 35 of her Autobiography. She has a purpose—a deep and dark and artful purpose—in what she is saying in the first paragraph, and you guess what it is, but that is due to your own talent, not hers; she has made it as obscure as language could do it. The other paragraph has no meaning and no discoverable intention. It is merely one of her God-over-alls. I cannot spare room for it in this place. “I beheld with ineffable awe our great Master's marvelous skill in demanding neither obedience to hygienic laws nor,” etc. Page 41. The word is loosely chosen-skill. She probably meant judgment, intuition, penetration, or wisdom. “Naturally, my first jottings were but efforts to express in feeble diction Truth's ultimate.” Page 42. One understands what she means, but she should have been able to say what she meant—at any time before she discovered Christian Science and forgot everything she knew—and after it, too. If she had put “feeble” in front of “efforts” and then left out “in” and “diction,” she would have scored. “... its written expression increases in perfection under the guidance of the great Master.” Page 43. It is an error. Not even in those advantageous circumstances can increase be added to perfection. “Evil is not mastered by evil; it can only be overcome with Good. This brings out the nothingness of evil, and the eternal Somethingness vindicates the Divine Principle and improves the race of Adam.” Page 76. This is too extraneous for me. That is the trouble with Mrs. Eddy when she sets out to explain an over-large exhibit: the minute you think the light is bursting upon you the candle goes out and your mind begins to wander. “No one else can drain the cup which I have drunk to the dregs, as the discoverer and teacher of Christian Science” Page 47. That is saying we cannot empty an empty cup. We knew it before; and we know she meant to tell us that that particular cup is going to remain empty. That is, we think that that was the idea, but we cannot be sure. She has a perfectly astonishing talent for putting words together in such a way as to make successful inquiry into their intention impossible. She generally makes us uneasy when she begins to tune up on her fine-writing timbrel. It carries me back to her Plague-Spot and Poetry days, and I just dread those: “Into mortal mind's material obliquity I gazed and stood abashed. Blanched was the cheek of pride. My heart bent low before the omnipotence of Spirit, and a tint of humility soft as the heart of a moonbeam mantled the earth. Bethlehem and Bethany, Gethsemane and Calvary, spoke to my chastened sense as by the tearful lips of a babe.” Page 48. The heart of a moonbeam is a pretty enough Friendship's-Album expression—let it pass, though I do think the figure a little strained; but humility has no tint, humility has no complexion, and if it had it could not mantle the earth. A moonbeam might—I do not know—but she did not say it was the moonbeam. But let it go, I cannot decide it, she mixes me up so. A babe hasn't “tearful lips,” it's its eyes. You find none of Mrs. Eddy's kind of English in Science and Health—not a line of it. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Christian Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3187/pg3187-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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