BuzzCRS

buzzcrs

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Macoto Kikuchi (菊池誠), Cybermedia center, Osaka University, and Department of Physics, Osaka University and kikuchi.macoto.cmc@osaka-u.ac.jp. Table of Links Introduction Model and Methods Results Discussion and Acknowledgment IV. DISCUSSION The results presented in this paper suggest that the one-way switches are hardly selected in evolution because mutationally robust GNRs are favored. This scenario of the phenotype selection was confirmed by comparing the outcomes of the multicanonical ensemble method and the steady state of stochastic evolutionary simulations because the steady state does not depend on the evolutionary history. We consider this selection mechanism to be widely valid and not restricted to the case studied in this paper. Since this phenotype selection can occur whenever more than one phenotype exists for the same fitness value, we expect this phenomenon to occur in real living systems. We may call it the third-order selection because it is a consequence of the second-order selection. Since the second-order selection is a weak effect, the above phenotypic selection may be a further weak effect. However, as the present results suggest, the phenomenon may become significant if the steady state of evolution is maintained. Such situations can be realized experimentally. For example, it will be possible for the effect to be observed for bacteria under constant stress. It should be noted that what is the matter is not the absolute strength of mutational robustness but its relative strength. Thus, phenotype selection can occur even between mutationally not-so-robust phenotypes. Next, let us consider an implication of the evolution of the model dealt with observed in this paper. The result of McMC shows that most GRNs are monostable at low fitness; then as fitness increases the toggle switches dominate, and eventually most GRNs become one-way switches. A one-way switch of GRN realizes an irreversible change in the cell states. We note that irreversibility was not required in the definition of fitness. Thus, the irreversible switches can emerge even without it being required explicitly as fitness. It suggests the possibility that the irreversibility observed for real cells has evolved from the monostable reversible GRNs. Finally, the present study shows that McMC is an effective method for investigating characteristic properties of evolution. McMC clarifies what kind of phenotypes can exist if the evolution process is not considered. The fact that the outcomes of McMC and evolutionary simulation differ considerably implies a possibility that some phenotypes are not reached by evolution. Considering the experimental situation, such phenotypes may be accessible by direct genome engineering other than evolutionary experiments. Apart from the evolution of living systems, the present results give an insight into the genetic algorithm (GA) of optimization problems; GA is not a fair method for optimization; rather, it will provide the phenotypes bearing a specific property, namely, the mutational robustness, as the optimized solutions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23K03261. [1] H. Kitano, Biological robustness, Nat Rev Genet 5, 828 (2004). [2] A. Wagner, Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems (Princeton Univ Press, 2005). [3] J. Masel and M. L. Siegal, Robustness: mechanisms and consequences, Trends Genet 25, 395 (2009). [4] G. Giaever, A. M. Chu, L. Ni, C. Connelly, L. Riles, S. Veronneau, S. Dow, A. Lucau-Danila, K. Anderson, B. Andre, A. P. Arkin, A. Astromoff, M. E. Bakkoury, R. Bangham, R. Benito, S. Brachat, S. Campanaro, M. Curtiss, K. Davis, A. Deutschbauer, K. D. Entian, P. Flaherty, F. Foury, D. J. Garfinkel, M. Gerstein, D. Gotte, U. Gludener, J. H. Hegemann, S. Hempel, Z. Herman, D. F. Jaramillo, D. E. Kelly, S. L. Kelly, P. Kotter, D. LaBonte, D. C. Lamb, N. Lan, H. Liang, H. Liao, L. Liu, C. Luo, M. Lussier, R. Mao, P. Menard, S. L. Ooi, J. L. Revuelta, C. J. Roberts, M. Rose, P. RossMacdonald, B. Scherens, G. Schimmack, B. Shafer, D. D. Shoemaker, S. Sookhai-Mahadeo, R. K. Storms, J. N. Strathern, G. Valle1, M. Voet, G. Volckaert, C. Y. Wang, T. R. Ward, J. Wilhelmy, E. A. Winzeler, Y. Yang, G. Yen, E. Youngman, K. Yu, H. Bussey, J. D. Boeke, M. Snyder, P. Philippsen, R. W. Davis, and M. Johnston, Functional profiling of the saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, Nature 418, 387 (2002). [5] T. Baba, T. Ara, M. Hasegawa, Y. Takai, Y. Okumura, M. Baba, K. A. Datsenko, M. Tomita, B. L. Wanner, and H. Mori, Construction of escherichia coli k-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the keio collection, Mol Syst Biol 2, 2006.0008 (2006). [6] D. U. Kim, J. Hayles, D. Kim, V. Wood, H. O. Park, M. Won, H. S. Yoo, T. Duhig, M. Nam, G. Palmer, S. Han, L. Jeffery, S. T. Baek, H. Lee, Y. S. Shim, M. Lee, L. K. and. K. S. Heo, E. J. Noh, A. R. Lee, Y. J. Jang, K. S. Chung, S. J. Choi, J. Y. Park, Y. Park, H. M. Kim, S. K. Park, H. J. Park, E. J. Kang, H. B. Kim, H. S. Kang, H. M. Park, K. Kim, K. Song, K. B. Song, P. Nurse, and K. L. Hoe, Analysis of a genome-wide set of gene deletions in the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe, Nat Biotechnol 28, 617 (2010). [7] M. Isaran, C. Lemerle, K. Michalodimitrakis, C. Horn, P. Beltrao, E. Raineri, M. Garriga-Canut, and L. Serrano, Evolvability and hierarchy in rewired bacterial gene networks, Nature 452, 840 (2008). [8] E. van Nimwegen, J. P. Crutchfield, and M. Huynen, Neutral evolution of mutational robustness, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 17, 9716 (1999). [9] S. Ciliberti, O. C. Martin, and A. Wagner, Robustness can evolve gradually in complex regulatory gene networks with varying topology, PLoS Comput Biol 3, e15 (2007). [10] S. Ciliberti, O. C. Martin, and A. Wagner, Innovation and robustness in complex regulatory gene networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 13591 (2007). [11] B. A. Berg and T. Neuhaus, Multicanonical algorithms for first order phase transitions, Phys Lett B267, 249 (1991). [12] B. A. Berg and T. Neuhaus, Multicanonical ensemble: A new approach to simulate first-order phase transitions, Phys Rev Lett 68, 9 (1992). [13] Y. Iba, N. Saito, and A. Kitajima, Multicanonical mcmc for sampling rare events: an illustrative review, Ann Inst Stat Math 66, 611 (2014). [14] A. Kitajima and M. Kikuchi, Numerous but rare: An exploration of magic squares, PLoS ONE 10, e0125062 (2015). [15] N. Saito and M. Kikuchi, Robustness leads close to the edge of chaos in coupled map networks: toward the understanding of biological networks, New J Phys 15, 053037 (2013). [16] S. Nagata and M. Kikuchi, Emergence of cooperative bistability and robustness of gene regulatory networks, PLoS Comput Biol 16, e1007969 (2020). [17] T. Kaneko and M. Kikuchi, Evolution enhances mutational robustness and suppresses the emergence of a new phenotype: A new computational approach for studying evolution, PLoS Comput Biol 18, e1009796 (2022). [18] Y. Omachi, N. Saito, and C. Furusawa, Rare-event sampling analysis uncovers the fitness landscape of the genetic code, PLoS Comput Biol 19, e1011034 (2023). [19] J. J. Tyson, K. C. Chen, and B. Novak, Sniffers, buzzers, toggles and blinkers: dynamics of regulatory and signaling pathways in the cell, Curr Opin Cell Biol 15, 221 (2003). [20] J. E. Ferrell and E. M. Machleder, The biochemical bases of an all-or-none cell fate switch in xenopus oocytes, Science 280, 895 (1998). [21] E. Mjolsness, D. H. Sharp, and J. Reinitz, A connectionist model of development, J Theor Biol 152, 429 (1991). [22] A. Wagner, Evolution of gene networks by gene duplications: A mathematical model and its implications on genome organization, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 4387 (1994). [23] A. Wagner, Does evolutionary plasticity evolve, Evolution 50, 1008 (1996). [24] M. L. Siegal and A. Bergman, Waddington’s canalization revisited: developmental stability and evolution, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 10528 (2002). [25] J. Masel, Genetic assimilation can occur in the absence of selection for the assimilating phenotype, suggesting a role for the canalization heuristic, J Evol Biol 17, 1106 (2004). [26] K. Kaneko, Evolution of robustness to noise and mutation in gene expression dynamics, PLoS one 2, e434 (2007). [27] C. Espinosa-Soto, O. C. Martin, and A. Wagner, Phenotypic robustness can increase phenotypic variability after nongenetic perturbations in gene regulatory circuits, J Evol Biol 24, 1284 (2011). [28] M. Inoue and K. Kaneko, Cooperative adaptive responses in gene regulatory networks with many degrees of freedom, PLoS Comput Biol 9, e1003001 (2013). [29] M. Inoue and K. Kaneko, Cooperative reliable response from sloppy gene-expression dynamics, Eutophys Lett 124, 38002 (2018). [30] F. Wang and D. P. Landau, Efficient, multiple-range random walk algorithm to calculate the density of state, Phys Rev Lett 86, 2050 (2001). [31] F. Wang and D. P. Landau, Determining the density of states for classical statistical models: A random walk algorithm to produce a flat histogram, Phys Rev E 64, 056101 (2001). [32] J. Lee, New monte carlo algorithm: Entropic sampling, Phys Rev Lett 71, 211 (1993).

Phenotype Selection due to Mutational Robustness: Discussion & Acknowledgment

Things To Make by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS. here X. TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS. The easily made but practical apparatus described in this chapter supplies an incentive for learning the Morse telegraphic code, which is used for sending sound signals, and for visible signals transmitted by means of flags, lamps, and heliograph mirrors. Signalling is so interesting, and on occasion can be so useful, that no apology is needed for introducing signalling apparatus into this book. The apparatus in question is a double-instrument outfit, which enables an operator at either end of the line to cause a “buzzer” or “tapper” to work at the other end when he depresses a key and closes an electric circuit. Each unit consists of three main parts—(1) the transmitting key; (2) the receiving buzzer or tapper; (3) the electric battery. The principles of an installation are shown in Fig. 33. One unit only is illustrated, but, as the other is an exact duplicate, the working of the system will be followed easily. [Illustration: Fig. 32.—Morse alphabet] A wooden lever, L, is pivoted on a support, A. Passing through it at the forward end is a metal bar having at the top a knob, K, which can be grasped conveniently in the fingers; at the other a brass screw, O, which is normally pulled down against the contact, N, by the spiral spring, S. The contact M under K is in connection with the binding post T1 and N with binding post T3; K is joined up to T2, and O to T4. T3 and T4 are connected with one of the line wires; T1 with the other wire through a battery, B; T3 with the other wire through the buzzer, R. [Footnote 1: For the buzzer may be substituted the tapper, described on a later page.] Assuming both keys to be at rest, as in Fig. 33, the two buzzers are evidently in circuit with the line wires, though no current is passing. If the stem of K is depressed to make contact with M, the electric circuit of which the battery, B, forms part is completed, and the buzzer at the other end of the lines comes into action. Since the depression of K raises O off N, the “home” buzzer’s connection with the line wires is broken, to prevent the current being short-circuited. The fact that this buzzer is periodically in circuit, even when the key is being worked, makes it possible for the operator at the other end to attract attention by depressing his key, if he cannot read the signals sent. [Illustration: Fig.33—Telegraphic apparatus; sending key, buzzer and battery] Making the Keys. Transmitting keys can be bought cheaply, but not so cheaply as they can be made. The only expense entailed in home manufacture is that of the screw terminals for connecting the keys with the lines and buzzers. These cost only a penny each, and, if strict economy is the order of the day, can be dispensed with should the apparatus not have to be disconnected frequently. The size of the key is immaterial. The keys made by me have levers 1 inch wide and 5-1/2 inches long, oak being chosen as material, on account of its toughness. K is in each case a small wooden knob on a piece of 3/16-inch brass rod; O a 1-1/2-inch brass screw; A a piece of sheet brass 3-1/2 inches long, marked off carefully, drilled 1/8 inch from the centre of each end for the pivot screws, and in four places for the holding-down screws, and bent up at the ends to form two standards. If you do not possess any brass strip, the lever may be supported on wooden uprights glued and screwed to the base. [Illustration: Fig. 34—Telegraphic apparatus mounted on baseboard] Contact M is a small piece of brass attached to the base by a screw at one end and by T1 at the other. K was drilled near the end to take the short coil of insulated wire joining it to T2, and O was similarly connected with T4. The spring, S, should be fairly strong. A steel spiral with a loop at each end is most easily fitted. Drill holes in the lever and base large enough for the spring to pass through freely, make a small cross hole through the lever hole for a pin, and cut a slot across the base hole for a pin to hold the bottom of the spring. Adjust the lever by means of screw O so that there is a space of about 1/4-inch between K and M when O and N are in contact, and after the spring has been put in position give the screw a turn or two to bring K down to within 1/16 inch of M. This will put the required tension on the spring. The Buzzers.—For these I selected a couple of small electric bells, costing 2s. 6d. each. Their normal rate of vibration being much too slow for telegraphic purposes, I cut off the hammers to reduce the inertia, and so adjusted the contact screw that the armature had to move less than one hundredth of an inch to break the circuit. This gave so high a rate of vibration that the key could not make and break the circuit quickly enough to prevent the buzzer sounding. A Morse Tapper or Sounder. In postal telegraph offices a “sounder,” and not a “buzzer,” is generally used to communicate the signals. Instead of a continuous noise, lasting as long as the key at the transmitting station is held down, the operator at the receiving station hears only a series of taps made by an instrument called a “sounder.” The principle of this simple device is illustrated by the working diagrams in Fig. 35. M is a horseshoe magnet fixed to a base, A. Close to it is an armature, AR, of soft iron, attached to a lever, L, which works on a pivot and is held up against a regulating screw, P1, by the pull of the spring SP. When current passes through the magnet the armature is attracted, and the point of the screw S2 strikes against P2; while the breaking of the circuit causes L to fly back against S1. The time intervening between the “down” and “up” clicks tells the operator whether a long or a short—dash or a dot—is being signalled. [Illustration: FIG. 35.-Elevation and plan of telegraphic sounder.] Materials.—A horseshoe magnet and armature taken from an electric bell provide the most essential parts of our home-made instrument in a cheap form. If these are available, expense will be limited to a few pence. Oak or walnut are the best woods to use for the lever, being more resonant than the softer woods, and for the standard B and stop V. Any common wood is good enough for the base A. The lever L is 6 inches long, 1/2 inch deep, and 3/8-inch wide, and is pivoted at a point 4-1/4 inches from the stop end. The hole should be bored through it as squarely as possible, so that it may lie centrally without B being out of the square. A piece of metal is screwed to its top face under the adjusting screw S1. The spring is attached to L and A in the manner already described on p. 89 in connection with the “buzzer.” The plate P2 should be stout enough not to spring under the impact of the lever. Fig. 36 is an end view of the standard B. The drilling of the pivot hole through this requires care. The screw S2 should be so adjusted as to prevent the armature actually touching the cores of the magnets when attracted. The ends of the magnet winding wire, after being scraped, are clipped tightly against the base by the binding posts T1 T2. If sounders are used in place of buzzers they are connected up with the keys, batteries, and line wires in the manner shown in Fig. 33. Batteries. The dry cells used for electric bells are the most convenient batteries to use. They can now be purchased at all prices from a shilling upwards, and give about 1-1/2 volts when in good condition. One cell at each end will suffice for short distances, or for considerable distances if large conductors are used. If a single cell fails to work the buzzer strongly through the circuit, another cell must be added. [Illustration: FIG. 36.—Standard for sounder.] For ease in transport it will be found advisable to mount key, buzzer, and battery on a common baseboard, which should be provided with a cover and handle. The three parts are interconnected with one another, and the line wire terminals as sketched in Fig. 34. This arrangement makes the apparatus very compact and self-contained. As a finishing touch fit the lid inside with clips for holding a stiff-backed writing pad and pencil for the recording of messages. Lines.—Fencing made of stout galvanized iron wires strung on wooden posts supplies excellent conductors for practice purposes, provided the posts be quite dry. In wet weather there will be leakage. (Fencing with metal posts is, of course, unsuitable, as every post short-circuits the current.) The two wires selected for land lines must be scraped quite bright at the points where the connections are to be made. It is an easy matter to rig up a telegraph line of galvanized wire 1/12 to 1/8 inch in diameter, strung along insulators (the necks of bottles serve the purpose excellently) supported on trees, posts, or rough poles. The length of the line will be limited by the battery power available, but a 6-volt battery at each end will probably suffice for all experimental purposes. A second wire is not needed if one terminal at each end is connected with a copper plate sunk in the ground, or with a metal fence, drain-pipe, etc. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2005). Things To Make. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14664/pg14664-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

TELEGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Almost every tech enthusiast is fascinated by the ultra-cool, tech-savvy character of Tony Stark. Just like Tony, every tech nerd wants to build exciting gadgets and tools for customized tasks and automation. A couple of decades ago, this would’ve stayed a dream for many. But now, with the help of technological advancements, anyone can make such gizmos and robots at will and match the awesomeness of Tony Stark! The world of technology is undergoing a phase of rapid change and innovations, . One of the greatest developments in this domain is the evolution of hardware technology, which consequently gave birth to microcomputers like Arduino and Raspberry pi. marketing With basic knowledge of servos, breadboards and a little bit of Arduino programming, anyone can make exciting devices for daily use. Here’s a curated list of Arduino projects that will give a fun introduction to beginners: Arduino based Digital Watch This is easy to make, yet a project which will give you lots of insights about the basic working of Arduino. To make it, you’ll need an Arduino Uno and an LCD with a keypad shield. In the software part, you’ll need Arduino IDE and a library for Arduino keypad. This clock is completely controlled by Arduino. Interestingly, no real-time clock (RTC) module is used in this. It is very simple to code and works just like any other clock in your house. The LCD needs to be plugged over the Arduino board along with the keypad. The code can be found . Coding it without RTC from scratch gives a fundamental understanding of Arduino’s working. here Light Sensor This is yet another project for those who want to dive into the world of robotics and automation via Arduino. As the name suggests, a light sensor is a device that is used to detect electromagnetic waves at a specific wavelength. Despite its simplicity, this has a lot of uses. Arduino based light sensors can be integrated with plant watering devices, security devices as well as home automation projects. Arduino based light sensors can detect a wide range of frequencies such as UV, IR and the frequencies of the visible spectrum. The most widely used light sensor which is often accompanied by Arduino is photocell/LDR. For this buildup, you’ll need one Arduino Uno, 1 LDR, One 100 kilo-ohm potentiometer and a buzzer. is the code to be executed in the IDE. This Simplicity in its hardware connection gives this project a beginner-friendly learning curve. Arduino Alarm Arduino based alarm is a very exciting project which uses basic Arduino circuitry with LEDs and buzzers. Even though it is a relatively simple project, it can even be deployed at your house to catch intruders and detect movements around precious belongings. For making this alarm system, you’ll be needing an Arduino, HC-SR04 ultrasonic ping sensor, buzzer and, an LED. The Queen Beyonce Biography And Networth In this project,  whenever any movement is detected by the sensor, the Arduino is programmed in such a way that it instantly triggers the buzzer and flashes LED at the same time. This can be made advanced by inserting a password-based authorization to turn off the alarm once the sensor detects objects in the vicinity. The sample code can be found in . You can even make some tweaks to add your own devices. What about adding some action by using servos and robot arms? The possibilities are endless. this repository Traffic Light Controller Even though the description of this project is on the easier side, it requires a little bit of advanced programming logic (not too advanced though) to control the blinking pattern of 3 LEDs with the help of Arduino . This project is recommended for people who have a little bit of programming knowledge and are willing to learn the hardware intricacies. This requires the assembly of several components apart from Arduino such as red, green and yellow LED, breadboard, few resistors, push board switch, and connecting wires. Once the basic intuition is developed, you can also modify and readjust variable values according to your needs. Furthermore, this can also be extended to build a more complex system with motion sensors connected in such a way that the signal timings are readjusted. this code Rainfall Detection Device Few jumper wires, a buzzer, a rain sensor, and 1 Arduino board is all you need to create your own rainfall detector.  As the rainfall starts, the devices make a beep sound, indicating rainfall. Besides Arduino, the most important part of this device is the rain sensor, which is nothing but a PCB board. Almost everyone knows that water is a good conductor of electricity. This principle is extensively utilized in this circuitry. When water droplets fall on the detector, the circuit is completed, which allows the flow of current within it. Finally, the current powers the buzzer and an alarm is generated. You can also connect an LED in case you want a visual alarm by extending further. helps many of its customers by providing best quality . this Wtphemp CBD Oil These were some of the projects which you can start right away , or take up as a weekend task to learn fundamentals. Get ready with your Arduino kit and laptop and dive right into it onlinepoker.bet

5 Beginner Friendly Arduino Projects To Gain A Head Start

Medical technologies are not limited to remote examinations, robotic surgical controllers and diagnostic algorithms. Today they transform mental health domain, specifically, work methods with patients and the doctor’s role. Mental health topic is hot as ever The problem of mental health is not new, however, its specifics and the comparative study novelty, it lacks attention. People around the world are better aware of “traditional” diseases and, even if they can be easily treated, they still raise more concerns. Society stigmatizes mental diseases. According to World Health Organization , every fourth person globally is exposed to psychological and mental issues at least once in a lifetime. report 900 million people are suffering from mental diseases today, and two-thirds make no attempts to seek qualified help. On average, 9 mental health professionals per 100,000 people in the world. In developing countries this indicator is less than 1, while in developed countries it sometimes surpasses 72. About there are The United States is the most studied market in terms of mental health. And this same country was the closest to technological breakthroughs in treatment area. According to the National Institute of Mental Health , one in five adult Americans (or 46.6 million people) suffers from all sorts of psychological and mental illnesses. report Who got the worst of it? Millennials and buzzers. Among young people aged 18–25 years, one in four or 25.8% have mental problems. People over 50 years old suffer least of all (13.8%). Overall, out of 46.6 million patients, only 42% sought any medical help. This is more than a medical problem. In the capitalist States, researchers have studied the impact mental problems have on the market. US economy $51 billion due to declining workforce productivity. Major mental illnesses (those complicating the fulfillment of key life and social functions) bring another $193.2 billion of lost profits per year to the economy. And in the UK, due to psychological and psychological issues, people about 70 million additional sick days each year. loses take The total losses from mental problems for the global economy in the next 20 years $16 trillion. This is much more than the "price" of any non-infectious disease. may exceed The scale of the situation resembles an epidemic. However, in the US, the solution to it is not treatment, but an interest surge in sedatives. The king of this market is Xanax. More specifically, a class of drugs called benzodiazepines on the basis of the active substance alprazolam. They briefly suppress anxiety and relieve fatigue. The number of Xanax prescriptions by 67% between 1996 and 2013, the consumption by 2016. Xanax is now regularly taken by up to 5% of all adult Americans. The drug has low tolerance, and together with opioid drugs, it becomes deadly dangerous. As a result, there’s been an increase in deaths from benzodiazepines overdose between 1999 and 2015. increased tripled eight-fold Technologies offer another perspective. Apps and far beyond Tech is not about digital hygiene or self-restraint. The treatment of mental problems from anxiety to clinical depression or bipolar disorder always rests on resources. Therapy is inaccessible to many, and even more scary because of stigma. But even short-term sessions with a specialist, are often not enough due to the nature of the disease. Mobile applications can turn things around. Startups, academic institutes, research labs are developing programs that use active patient data collection to diagnose the condition in real-time. These applications capture dangerous patterns and stabilize the patient through short-term interventions. is a solution brought by Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center. This is a scientific program for the treatment of schizophrenia, that had been over a year. The smartphone analyzes user behavior (launched applications, calls, SMS) and uses sensors (camera, GPS, microphone, accelerometer). The user should regularly report by answering 10 questions about own condition. The data is sent to the server for analysis and further issuing of a clear medical report. Collected data allows for timely response to behavioral changes, and sometimes even prevention of suicidal attempts. CrossCheck tested is an application from a Boston-based Cogito startup that helps identify potential mental issues: from social isolation to anxiety or psychological trauma. This program went through trial by combat: during testing in 2013, about 100 of its users in the area. The team was able to accurately record the increase of symptom fixation. Companion does not make a diagnosis on its own. Having doctor’s diagnosis, the app can notify of the threat of relapse, by MIT. Companion ended up Boston attack as stated is a California-based company founded by the former head of the Mental Health Institute. The of the same name works on the “digital siren” principle. The app and an alternative keyboard are installed on smartphones to monitor all patient’s activity. The focus is on borderline personality disorder. Patients are impulsive, they have anxiety and poor self-control. They are not aware of a stressful situation happening. Mindstrong application is also a Californian project that a network for quick patient care. The project employs and trains special operators for patient counseling. Today, there are 340,000 operators in 198 countries. If the situation is really serious, the patient is connected to a certified therapist. 90% of users feel better after an in-app session. 7 Cups creates Software developers are not the only ones to occupy mental health niche. The deep tech domain (technological products based on scientific research) is far more wider. For example, the London-based company intends to become the world's first medical psilocybin provider and treat depression, anxiety and other conditions. Compass Pathways According to , the idea is simple enough. Our brain, like any complex software, accumulates bugs over time due to incorrect blocks of code (in our case, individual neural connections). Substances such as psilocybin, taken in the right doses and under supervision, allows for brain reload. Where psychotherapy or serotonin stimulants fall short in battle with depression, this is a chance of survival. Bloomberg The project was founded by a graduate of the St. Petersburg Medical Academy Ekaterina Malevskaya and her husband George Goldsmith. The company has already raised $58 million investment and received permission from US regulators to conduct full-fledged clinical trials. If the tests are successful, the products may be approved for official medical use. To whom it may concern Mental health is highly relevant for mobile developers. According to , about 10,000 applications operate in the niche. But the majority of them does not rely on a serious scientific base, but rather streamlined wording about awareness and psychological peace. This of the University of Liverpool academics. The New York Times drew attention Scientists examined the of apps the National Health Service of England recommends for depression. Only 4 of them provide comparatively reliable evidence of effectiveness, and only 2 actually meet scientific standards. The utility of the remaining 85% of apps cannot be proved. They mainly rely on mindfulness practices: breathing exercises and meditation which is not yet considered a clinically proven and effective treatment for depression or anxiety. It might to cope with symptoms, but not more than that. list help Real scientific developments are more complex: CrossCheck has not yet completed the testing phase, Companion has been in it for 5 years. In turn, Mindstrong and 7 Cups work directly with the Californian authorities in a five-year program, which has received over $100-million funding, and endures ongoing medical and financial audits. Regulators led by the mighty FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) do not just confirm the “clinically effective” status. Especially when it comes to personal electronics. Progress is inevitable. According to insiders in the US medical field, the FDA is preparing to announce that applications will soon become part of medical protocols for determining mental illness. Recently, FDA launched Digital Health Innovation Action Plan providing regulatory framework for app developers. World Health Organization as well as UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence issued their guidelines on digital health technologies. Simply put, they will move from extravagant tests to reality. Simplifying mental assistance can save lives. There is a problem, there is a market. According to , an estimated $89 billion is spent on mental health treatment in the United States annually. This, for example, is almost twice as much as the cost pregnancy and childbirth, even considering that over 50% do not turn for help. CB Insights Investments are ballooning. During 2013–2017, about $0.6 billion was invested in mental health industry. In the second quarter of 2019 alone, the investment amount $321 million. A ‘boom in VC funding’, as by Pitchbook. reached being put Startups in this field have visited Y Combinator, Techstars and other accelerators. Investors fall for a clear and healthy business model. For example, the Talkspace application allows users to chat for $32 per week, and for $99 per week to have a video chat with therapists. SoftBank was among those who supported the project in $28 million round. Ginger.io project with similar functionality, but a more personalized approach, provides access for $129 — $350 per month. The project raised $28 million. Health and digital medicine are one of the hottest niches where you can hear the battle cry of tech giants like Apple and Google. Mental health, which is starting to be taken more seriously, looks like a particularly understandable and profitable area. There is proven potential for the use of smartphones, AI, digital communication. FDA approval will make things completely clear. Hundreds of millions of people will have a chance for therapy or even recovery. Smartphones will no longer be source of problems, but become their solution. To sum up, in the foreseeable future, we should expect the following trends: The boom of preventive measures where technologies will play a pivotal role. The diagnosis apps will work on the basis of scientific developments, and dataset will substantially boost their accuracy. A vast array of apps will be prescribed to patients ranging from VR applications for PTSD to for treating depression. games The prominent market players will increasingly partner with insurance companies. The new regulation is likely to come after the presidential elections. Warren, Murray and Smith, US senators, have been with the program, aiming to reinvent medical services regulation by shifting the focus from products to developers. dealing PreCert Much effort will be made to address data privacy issue and ensure due protection of sensitive information. Since the retention rates in mental health leave much to be desired, mental health applications will extensively rely on peer support techniques, which eventually will become a success factor and an enabler for gaining an upper hand. Yuri Filipchuk, partner at CYFRD investment firm, explains what this means for investors, entrepreneurs and all of us.

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