Bitwarden

bitwarden

Disclaimer I am not and have never worked for Bitwarden, and I don't have and have never had any insights. I am a user of Bitwarden and all in this article is based on my observation and information provided by Bitwarden support. I do not think Bitwarden is a bad product, or by no means want to suggest migrating off, or not to onboard. Look, mistakes happen. On contrary, I've been using it for a couple of years and found it good and I plan to keep paying for my subscription. Goals Give other users facing the same problem a quick solution in StackOverflow/Reddit style. Learn from the error how to roll out changes without affecting users. How to solve this Missing items (logins, notes, cards) are the items in your organization(s) with no Collection(s) assigned. To solve this: Login to Bitwarden in a browser with your admin account. Open the Admin console. To do that, click the nine dots/squares icon next to your profile picture on the top right corner and click the "Admin console" on the popup that appeared. Choose the organization the items you want to make visible are in on the left pane. On the Filters section click the "All items". Now, on the table to the right of the Filters section you will see all your items, including Collections each item is in. The missing items are the items that are not in any collection, in other words, items for which the Collections column is empty. Add items into at least one collection. I did not find a good way to identify items not in any collection and do mass add, so the only obvious way I see is to click 3 vertical dots on the item's row, choose the Collections item on the drop down, and assign one or multiple Collections. Repeat for each item. So, what happened and what can I do not to make the same mistake OMG I lost my passwords Today I tried to login to GitHub. I opened the site in a browser, clicked the Sign in button, and suddenly found that the Bitwarden shield Chrome extension has no numbers on it - Bitwarden did not have any details on the site. Wait, it worked before, how come it isn’t working now! Wait, what? There was the 2nd factor for the site stored in Bitwarden, have I completely lost access to my GitHub?. That must be some mistake. So, I opened Bitwarden app on my phone and found the login was not there either. I started checking other items in my vault, I still had some items, so it's not "everything" that is gone, but I also found that several other items that I had used recently or I was pretty sure had been there were missing. I was also sure I had not deleted anything from there. Ok, am I hacked then? Unlikely, as I use Yubikey as a 2nd factor, so someone either had to obtain physical access to my device AND my Yubikey, or it could've been some sophisticated malware. But why would one want to delete some items from my vault and not the others? So, I swept that option away. Ok, then what? I logged in to Bitwarden site with my account, and tried to search for the missing items there. The UI showed what I had seen in my Chrome extension, but no missing items. However, there I found the Trash folder, it was empty. The Trash folder contains any items removed within the last 30 days, and some of the missing items had been in use just a few days ago, so even if they had been deleted it still had to be there. Ok, it's time to ask for help. I sent an email to the support. They asked me whether the items were in an organization, said ,  pointed me out to the and suggested to check Collections and permissions. this can be due to flexible collections that we are currently in the process of rolling out documentation I did that and found that the items had not gone (phew), but they were still not visible. Terminology and sharing model Bitwarden sharing is based on Organization model. A person has an account with Bitwarden. Apart from a personal vault under the account where a person keeps their personal items, a person's account can be added to multiple organizations - their company's org, an open-source project contributor's org, a family org, etc. Each of these organizations keep items that belong to the org. However, not all users in the org should have access to all the items in the org, and they may also have different levels of access (edit, view, etc). To control this Bitwarden uses a "Collection" concept. Collection is a union of 3 things - items, users and access, so it dictates which users have specified level of access to which items. So, what happened In the past, the system allowed to add items to an organization without adding them to any collections. I don't know whether it was a bug or a feature, but that worked for me just fine and I tend to drop most of my logins to my Family org, adding those I want to share with my family members to corresponding collections, and keeping the rest outside of any collections. It was working for me either because I created those or because I was an admin, but I could see them just fine until today. Today, Bitwarden rolled out the new model to my account/org, and all the items that had not been explicitly added to any collection appeared in a virtual "unassigned" collection (my speculation, you cannot see it in the interface), and the access to the virtual collection got revoked from everyone including the admin. So, since the account got no permissions assigned (even the view) for those items, they disappeared from the list on my devices. Lessons we can learn These lessons are not recommendations for Bitwarden developers as Bitwarden may have some obligations and restrictions that prevent them from being applied directly (for example data collection). They are rather generic to a product and require taking product specifics into account. Observability, observability, observability. Without the right metrics developers go blind through mine fields, deadly traps and surrounded by hungry predators. Having metrics is vital. In this particular case metrics like "avg number of items available to a user" or more specific to the case "number of items in the unassigned collection" would allow to detect the problem either before rollout or on an early stage of it. We should be careful collecting different things though, metrics can be sensitive, for example - can collection of these metrics be considered as collecting user data? By some - sure, it will be. So, we should collect necessary metrics, but we need to be transparent on what is collected and why it's necessary. Know your system, but expect that users will not use it in the way you expected. What is the behavior now and what it will be after the change - now, it allows to use items not in collections, after the change, it will not. You expected users to put all the items in an org to at least one collection, but does the system allow items to be not in any collection? If so, what's the behavior? That's not what you put into design in the first place, but if that's possible (the system allows it to) - people will do it and you need to deal with this. Preserve the state of things. The state of the items that are not included in any collection is "they are visible and editable by an admin", make sure it will remain after the change. All the items have to be in an explicit collection? Fine, have the updater create "uncategorized" collection, add admin account to it and assign "view and edit" permission and add all the items that are not in collections to the new collection. Make sure the system allows to do only what it's supposed to and all the places have consistent behavior. We have a new requirement - items cannot exist outside a collection. Change the tooling to prevent removing it from all the collections. The Chrome plugin requires at least one collection to be chosen to move an item to an organization. However, the web UI in admin interface allows admins to uncheck all the collections, and thus remove it from any collection, wait, this contradicts the Chrome extension logic. Create tooling. I have a few hundred items in my org. Some have thousands. How are we supposed to move them to a collection? One by one? Your users will curse you, give them a tool. Communicate. Let users know that you've developed a new feature, or that you're going to make permission management more flexible. They will love to hear this. This requires some changes? They need to learn how to manage permissions in a new way? At least they will be ready and know what's going on, instead they find out that the old way is not working any longer and they have to learn the new way when they need to make changes ASAP. Things may go wrong. That's fine. But we should not surprise users, especially in a bad way.

How to Resolve Bitwarden's 'Some Logins Missing' Issue

What is Vaultwarden? is an alternative implementation of API written in Rust. It’s compatible with official Bitwarden clients and is a perfect choice for a self-hosted vault. Being written in Rust makes it lightweight, unlike the original Bitwarden which is written in C# and quite resource-heavy. Vaultwarden Bitwarden server Why Podman? Docker doesn’t work properly with systemd. The problem is that systemd doesn’t monitor a docker container but a docker client. It means if the container crashes but the client is running, the systemd will not restart the container. It’s caused by Dockers’ client-server architecture. There’s a workaround for it but using a native solution seems more reasonable. is an open-source, daemon-less, Linux-native tool to run containers. It was developed under standards and it works perfectly with systemd. Because of its daemon-less nature, it allows running containers under an arbitrary user. Podman OCI Install Podman I will show how to install podman in Ubuntu 20.10, for other distributions refer to : the official guide sudo apt update
sudo apt install podman Run Vaultwarden My normal setup includes the admin panel enabled and registration of new users disabled. To enable the admin panel we have to pass an environment variable. It is recommended to use a long random string for this value. We can generate it using the command: ADMIN_TOKEN openssl rand openssl rand -base64 48 One more thing to do before we run our vault is to create a data directory. In this directory Vaultwarden stores its config and database: sudo mkdir /vw-data Now everything is ready to run Vaultwarden: sudo podman pull vaultwarden/server:latest
sudo podman run -d --name vaultwarden.pod -e ADMIN_TOKEN=YOUR_RANDOM_TOKEN_GOES_HERE -v /vw-data/:/data/ -p 8000:80 vaultwarden/server:latest Create systemd service Create a service file under : /etc/systemd/system/vaultwarden.pod.service sudo touch /etc/systemd/system/vaultwarden.pod.service I like to have the suffix to differentiate native services from containerized services. .pod Put the following content to the service file: [Unit]
Description=Vaultwarden/Bitwarden Server (Rust Edition)
Documentation=https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden
Wants=syslog.service

[Service]
Restart=on-failure
ExecStart=/usr/bin/podman start -a vaultwarden.pod
ExecStop=/usr/bin/podman stop vaultwarden.pod

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target Here are a few things worth pointing out: is instructing to only restart the service when it exits with non-zero code. It allows us to stop the service using the as well as the command. Restart=on-failure podman stop systemctl To store the container’s logs to syslog we have . The option instructs to attach the container’s STDOUT and STDERR. podman start -a -a is needed to start our container on system boot. The option basically means that the service should be started when all network services are up and the system is ready to accept logins. If you omit the option your service will start on boot. WantedBy multi-user.target WantedBy NOT The option tells that syslog should be started when our service is being started. However, it’s a weak requirement and the service will still start if syslog fails to start. In other words, we would like to have logs but it’s not mandatory for our service. Wants=syslog.service Reload the daemon: sudo systemctl daemon-reload And check the Vaultwarden status: sudo systemctl status vaultwarden.pod
● vaultwarden.pod.service - Vaultwarden/Bitwarden Server (Rust Edition)
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/vaultwarden.pod.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-05-26 15:25:08 UTC; 1 day 20h ago
       Docs: https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden
   Main PID: 19461 (podman)
      Tasks: 11 (limit: 1112)
     Memory: 26.9M
     CGroup: /system.slice/vaultwarden.pod.service
             ├─19461 /usr/bin/podman start -a vaultwarden.pod
             └─19574 /usr/libexec/podman/conmon --api-version 1 -c e2a6a794ddf8bb74308a9f64b98871913f6a46a8370c921dcb353f5db721cea0 -u e2a6a794ddf8bb74308a9f64b98871913f6a46a8370c921dcb353f5db721cea0 -r /usr/bin/crun -b /var/lib/containers/storage/overlay-containers/e2a6a7> Now you can stop/start the Vaultwarden service: sudo systemctl stop vaultwarden.pod
sudo systemctl start vaultwarden.pod Previously published . here

Running Vaultwarden in a Container as a systemd Service Using Podman

If you are like me, you might be struggling to remember all the usernames and passwords to every darn site, account, bank, laptop, random devices, and what have you. I keep signing up to sites and apps and tracking all those usernames and passwords in my "Dory the forgetful fish" memory. At one point, I took to meticulously writing them all down in a notebook. But the notebook didn’t go everywhere with me. That plan failed miserably. Next, I created a text file and stored it on my laptop. Again, portability. I created multiple copies on multiple devices, forgot to update them, and you can imagine the chaos. Then I came up with the brilliant idea of mailing the username and password to myself. Each time I created an account on an obscure site, I quickly composed an email and hit send — to myself. Must be fail-proof right? Searchable, multi-device, and so on? Except, when you are searching through 80,000 emails, pretty much every word seems to have occurred at least a thousand times. So the search was not that simple. Around this time, Google started raising some ominous threats. It kept warning me that some passwords had been compromised. That was scary. If one password can be compromised, so can others. I have learned now that emails go around the world unencrypted and can easily be read by a kindergarten-level hacker. One learns. And one takes corrective action at once! I was pouring out my password sorrows to a friend when he suggested ! I have signed up for the free version and I already see so many benefits. Bitwarden Intuitive interface It took me less than 5 minutes to figure out and start using Bitwarden. It is absolutely simple to get it up and running for the basic purpose of storing usernames and passwords. Access anywhere This is a very basic requirement in today’s age. But it is still worth noting that Bitwarden is pretty seamless. I keep moving between devices and Bitwarden is always ready to show me what I want on any device. The intuitive interface comes in handy because not a lot changes between devices. Predictability — I love it. Searchable Since the app is not cluttered with any other information, it is easy to search for and find what I want in record time. I already have about 50 passwords on it and the list promises to grow. But the search hasn’t failed me yet. Of course, I need to be mindful of how to store the information. The text I supply better be meaningful. Password suggestions One of my biggest problems is coming up with unique passwords. The challenge gets worse because of all the rules — more than 8 characters, no spaces, one number, one special character, one uncle’s last name, one ex-boyfriend’s pet's name, and so on. By the end of it all, I have forgotten what I typed and I can’t replicate it in the ‘repeat password’ field. Here’s how Bitwarden helps. When I want to create a login on any site, I first open Bitwarden and make an entry. I capture the site URL, the login name, and then move to the password field. When I make an entry, Bitwarden suggests a nicely complex password. It also enables me to copy the password. So I simply paste the deliciously complex password onto whichever site I am trying to log in to. I can choose to use my own password too, but why would I bother taxing my already confused brain! Other features The free version has many other features. I haven’t even scratched the surface of what it offers, but I have what I need so far. Here are some cool things for the slightly geeky folks: You can set the login to timeout at a short interval in case you leave your device unattended. Time out - 2-factor authentication. If you are worried about security, Bitwarden allows you to set up an extra layer of authentication. 2FA - Obviously something you must not do. But if you absolutely have to, Bitwarden has a nice way of doing this. You don’t have to email passwords to others. You create something called an organization and invite another user into it. In the free version, you can only add one other user. Sharing passwords - For some reason, there is comfort in open-source tools. A greater sense of trust especially in matters related to security. Open-source - There is much more to Bitwarden. But as an ordinary user, this is as much as I currently need to use. It is serving me well. The only concern is that I still have to remember one password 🤣 — the password I set for Bitwarden. I suppose it is a small price to pay in exchange for freeing up my memory of zillion other passwords. This is my personal opinion. I am sharing this information because the tool has really helped me. Also published behind a paywall on: https://medium.com/illumination/do-you-struggle-to-manage-a-zillion-passwords-a954e9050915

Using a Password Manager: My Review of Bitwarden

Storing passwords in your browser might seem convenient, but it comes with significant security risks. While browsers offer built-in password management features, they are not foolproof and can expose your sensitive information to various threats. Cybercriminals can exploit browser vulnerabilities, malware, or unauthorized access to your device, potentially leading to identity theft, financial loss, and privacy breaches. Understanding these risks is crucial for making informed decisions about how you manage and protect your passwords. Risks of Storing Passwords in Browsers When a browser saves your password, the data is typically left unencrypted. This would expose your passwords in plain text to anyone who has access to them by way of gaining physical or software-based (browser) keylogging capabilities. This presents a significant security risk, especially in the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity in 2024. Nowadays, malware is one of the most common threats that can take advantage of stored passwords. Ransomware incidents jumped over 73% between 2022 and the previous year to an all-time high of more than 4,611 reported cases. In 2023, the recovery costs jumped from $1.82M to $2.73M in 2024 (not taking into account any ransom payments). For instance, keyloggers can record your keystrokes, or malicious browser extensions can siphon off your saved passwords without your knowledge. Browsers themselves can have security flaws. These exploitable vulnerabilities can be used by hackers to obtain your saved passwords. Common security issues include outdated software and unpatched security holes. The impact of these vulnerabilities can be severe, compromising your password security and leading to unauthorized access to your accounts. Potential Consequences It makes life easier to store your passwords in the browser but also comes with risks. Of those disciplines, consider how much more your identity can be compromised the financial losses you could face and of course the loss of privacy. Identity Theft & Fraud: Stolen passwords are an immediate gateway to identity theft. This allows hackers to use your credentials to log into your accounts, impersonate you, and even steal your personal information. This may lead to illegal activities such as borrowing loans on your own and creating another account that you did not allow. Having password security is important because if your password gets stolen, you are probably going to lose everything. When unauthorized individuals break into your accounts, the financial loss can be both sudden and deep. Hackers could easily steal from your bank accounts or credit cards and transfer money to themselves without you knowing. Keeping your financial data secure is vital, and storing passwords in your browser for online transactions will increase the possibility of being wrongly stored or hacked. Privacy Loss: The loss of privacy is a big deal beyond just the financial repercussions. Stolen passwords can grant attackers access to your personal accounts, such as emails, social media, and cloud storage. We all know that if they get access to your private messages and photos and spy on you in real life, the effects are extensive, as the breach of one's privacy can leave them more affected emotionally and socially. Alternatives to Storing Passwords in Browsers Password managers are dedicated tools designed to securely store and manage your passwords. These tools use strong encryption to protect your data, ensuring that even if someone gains access to your device, they can’t easily retrieve your stored credentials. Using a password manager also means you don’t have to remember every single password, which reduces the temptation to reuse weak passwords across multiple accounts—a major password security risk. On top of the hefty encryption they give, the best password managers also randomly create passwords that are complicated and all different. This provides an additional security barrier (remember… layers) so that if one account is breached, the rest are not as easy to access. Among the popular password managers are LastPass, 1Password, Bitwarden, etc. These provide an easy way to safely store and simply recall your passwords — access them protected from prying eyes. For example, 2FA (Two Factor Authentication) makes your password more secure while increasing the process of logging in by enabling one extra verification before you log in. Rather than authenticating you solely via a password, 2FA asks for a second proof of identity (like a code sent to your phone/app-based notification). This additional step helps to ensure that if someone gets your password, it will not grant them access without the second factor under their possession. Best Practices for Password Security One of the best steps you can take to keep your password secure is using strong, unique passwords for all online accounts. You should avoid using everyday words or information someone could easily find out about you, like your name or birthdate. Alternatively, use at least a mix of everything: upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Try to make sure your passwords are at least 12 characters long for it harder to crack. If you struggle to remember multiple complex passwords, consider using one of the best password managers available. With tools like these, you can store strong, unique passwords for every single one of your accounts securely. While good passwords are helpful, make sure to change them once in a while, too. The likelihood of breaches can be reduced by changing your password every 3-6 months, as security experts suggest. Even if a would-be adversary has obtained one of your passwords without you knowing about it, by the time they are able to use that password against other sites. Lastly, monitoring your account activity is essential for catching any suspicious behavior early. Most websites and apps will have tools that let you view your recent logins or flag suspicious activity via notifications so long as they are used regularly. If you monitor your accounts, unauthorized access can be detected and handled immediately. Encouraging Safer Alternatives for Password Management Storing passwords in your browser may seem convenient, but it exposes you to significant security risks. By opting for safer alternatives like password managers and implementing strong security practices, you can better protect your sensitive information and keep your accounts secure. Prioritizing password security is crucial to safeguarding your online presence. Storing passwords in your browser might seem convenient, but it comes with significant security risks. While browsers offer built-in password management features, they are not foolproof and can expose your sensitive information to various threats. Cybercriminals can exploit browser vulnerabilities, malware, or unauthorized access to your device, potentially leading to identity theft, financial loss, and privacy breaches. Understanding these risks is crucial for making informed decisions about how you manage and protect your passwords. Risks of Storing Passwords in Browsers When a browser saves your password, the data is typically left unencrypted. This would expose your passwords in plain text to anyone who has access to them by way of gaining physical or software-based (browser) keylogging capabilities. This presents a significant security risk, especially in the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity in 2024. cybersecurity in 2024. cybersecurity in 2024. Nowadays, malware is one of the most common threats that can take advantage of stored passwords. Ransomware incidents jumped over 73% between 2022 and the previous year to an all-time high of more than 4,611 reported cases. 73% between 2022 73% between 2022 In 2023, the recovery costs jumped from $1.82M to $2.73M in 2024 (not taking into account any ransom payments). For instance, keyloggers can record your keystrokes, or malicious browser extensions can siphon off your saved passwords without your knowledge. $1.82M to $2.73M in 2024 $1.82M to $2.73M in 2024 keyloggers can record your keystrokes, or malicious browser extensions keyloggers can record your keystrokes, or malicious browser extensions Browsers themselves can have security flaws. These exploitable vulnerabilities can be used by hackers to obtain your saved passwords. Common security issues include outdated software and unpatched security holes. The impact of these vulnerabilities can be severe, compromising your password security and leading to unauthorized access to your accounts. Potential Consequences It makes life easier to store your passwords in the browser but also comes with risks. Of those disciplines, consider how much more your identity can be compromised the financial losses you could face and of course the loss of privacy. Identity Theft & Fraud: Stolen passwords are an immediate gateway to identity theft. This allows hackers to use your credentials to log into your accounts, impersonate you, and even steal your personal information. This may lead to illegal activities such as borrowing loans on your own and creating another account that you did not allow. Having password security is important because if your password gets stolen, you are probably going to lose everything. When unauthorized individuals break into your accounts, the financial loss can be both sudden and deep. Hackers could easily steal from your bank accounts or credit cards and transfer money to themselves without you knowing. Keeping your financial data secure is vital, and storing passwords in your browser for online transactions will increase the possibility of being wrongly stored or hacked. Privacy Loss: The loss of privacy is a big deal beyond just the financial repercussions. Stolen passwords can grant attackers access to your personal accounts, such as emails, social media, and cloud storage. We all know that if they get access to your private messages and photos and spy on you in real life, the effects are extensive, as the breach of one's privacy can leave them more affected emotionally and socially. Alternatives to Storing Passwords in Browsers Password managers are dedicated tools designed to securely store and manage your passwords. These tools use strong encryption to protect your data, ensuring that even if someone gains access to your device, they can’t easily retrieve your stored credentials. Using a password manager also means you don’t have to remember every single password, which reduces the temptation to reuse weak passwords across multiple accounts—a major password security risk. On top of the hefty encryption they give, the best password managers also randomly create passwords that are complicated and all different. This provides an additional security barrier (remember… layers) so that if one account is breached, the rest are not as easy to access. Among the popular password managers are LastPass, 1Password, Bitwarden, etc. These provide an easy way to safely store and simply recall your passwords — access them protected from prying eyes. best password managers best password managers For example, 2FA (Two Factor Authentication) makes your password more secure while increasing the process of logging in by enabling one extra verification before you log in. Rather than authenticating you solely via a password, 2FA asks for a second proof of identity (like a code sent to your phone/app-based notification). This additional step helps to ensure that if someone gets your password, it will not grant them access without the second factor under their possession. Best Practices for Password Security One of the best steps you can take to keep your password secure is using strong, unique passwords for all online accounts. You should avoid using everyday words or information someone could easily find out about you, like your name or birthdate. Alternatively, use at least a mix of everything: upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. Try to make sure your passwords are at least 12 characters long for it harder to crack. If you struggle to remember multiple complex passwords, consider using one of the best password managers available. With tools like these, you can store strong, unique passwords for every single one of your accounts securely. While good passwords are helpful, make sure to change them once in a while, too. The likelihood of breaches can be reduced by changing your password every 3-6 months, as security experts suggest. Even if a would-be adversary has obtained one of your passwords without you knowing about it, by the time they are able to use that password against other sites. Lastly, monitoring your account activity is essential for catching any suspicious behavior early. Most websites and apps will have tools that let you view your recent logins or flag suspicious activity via notifications so long as they are used regularly. If you monitor your accounts, unauthorized access can be detected and handled immediately. Encouraging Safer Alternatives for Password Management Storing passwords in your browser may seem convenient, but it exposes you to significant security risks. By opting for safer alternatives like password managers and implementing strong security practices, you can better protect your sensitive information and keep your accounts secure. Prioritizing password security is crucial to safeguarding your online presence.

Why You Shouldn't Store Passwords in Your Browser: Password Security Risks

Online Safety: How to Keep Your Digital Accounts Secure

Password Management and Protection - Part 1: The Basics

This is the 13-year journey that resulted in , a different approach to password management. Here goes articles[0] of articles.length == 2. Neulock Part I It was back in 2011. was still movie material; people communicated using monochromatic doodle faces instead of Pepe the Frog and Shiba Inu doges, and Daenerys Targaryen was the little girl who made the barbaric Khal Drogo find love. Contagion It was then that Google Chrome first made that offer. Do you want Google Chrome to save your password for this site? Save this password? Is that a thing browsers do now? Wow, thanks, Chrome, that’s so convenient! Come to think of it, I type most passwords on a web browser, so this looks like a great place to save them. Besides, what’s the worst that can happen? Chrome is a program installed on my computer. computer! I’m a seasoned Debian Linux power user, and nowhere in the universe is there a safer place than my hard drive! MY Sure, Chrome, go ahead. Save this password, and the next one, and every password I type in your input fields. Deception Until I bought another computer. After ditching the pre-installed Windows for whatever Linux distro I fancied at the time, the next thing to do was install Chrome. Firefox Quantum was still six years away, so there wasn’t much choice. Sign in with your Google account? Sure, why not? Let’s go check Facebook or whatever, and… hey, do you remember my username, Chrome? All right, let’s sign in to Facebook. Wait, why is the password field already filled in with asterisks? No, dear Chrome, this must be a bug, I’ve just bought this computer, your local database is pristine. You’ll realize your mistake once I click the login button. And… I’m in? I went to check Chrome settings immediately. What I saw only increased my horror. All the websites and usernames I had been saving were there, on a list. Plaintext passwords were only a click away. Two expectations had been broken. The first and most important thing is that I never expected Chrome to upload my passwords to Google’s servers without asking for consent. They asked me to my passwords, not to share them! save The second expectation was wishful thinking on my part. Shame on me. Google is one of the coolest tech companies in the world, and its engineers are supposed to be geniuses doing the impossible between ping-pong matches at the Googleplex. I thought Chrome was storing my passwords in some super-secure fashion and only retrieving each password at the right time to inject it like a ninja in the precise input field where it belonged. I didn’t expect to see them all in plaintext. And I wasn’t the only one who was shocked. ”. In a further discussion, Justin Schuh, Chrome’s chief of security, in a rather arrogant manner. Sir Tim Berners-Lee took Kember’s side, calling Chrome’s password manager “ .” Elliott Kember called Chrome’s password security “insane just shrugged it off a way to get your big sister’s passwords After this experience, I never got myself to trust any password manager, even though I knew it was better than confabulating weird passwords in my stupid human head. But, as we say in Brazil, a dog who’s been bitten by a snake fears even sausages. It doesn’t make more sense in Portuguese. A better password manager I spent the next ten years wandering in the desert of password insecurity. I was longing for a better password manager, but all of them seemed to follow the same principle: bundle up all your passwords in a “vault,” encrypt it with your master key and upload this vault to their cloud servers. I could never trust this model. Are they implementing end-to-end encryption, right? Is there a “key recovery” backdoor waiting to be exploited? Or maybe Justin Schuh was right after all: your passwords are “trivially recovered” from any application that stores them, and attempts to make passwords harder to leak are “all just theater.” In this sense, trying to safeguard your passwords any further than trusting a password manager was a novice fool’s errand. In 2019, I landed in the IT Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. There, I shadowed the CTO and . I learned a great deal from him and took over after he left. Cybersecurity was always on the agenda since that Ministry produced about 80% of all classified information in the Brazilian Federal government, and its operations were spread over 240 locations in all habitable continents. We were constantly targeted by the world’s scariest acronyms, so we needed to keep our guard up at all times. Over those years, through constant exposure to problems in different domains of cybersecurity, I started to put together principles for a better password manager. tech guru Fabio Cereda Principle #0: all cryptography is broken or eventually will get broken There was a museum of diplomatic communications where I worked. It was full of code books, cast-iron cipher machines, suitcase-portable dish antennas, TELEX adapters, and a few specimens of . It was a showcase of one and a half-century of secret communications between the headquarters and Brazilian embassies and diplomatic missions abroad. All of them relied on some sort of crypto to hold the secrets. All of that crypto is now broken. the infamous Crypto AG C-52 machine If you think about a password manager, the fact that all crypto will eventually get broken isn’t scary. Let’s say it takes, on average, 15 years to break a cryptographic protocol. Just change your passwords every couple of years, and you’ll be fine. A decent password manager should upgrade its crypto every now and then so you’ll always stay ahead of the curve. The scary part is that it’s impossible to know if a protocol has been broken already. Or worse, if it was designed with an intentional, hidden vulnerability, as was the case with the Crypto AG machine. Intelligence agencies and cybercriminal organizations keep their zero-days under the radar for as long as they can. The more I saw last-gen, corporate-grade security systems leaking secret information, sometimes in catastrophically spectacular manners, the less I trusted the vault model employed by all cloud-based password managers. Until very recently, these concerns were merely theoretical. As , fellow hackernooner @hossam26644 wrote There is nothing wrong with using Google’s password manager, Microsoft, Apple, 1password, Bitwarden, or whatever. People have been using them for long, with zero problems till now. He was right on July 25th, 2022. He didn’t trust any of them, though, and he was right again. One year later, there was compelling evidence that and people losing money. Over 150 people, over $35 million in money. the notorious LastPass leaks were resulting in some high-value vaults getting cracked A common misconception is that for an encrypted vault to be cracked, the itself would need to be compromised. LastPass has reminded us how much easier it is to break encryption. AES stands strong, but LastPass made poor implementation decisions: too short master key requirements, too few iterations, and some users were left with vaults that were easily crackable by brute force. AES algorithm Principle #1: logistics are often the weakest security link Government cryptanalysts knew Principle #0 all too well. They are some of the most intelligent people I’ve ever met, and few of them would put money on something protected by cryptography alone. The most wary of them insisted on the use of a for critically secure communications. In fact, they put this requirement in the regulations for the transmission and storage of top-secret documents. One-Time Pad (OTP) In principle, an OTP cypher cannot be broken. It is a simple XOR operation of the plaintext (the data) and a buffer of random values of the same length as the data (the OTP key). By XOR’ing the cipher against the same key again, the plaintext is recovered. Although unbreakable from a cryptanalysis standpoint, the OTP has several inconveniences: Each OTP key can never be reused; An OTP key must be at least as long as the plaintext; The key is symmetrical and must be pre-shared between the sending and the receiving parties. For a worldwide organization, supplying every office with OTP keys is a large ongoing logistical operation. Even worse, it’s the Achilles’ heel of the whole security model! Because, for all of OTP’s crypto-awesomeness to hold true, you need logistics, both in-transit and at-rest. perfect Should Eve intercept your OTP keys while on the road to the destination? All your communications from that point on are compromised. Should Eve physically crack your safe room and steal your OTP key media? All your comms from that point on are compromised, and maybe even your previous ones, if used portions of the key had not been properly erased from the media. If you implement OTP keys as 1 GB chunks of random bytes that get consumed as you send information, it clearly lacks both and backward secrecy. forward In the end, the perfect crypto is a way to shift responsibility from the cybersecurity team to the physical security team. And a similar problem affects offline password managers: they trade-off availability for confidentiality, leaving you with a logistical mess to sort out. As anyone running a local copy of knows, you need to backup your vault. This backup had better be external in case your computer storage dies. You need to keep your backup up-to-date. And make sure nobody has access to it. And don’t keep them all in your house, lest they fall prey to flood and fire. And don’t upload them to Google Drive; otherwise, you’re not using an offline password manager anymore. And… KeePass Principle #2: when a user device is compromised, it’s game over One day, my boss called me. She wanted to share a PDF with ten people from the upper echelon. This information should remain in their eyes only for three days. She knew that they had incentives to share this document with their respective teams to get a head start. This sort of information should be presented in person, but covid. So, she asked me to make this PDF impossible to copy and share. — Can’t be done, I replied. My boss was an Ambassador. This is the diplomatic equivalent of a General. Ambassadors aren’t used to hearing “no” as an answer. I patiently explained that, in computer science, when you give someone read permission to a resource, you implicitly give them permission to copy and distribute. Information access rights don’t obey legal rights. Even if we somehow made it inconvenient to share the file, they could just take pictures of their screens with their phones and share them over WhatsApp. If they can see the document on the screen, so can their cameras. Justin Schuh was right. If someone gains full access to your computer (or phone), they have full access to the information that you, the user, can access through that device. He’s right, but that doesn’t excuse him for implementing such a lousy password manager on Chrome. For a password manager, it means that protecting the user's device is always critical. If the server leaks, the attackers still need to go through the challenge of cracking the vaults. But if a hacker gains complete ownership over the computer running the password manager client, there’s nothing stopping them from stealing all passwords. This happens quite often in the crypto community. User Alice has a few dozen BTC, which makes her a millionaire. She has been doxxed or never hid her identity in the first place. She keeps a copy of her seed phrase in a local password manager on her desktop. “This is not a cloud password manager; I’m safe from leaks,” she thinks. Hackers find a way to make her install a backdoor to her computer. If they’re really good, they can do this without user interaction. The next morning, she wakes up to an empty wallet. For all the doom and gloom about user device compromise, there’s a silver lining: protecting our own devices, as users, is something that’s within our control. A server leak is not. The 150+ people who lost millions to the LastPass server leak bore no responsibility for the leaks or for LastPass implementing inadequate encryption standards. If user device compromise is a catastrophic attack vector no matter the password manager security model, and if we, as users, must protect our devices anyway, wouldn’t it be nice if this were attack vector? If we could build an password manager where no secrets ever leave the user devices so that users don’t need to worry about things out of their control, like server security and AES implementation details? the only online The ingredients are on the table Fellow author @hossam26644 continued, : “maybe I am a security freak, but I don’t want to trust my passwords to an entity, regardless of their promises &/reputation”. He’s right again. Cybersecurity is supposed to be proven and auditable, not based on trust and reputation. on his article The three principles outlined above guided my development of . It took me three years of ideation and iterations to arrive at its current form: an auditable cloud-based password manager that achieves zero knowledge by design and not through encryption. Passwords are synced across user devices using the cloud, but no secrets ever leave these devices. Cloud server compromises cannot leak any secrets because secrets never reach the cloud. Neulock Password Manager The three years of the making of Neulock will be documented in Part II.

Chrome Password Manager Betrayed My Trust 13 Years Ago. I Never Forgot

13 বছর আগে Chrome পাসওয়ার্ড ম্যানেজার আমার বিশ্বাসের সাথে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করেছে। আমি কখনই ভুলিনি।

Der Chrome Password Manager hat mein Vertrauen vor 13 Jahren missbraucht. Ich habe es nie vergessen.

Chrome Password Manager traicionó mi confianza hace 13 años. Nunca olvidé.

Le gestionnaire de mots de passe Chrome a trahi ma confiance il y a 13 ans. Je n'ai jamais oublié.

क्रोम पासवर्ड मैनेजर ने 13 साल पहले मेरे भरोसे को धोखा दिया। मैं कभी नहीं भूला.

Chrome パスワード マネージャーは 13 年前に私の信頼を裏切りました。私は決して忘れませんでした。

Chrome 비밀번호 관리자가 13년 전에 내 신뢰를 배신했습니다. 나는 결코 잊지 않았다.

O gerenciador de senhas do Chrome traiu minha confiança há 13 anos. Eu nunca esqueci.

Менеджер паролей Chrome предал мое доверие 13 лет назад. Я никогда не забывал.

Chrome Şifre Yöneticisi 13 Yıl Önce Güvenime İhanet Etti. Hiç unutmadım.

Trình quản lý mật khẩu Chrome đã phản bội lòng tin của tôi 13 năm trước Tôi không bao giờ quên.

Chrome 密码管理器 13 年前背叛了我的信任。我从未忘记。

In the fast-paced world of digital workflows, having the right tools at your fingertips can make all the difference. I've been asked what extensions I use while browsing, so I decided to compile a list of some of my favorites that contribute the most to in my workflow. productivity Whether you're a developer, designer, or an avid multitasker, these extensions might improve your experience. I've included direct links, descriptions, and visuals so that you can get an initial impression of each extension right away. Hopefully, these will be useful to you! 1. (Sponsored) Hitab Hitab is a versatile browser extension designed to enhance your new tab experience. It transforms your browser's new tab page into a powerful productivity hub, offering features that go beyond traditional tab management. Here's a closer look at what Hitab is and its key functionalities: Hitab provides a customizable dashboard on your new tab page, allowing you to organize and access your most frequently visited websites, bookmarks, and widgets effortlessly. Personalized Dashboard: Seamlessly integrate task management into your browsing experience with Hitab. Create to-do lists, set priorities, and stay organized directly from your new tab. Task Management: Easily navigate through your bookmarks with a visually appealing layout. Hitab ensures quick access to your favorite websites and resources with just a click. Quick Access to Bookmarks: Boost your productivity by jotting down quick notes and setting reminders directly within your new tab. Hitab acts as a digital scratchpad to capture your thoughts on the fly. Notes and Reminders: Hitab includes a convenient search bar, allowing you to perform quick searches directly from your new tab. Additionally, stay updated on the weather with an integrated widget for real-time information. Search Bar and Weather Widget: Hitab is available as an extension in , , and a . Chrome Edge Web App 2. OctoTree OctoTree is a GitHub browser extension that provides a tree view of a GitHub repository's code. It simplifies code navigation, making it easier to explore and understand large codebases on GitHub. 3. ColorZilla ColorZilla is a color picker extension that allows users to identify and copy colors from any webpage. It includes an eyedropper tool for precise color selection and a color history feature. 4. WhatFont WhatFont helps identify fonts used on web pages. By simply hovering over text, it provides information about the font type, size, line height, and color, aiding designers and developers in font selection. 5. JSON Formatter JSON Formatter is a tool that beautifies and formats JSON data for better readability. It organizes JSON objects in a tree-like structure, making it easier for developers to analyze and debug JSON content. 6. Window Resizer Window Resizer is an extension that allows users to resize their browser window to predefined dimensions. It aids developers and designers in testing responsive designs for various screen sizes. 7. GoFullPage GoFullPage is a screenshot tool that captures entire web pages, even those that require scrolling. It's useful for documenting web content and sharing full-page views with others. 8. TextBlaze TextBlaze is a productivity extension that allows users to create and use text templates, snippets, and shortcuts for faster typing and communication. It's particularly handy for repetitive tasks. 9. Mobile Simulator Mobile Simulator is a responsive design testing tool that emulates various mobile device screens, helping developers ensure their websites look and function well on different devices. 10. AgreeTo AgreeTo is an extension designed for scheduling purposes. It simplifies the process of finding suitable meeting times by showing the availability of participants. 11. Dark Reader Dark Reader is a browser extension that enables dark mode on websites, reducing eye strain in low-light environments. It provides a customizable dark theme for an improved browsing experience. 12. Session Buddy Session Buddy is a session manager that allows users to save, restore, and organize browser sessions. It's beneficial for those who work with multiple open tabs and want to manage their browsing sessions efficiently. 13. Screely Screely is an instant browser mockup tool. It captures screenshots and adds device frames and background effects to create visually appealing mockups of web designs or applications. 14. Loom Loom is a screen recorder extension that allows users to create and share video recordings of their screens. It's often used for tutorials, demos, or collaborative work. 15. CheckerPlus CheckerPlus for Gmail is an extension that enhances Gmail management. It provides desktop notifications, quick email access, and additional features to streamline Gmail usage. 16. Bitwarden Bitwarden is a free password manager that helps users securely store and manage their passwords. It offers features like password generation and syncing across devices for improved password security. 17. Grammarly Grammarly for Chrome is a writing assistance tool that checks spelling, grammar, and punctuation as users type. It helps improve the quality of written content and communication. Writing has always been my passion, and it gives me pleasure to help and inspire people. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out! Make sure to receive the best resources, tools, productivity tips, and career growth tips I discover by subscribing to ! my newsletter Also, connect with me on , , and ! Twitter LinkedIn GitHub Also published . here

Boost Your Productivity in 2024 With These 17 Chrome Extensions 🔥🚀

Let's learn about via these 54 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Password Protection /Learn Repo 1. The Importance of Proper Password Security in 2022 A look at the importance of proper password security in 2022 2. 8 Cybersecurity Tips Small Businesses Should Know Cyberattacks do not discriminate between industries, and no matter how big or tiny your organization is, it is vulnerable to them. 3. Personal Online Security: How to Stay Safe Online Every individual or organization must be mindful of securing their online data. Online security is essential for better online data privacy and security. 4. Manage Your Emails Like You Manage Your Passwords Add an extra security layer for the protection of your emails. 5. 5 Promising Use Cases for Verifiable Credentials Verifiable credentials, which provide a system for provable electronic facts and documentation through cryptography and public keys, can seem like an abstract concept. We’re so used to seeing our credentials printed out – the driver’s license, the passport, the insurance card – that sticking codified IDs on a thumb drive or online seems odd and unnecessary. And as anyone who has used a cryptocurrency wallet can attest, the early forms of such decentralized IDs are hardly user friendly. 6. How to Be Careful When Sharing WiFi Password With QR Code Share your QR code of your network carefully, mistakes can lead to disaster 7. Build your own User-friendly Cross-platform Password Manager I use a local password manager on my computer:  I just stick with a password, which is the only password I memorize. 8. Mechanism of Password Protection While there are security risks associated with the use of password protection, it is very important to know that there have been cases of stolen passwords. 9. Common Attack Vectors that Authentication Services are Faced With Hacking user accounts on many websites is still easier than it could and should be. This blog post helps you secure your application against identity theft. 10. Why You Should Never Store Passwords in Web Browsers 11. How Much Has Your Password Grown Up With You? If you are growing up with technology, your password should be grown up too. 12. Not All Password Managers Are Created Equal: Which is the Best? Web-based password managers have emerged as a response to the proliferation of web applications. 13. Glossary of Security Terms: Public-key Cryptography Public-key cryptography — or asymmetric cryptography — is a cryptographic system in which keys come in pairs. The transformation performed by one of the keys can only be undone with the other key. One key (the private key) is kept secret while the other is made public. 14. Why Your Business Should Use Enterprise Password Management in 2021 When choosing a password for a complete business structure, it must have higher security. That's where enterprise password management can help. 15. Passwords Suck: Here Are 4 Ways We Can Fix Them Passwords are a critical part of cybersecurity that individuals and businesses use every day. 16. Passwords Are a Weak Security Link and Stolen Credentials Is Big Business Stolen credentials are big business thanks to poor password management from users and even nefarious actors on the Dark Web creating demand for stolen passwords 17. Password Managers Should be A Mandatory Part of Everyone’s Digital Life Everyone knows it’s a good idea to use strong, unique passwords, and as employees around the world have been forced to work remotely, logging in from multiple devices and multiple locations, the need for strong password security has only grown. But last year’s Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) revealed that weak or compromised credentials still cause 80% of hacking-related breaches. Throughout the current pandemic, attackers have been scouring remote workforce applications to gather and sell user credentials on the dark web, even targeting healthcare organizations such as the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization. 18. Do Passwordless Technologies Have an Impact on Cybersecurity? Contrary to popular belief, traditional passwords are not the best way to protect sensitive information on our digital devices. 19. Glossary of Security Terms: CORS CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a system, consisting of transmitting HTTP headers, that determines whether browsers block frontend JavaScript code from accessing responses for cross-origin requests. 20. The Most Essential Password Manager Features For 2022 Why We Added A Security Dashboard (And More) To our password manager 21. Using a Password Manager: My Review of Bitwarden How using an open-source password manager helped keep all my login and password information safe in one place while freeing up my memory and reducing anxiety. 22. Glossary of Security Terms: Cryptographic Hash Function A cryptographic hash function, also sometimes called a digest function, is a cryptographic primitive transforming a message of arbitrary size into a message of fixed size, called a digest. Cryptographic hash functions are used for authentication, digital signatures, and message authentication codes. 23. Protecting Your Data Online Using Strong Passwords and Two-Factor Authentication: A Guide There's a growing need for better online security, with strong passwords and two-factor authentication. As more of our daily life moves online, more of our personal information is also being stored on the web, along with access details for our personal bank accounts and confidential work data. With cyberattacks on the rise, all of this information needs to be protected from unauthorized access by hackers. 24. Glossary of Security Terms: Transport Layer Security Transport Layer Security (TLS), formerly known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), is a protocol used by applications to communicate securely across a network, preventing tampering with and eavesdropping on email, web browsing, messaging, and other protocols. Both SSL and TLS are client / server protocols that ensure communication privacy by using cryptographic protocols to provide security over a network. When a server and client communicate using TLS, it ensures that no third party can eavesdrop or tamper with any message. 25. Glossary of Security Terms: Challenge-Response Authentication In security protocols, a challenge is some data sent to the client by the server in order to generate a different response each time. Challenge-response protocols are one way to fight against replay attacks where an attacker listens to the previous messages and resends them at a later time to get the same credentials as the original message. 26. Glossary of Security Terms: Reporting Directive CSP reporting directives are used in a Content-Security-Policy header and control the reporting process of CSP violations. 27. Glossary of Security Terms: OWASP OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) is a non-profit organization and worldwide network that works for security in Free Software, especially on the Web. 28. Glossary of Security Terms: Cipher Suite A cipher suite is a combination of a key exchange algorithm, authentication method, bulk encryption cipher, and message authentication code. 29. How To Overcome All Challenges And Create A Great Password Manager App Creating a new product is never easy. From the moment you come up with a new idea to the moment you actually launch it, months--if not years--can pass. And after your product launches, you need to make sure that you never stop improving it, so you don’t fall behind your competition.  KeepSolid has already brought several products to market, and each of them has had its own successes and challenges. Here’s the story of our journey to launch our latest product, Passwarden. 30. Glossary of Security Terms: TOFU Trust On First Use (TOFU) is a security model in which a client needs to create a trust relationship with an unknown server. To do that, clients will look for identifiers (for example public keys) stored locally. If an identifier
is found, the client can establish the connection. If no identifier is found, the client can prompt the user to determine if the client should trust the identifier. 31. MFA Vs. 2FA: Which Is Better And More Secure Your 8-character password with numbers, symbols, lowercase, uppercase, and special letters are not enough to shoo away hackers! What to do then? Find out here. 32. The Gist of NIST: Password Recommendations to Remember NIST Guidelines have changed over the years so it is important to keep up with the changes. Password recommendations, such as eliminating special character use. 33. Glossary of Security Terms: Symmetric-Key Cryptography Symmetric-key cryptography is a term used for cryptographic algorithms that use the same key for encryption and for decryption. The key is usually called a "symmetric key" or a "secret key". 34. Glossary of Security Terms: Cipher In cryptography, a cipher is an algorithm that can encode cleartext to make it unreadable, and to decode it back. 35. Glossary of Security Terms: Block Cipher Mode of Operation A block cipher mode of operation, usually just called a "mode" in context, specifies how a block cipher should be used to encrypt or decrypt messages that are longer than the block size. 36. Glossary of Security Terms: CORS-Safelisted Request Header A CORS-safelisted request header is one of the following HTTP headers: 37. Three Pillars of Online Defense: How to Stay Safe (and Productive) Online The article examines three crucial (and simple) ways to protect yourself online, and how to choose an effective service for the job. 38. Glossary of Security Terms: Robots.txt Robots.txt is a file which is usually placed in the root of any website. It decides whether crawlers are permitted or forbidden access to the web site. 39. Glossary of Security Terms: Cryptanalysis Cryptanalysis is the branch of cryptography that studies how to break codes and cryptosystems. Cryptanalysis creates techniques to break ciphers, in particular by methods more efficient than a brute-force search. In addition to traditional methods like frequency analysis and index of coincidence, cryptanalysis includes more recent methods, like linear cryptanalysis or differential cryptanalysis, that can break more advanced ciphers. 40. Glossary of Security Terms: Cross-Site Scripting Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security exploit which allows an attacker to inject into a website malicious client-side code. This code is executed by the victims and lets the attackers bypass access controls and impersonate users. According to the Open Web Application Security Project, XSS was the seventh most common Web app vulnerability in 2017. 41. Glossary of Security Terms: Cryptography Cryptography, or cryptology, is the science that studies how to encode and transmit messages securely. Cryptography designs and studies algorithms used to encode and decode messages in an insecure environment, and their applications. 42. Glossary of Security Terms: Same-Origin Policy The same-origin policy is a critical security mechanism that restricts how a document or script loaded from one origin can interact with a resource from another origin. It helps isolate potentially malicious documents, reducing possible attack vectors. 43. Glossary of Security Terms: SQL Injection SQL injection takes advantage of Web apps that fail to validate user input. Hackers can maliciously pass SQL commands through the Web app for execution by a backend database. 44. Getting Into The Mind Of The Hacker: Here's How Hackers Steal Your Keys, Secrets, and Passwords In this post, I’m going to share concepts, methods, and tools used by researchers both for finding secrets and exploiting them. I’ll also list mitigation ideas. 45. No Password is Better than A Strong Password Passwords have been on the decline for more than a decade. But eventually, we will face a time when it is no longer proof of our digital self. 46. Safeguarding Your Passwords from Cracking: Understanding the Math Concepts Passwords that seem safe to us are vulnerable to math-based hacking. This is why using concepts like Password Space may be able to make more secure passwords. 47. How Password Managers Can Protect You From Phishing Password managers are a convenient way to use strong, unique passwords everywhere. Another good thing about password managers is that they help protect you from malicious websites that attempt to "phish" passwords. 48. Glossary of Security Terms: Preflight Request A CORS preflight request is a CORS request that checks to see if the CORS protocol is understood and a server is aware using specific methods and headers. 49. Glossary of Security Terms: Ciphertext In cryptography, a ciphertext is a scrambled message that conveys information but is not legible unless decrypted with the right cipher and the right secret (usually a key), reproducing the original cleartext. A ciphertext's security, and therefore the secrecy of the contained information, depends on using a secure cipher and keeping the key secret. 50. Glossary of Security Terms: CORS-Safelisted Response Header A CORS-safelisted response header is an HTTP header which has been safelisted so that it will not be filtered when responses are processed by CORS, since they're considered safe (as the headers listed in Access-Control-Expose-Headers). By default, the safelist includes the following response headers: 51. Glossary of Security Terms: Certificate Authority A certificate authority (CA) is an organization that signs digital certificates and their associated public keys. This certifies that an organization that requested a digital certificate (e.g., Mozilla Corporation) is authorized to request a certificate for the subject named in the certificate (e.g., mozilla.org). 52. Glossary of Security Terms: Session Hijacking Session hijacking occurs when an attacker takes over a valid session between two computers. The attacker steals a valid session ID in order to break into the system and snoop data. 53. How Password Issues Plague Help Desk Calls A article on passwords, password security, and how businesses can train employees to handle passwords themselves. 54. What Ali Baba Should Have Taught His Brother Before Entering The Secret Cave Password rules are always the first thing in my awareness training for customers. Let me share it with all of you so that more people know about this. Thank you for checking out the 54 most read stories about Password Protection on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

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