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Talented musician Cian Chantrill is being mourned across Bishop’s Stortford this week after his sudden death aged just 20. The popular barman at the Castle and Bridge House pubs passed away at university in Manchester,

Cian Chantrill: Family mourn hugely popular student music producer, performer, pub barman and Coventry City fan found dead at university in Manchester aged just 20

Conor McGregor is a MMA fighter and former world UFC world champion. His biggest bouts so far have come against the likes of Khabib Nurmagomedov, Nate Diaz and a boxing match with Floyd Mayweather Jr. Pictured ©News Group Newspapers Limited in England No ...

Conor McGregor

The BIMM consists of a group of independent colleges with over 7,000 students across Brighton, Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, London, Dublin, Berlin, and Hamburg. IQ Digital House worked with ...

How We Help Education Centres

Stillwater, Okla.; and Cleveland, Miss. This list includes the Valencia, Spain, campus of Boston's renowned Berklee College of Music, the United Kingdom's famed BRIT School outside London, LIPA and the BIMM Institute, the largest provider of contemporary ...

Billboard's 2023 Top Music Business Schools

This week in the main room you can catch past and present BIMM students showcasing their skills alongside other local talent on the incredible Volks RC1 Soundsystem! Room 2 will be run by the BIMM ...

Sabotage Thursdays: BIMM Freshers

44,000 startups. 4,553 cities. “4 billion votes” It was such a blessing to get to know so many of your ideas and innovations from every corner of the world in 2021. The startup community amazed all of us with your hard work and persistence despite all of the challenges that we faced globally throughout last year. Not gonna lie, the competition got our hearts racing like Eurovision. We won’t let you wait for much longer, below are long-awaited results! ✨✨✨ To see who is a winner in each respective city, visit and pick a city. The name at the top of the list is the winner. (Compromised awards are under review.) startups.hackernoon.com The will announce the winners per region in their respective cities. Startups Winners Announcement Series 🔥 Central Europe Central Europe has always caught our attention with the talented pool of people in tech community. But were they able to get through 2021 despite the pandemic? Let’s cheers to the most outstanding amongst 4,500+ startups who have been working hard this year: Basel, Switzerland An overwhelming vote for ~ in their mission of helping machinery companies drive more service revenues from their installed base MachiQ Software Berlin, Germany We have with a whooping 538 votes! Let’s support Plan A with its mission to help companies to measure, monitor and reduce their environmental footprint. Plan A Düsseldorf, Germany It doesn’t get any easier with Kicking off in helping people organize online schedules more easily. EasyWeek! Geneva, Switzerland Manage code quality? We have to give props to for their startup! SonarSource Hamburg, Germany Taking over Hamburg is , an acoustic device to reduce noises in vehicle cabins. No more annoying sounds on the road 🚗 ReCalm Köln, Germany Small business? Hoping to manage your marketing campaign? is winning the vote! rankingCoach Lausanne, Switzerland is a Swiss-based company focused on cryptocurrency management solutions built for financial institutions. Metaco Leipzig, Germany empowers companies to operate and utilize drones for the most effective industrial data applications. FlyNex Mainz, Germany is growing sustainable digital mobility startups! Next Mobility Labs Munich, Germany wins for top-line, high-security international Identity Management! ORY Stuttgart, Germany Remote desktop application? Ask anywhere. AnyDesk Vienna, Austria , an IT company enabling privacy-preserving big data applications in the digital age. Mostly AI Zug, Switzerland Way to go 1762 votes for the first provably live pure Proof-of-Stake (PoS) CBC-Casper blockchain designed for real-world applications. CasperLabs! Nyon Calling for robust data solutions for impact-driven organizations! Havuta LLC Zürich is revolutionizing small business lending to give easy access to capital to those who need it most: SMEs ✨ Teylor Heidelberg, Germany is an innovative HR startup providing a solution for fast and efficient recruiting of employees with simple job profiles. Talk'n'Job Stuttgart, Germany Congratulations for winning this title! AnyDesk Moving on to our buddies in... 🔥 Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is home to many familiar big names in our start-up world. Trace history for Miro, Telegram, and Grammarly and you know where they are from. Who is the next generation for Eastern European startups? Budapest, Hungary is a platform for mobile app development, enabling tens of thousands of developers to automate integration, testing, and deployment. Bitrise I__ __ stanbul, Turkey Leading here is - a brand new software intelligence platform- helps organizations deliver faster, high-quality products by connecting their DevOps tools. Oobeya Kraków, Poland is a human cloud platform that connects global enterprises with European software houses, offering tech talent as a service. Talent Alpha Kyiv, Ukraine 281 votes for , an AI powered app where people can swap faces in the videos, GIFs and images in just a few seconds. Reface Sofia, Bulgaria 387 votes for __ __378, leading Blockchain and DLT solutions company that specializes in helping enterprises and blockchain startups design, build and scale innovative solutions using Blockchain & DLT! LimeChain Warsaw, Poland is a next-generation blockchain document management software (DMS). DoxyChain Yerevan, Armenia Whoever clicked to vote for was sure a vote, because it ended up winning as a full-service software provider delivering Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning solutions for businesses. SmartClick smart Almaty Just like the name suggested, provides one pass to dozens of gyms and studios. 1FIT Debrecen got all the coders ranked figured out! CodersRank Kharkiv is complete solution digital assets management! Pics.io Minsk, Belarus with 243 votes is the first blockchain-powered sports media platform. Scorum Moscow, Russian Federation 1 e-grocery company in Russia with 26 votes and #1 on our HackerNoon board for Minsk. SberMarket Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation leads this area as a personal finance application that rewards responsible spending and savings. CoinKeeper Kazan, Russian Federation Smelling a sweet victory? 3d App designers for flower bouquets is in the house! Flowito Western Europe 🔥 Brexit? Pandemic? It seems like startups in Western Europe still keep their spirits regardless. Startups in Western Europe that stood out in votes this year go to: Antwerp is on a streak! As a bug bounty platform, it ensures online security through a crowd-sourced platform for computer experts. intigriti Belfast A record-breaking 10,003 votes? is an independent coffee shop. Come grab a coffee! Bobs & Berts Birmingham What’s happening in Birmingham? We have , an innovative UK-based advanced lithium battery developer aiming to accelerate the global shift to cleaner. Aceleron Bordeaux 30 is an open-source web framework for building modern apps and websites with Vue.js. NuxtJS Boulogne-billancourt is a software company that provides an in-store analytics platform to optimize operations. DiGEiZ Brighton In for some jam? offers musical education services. BIMM Bristol Another tasty victory for Western Europe is enabling the strongest digital encryption on the internet. KETS Quantum Security Brussels A fashionable win for , a social fashion network. You scan barcodes in fashion shops and see every influencer wearing those outfits! Share your wishlist with your friends and earn cashback. SCANDALOOK Cardiff is a technology company developing end-to-end digital connectivity for the point-of-care diagnostics market. Bond Digital Health London A whooping number of 1085 vote__ __ offers hardware based cyber-security solution for authentication and encryption in a wired local network. Crypto Quantique Edinburgh Hopping up on the crypto movement, just launched last year but they are already rocking it at making crypto accessible to everyone. Zumo Ghent 5379 votes for ! A Belgian InsurTech startup that helps insurance providers all over the world to better connect with their digital customers. WeGroup Glasgow specializes in single-cell analysis transforming the life sciences. Biomage Paris Show some love in the city of love for , a sports platform that is connected to a mobile sports coaching application. AirFit Aberystwyth enables artificial intelligence, data science & digital innovation solutions for the agriculture, biotech & life sciences industries. Agxio Norwich Congratulations for the amazing win of 1124 votes! WATR Charleroi Congratulations for your amazing win! Hirering Gibraltar Give a round of applause to Fortknoxter! Waltham Abbey is ruling the area with its amazing 72 votes! RPAIR Antwerpen Rocking up Antwerpen area is the rising startup ! Willow Egham What’s happening in Egham? Proudly announcing winning the Noonies this year! ATA.ONE Leicester Leicester is calling the name of as the winner for the region! DeadHappy Macclesfield Who else but ? Congratulations on dominating the award! AeroCloud Northern Europe 🔥 Want to listen to some music? Spotify. Need some games to kill time? Candy Crush. What about a quick call to someone you haven’t seen in a long time? Skype. These are all startups that originated from Northern Europe! Noonies, let’s take a look at the upcoming generation of startups from Northern Europe that hopefully will see an even bigger and brighter future. Gothenburg, Sweden Shipping was never made for small shippers, so took on the mission to built an end-to-end logistics platform to empower small businesses to spend less time and money on shipping and more time on growing their businesses. Sendify The Netherlands provides a virtual platform for many kinds of conferences and events. Let's Get Digital Helsinki, Finland A curated collection of public basketball courts in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area called . Everyone is welcome to submit to their local court. Koripallopaikat Lund, Sweden develops an antibiotic-free, safe and effective treatment of vaginal fungal infections. Gedea Biotech Luxembourg, Luxembourg 🚀 is a job-matching platform that connects developers and tech experts with CTOs and team leads from the best tech companies across Europe. 👾 nexten.io Malmö, Sweden Feeling studious, Noonies? __ __e is a tool for Google Classroom, that enables formative matrix assessment towards course learning objectives directly. StudyBe Oslo, Norway is the platform supports a unified API across all connected device categories, removing significant friction for app developers. Domos Labs Reykjavík, Iceland __ __s is a mobile-first technologically advanced neo-bank. Indo service #S__ __ tockholm, Sweden is the biggest blockchain start-up in Sweden. Double winner of the most prestigious nomination in Nordics 'NyTeknik 33-listan', winner of the Deloitte Fast 50, and now Noonies Award! ChromaWay AB T__ __ allinn, Estonia Passing 1000 votes is a fully digital and decentralized ecosystem for all actors in supply chain. OBORTECH Vilnius, Lithuania is an easy-to-use money app for cards and accounts. Via Genome, users can open a business or a merchant account or a personal one with dedicated IBANs, access transfers, exchange currency, process payments, and manage the funds. Genome Aalborg Digura A legaltech offering tenants fast, digital and reliable legal assistance Aarhus Partisia Market Design provides secure, simple, efficient solutions for auctions and exchanges realizing the potential of the market. Helsingborg is a hi-tech company developing cardiac occlusion devices and other vascular implants. Occlutech Tallinna is an AI-powered system for marketing automation in social networks. POSTOPLAN 🔥 Southern Europe Southern Europe’s economy went through a hard time this year due to a huge reduction in tourism. But our startups are of course always headstrong, from Spain to Italy and all the way through Greece. Who are the heroes rising amidst changes of Southern Europe? Skopje is a versatile software development company that solves the business challenges of SMBs, big brands, and brave hearts with awesome ideas. CodeChem Sliema Sounds like just a relaxing exhale. is a holistic health and wellbeing app built to allow users work on the development of their physical, mental and spiritual health Few Tajonar is a company of experienced business & industry entrepreneurs offering solutions to industries based on cutting-edge technologies. das-Nano Tarragona is a technology-based company focusing on the production of integrated microsystems. IMICROQ Terni is an ICT-based integrated solution that is able to modulate, respond, assist and learn to control most home activities. Mind Tirana is a video content and e-commerce platform for the Balkans built on top of an Albanian language specialized search engine. Gjirafa Torino develops and commercializes algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence to increase the autonomy of small satellite missions. AIKO T__ __ orres Buy online groceries like you would buy offline with personalized picking as fast as in 4 hours with Vedras 360hyper! Trento is a music-based platform built around streaming platforms that allow users to discover new emerging artists and make new friends. Brots 2021, what a YEAR. Congratulations to all of the startups that made it to the top winning list for Europe! Stay tuned for Startup awards in 2022 and let’s cheers to a new year of more innovative ideas, bold innovations, and robust creations from you, Europe 🌷 More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, just a curious individual, consider answering one of our interviews . this interview here Read the FAQs about or . Startups here here To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any city and view the name that appears at the top. this site If you’re interested in partnering with us, we invite you to look through some of these or reach out to our business department. unique sponsorship options Perhaps creating your very own tickles your fancy or maybe you have a whole new idea for how we can partner! writing contest Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Startups Awards are sponsored by: , , , , , , , , , , Blockster Brex FreeCodeCamp LaunchDarkly Coil Udacity Udemy Vercel Asia Pacific Transgender Network Bybit Everscale Network This post was written by An Le and edited by Natasha Nel. If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

Meet the Winners of Startups in Europe

Is this the end of the Prettier/ESLint era? Prettier/ESLint If you're a developer, you're surely familiar with Prettier and ESLint. With over eight years of existence, they have established themselves as references in the JavaScript ecosystem. Prettier, as a code formatter, has not only made coding easier by enforcing stylistic uniformity but has also put an end to countless debates over coding standards within teams. By automating and standardizing code formatting, Prettier allows one to focus on logic and features rather than the aesthetics of the code. On the other hand, ESLint is a powerful JS linting tool. Designed to identify and report syntax errors, style issues, and bad practices in the code, it thus helps to maintain quality standards and consistency within projects. Prettier bounty 🏆 Recently, Christopher Chedeau (Vjeux), the creator of Prettier and co-creator of React Native, promised a $10,000 bonus for any Rust project that passes more than 95% of the JS Prettier test suite. Why this competition? In practice, Prettier has been the dominant code formatter for JavaScript, and due to a lack of competition, there has been little incentive to push its performance and improve the tool. In reality, for many developers in recent years, Prettier has been the default JS code formatter. This overwhelming market dominance resulted in a lack of competition, leading, in turn, to a loss of interest among maintainers in improving the tool's performance. By funding and then highlighting a competitor written in Rust, capable of passing the majority of its JS test suite, Prettier thus recreated this healthy competition that will potentially allow it to challenge the details of its current implementation. Interested in the initiative as well as the outcome of this bounty hunt, many tech players like Guillermo Rauch, CEO of Vercel, have increased the reward to a total of $22,500. From this competition, one project emerged victorious: Biome.js 🎉 Biome.js, one tool to rule them all Biome is a fork of Rome, which was originally an ambitious tool written in Rust but abandoned in October 2023. It includes both a linter and a formatter, putting an end to the time-consuming difficulties associated with reconciling ESLint and Prettier rules. On paper, Biome.js offers several advantages: Better performance: according to their benchmarks, it boasts a formatting speed that surpasses Prettier by 25 times and dethrones ESLint by 15 times on a MacBook Pro M1.
Simplified installation: only one dependency to install, replacing ESLint, Prettier, and several plugins necessary for their proper functioning.
A single configuration file for both formatting and linting.
Native TypeScript support. Should we migrate now? If this tool is so powerful, why hasn't it been universally adopted yet? After several weeks of use, I've identified some edge cases that might hinder its adoption: Not yet complete support for CSS, Vue, Svelte, or Astro.
Tailwind class sorting is still in beta.
No "group sorting" in import sorting yet.
No plugins (addition planned in the roadmap).
Still some bugs in VSCode. To conclude my opinion, I believe it's preferable to continue using ESLint + Prettier for now because their wider support and massive adoption by the industry give them a lead that's still too significant. However, Biome.js is a very promising project that should be kept an eye on, as its evolution could potentially lead it to replace these two pillars of the JS ecosystem, which are Prettier and ESLint, one day. 🧐 How to use it? For those curious to still try out this tool, simply run this command in your project: npx @biomejs/biome init It will install all the necessary dependencies in your project and create a biome.jsonc file, which, similar to a .prettierrc or .eslintrc, will allow you to configure your project. If you want to fully take advantage of Biome.js in VSCode, you can install the Biome extension. And if you're using a different IDE, take a look at the documentation. Thanks to Alex Mongeot for helping me write this article. ❤️ Is this the end of the Prettier/ESLint era? Prettier/ESLint If you're a developer, you're surely familiar with Prettier and ESLint . With over eight years of existence, they have established themselves as references in the JavaScript ecosystem. Prettier ESLint Prettier, as a code formatter, has not only made coding easier by enforcing stylistic uniformity but has also put an end to countless debates over coding standards within teams. By automating and standardizing code formatting, Prettier allows one to focus on logic and features rather than the aesthetics of the code. On the other hand, ESLint is a powerful JS linting tool. Designed to identify and report syntax errors, style issues, and bad practices in the code, it thus helps to maintain quality standards and consistency within projects. Prettier bounty 🏆 Recently, Christopher Chedeau (Vjeux), the creator of Prettier and co-creator of React Native, promised a $10,000 bonus for any Rust project that passes more than 95% of the JS Prettier test suite. Christopher Chedeau Why this competition? In practice, Prettier has been the dominant code formatter for JavaScript, and due to a lack of competition, there has been little incentive to push its performance and improve the tool. In reality, for many developers in recent years, Prettier has been the default JS code formatter. This overwhelming market dominance resulted in a lack of competition, leading, in turn, to a loss of interest among maintainers in improving the tool's performance. By funding and then highlighting a competitor written in Rust, capable of passing the majority of its JS test suite, Prettier thus recreated this healthy competition that will potentially allow it to challenge the details of its current implementation. Interested in the initiative as well as the outcome of this bounty hunt, many tech players like Guillermo Rauch , CEO of Vercel, have increased the reward to a total of $22,500. Guillermo Rauch From this competition, one project emerged victorious: Biome.js 🎉 Biome.js Biome.js, one tool to rule them all one tool to rule them all Biome is a fork of Rome , which was originally an ambitious tool written in Rust but abandoned in October 2023. It includes both a linter and a formatter, putting an end to the time-consuming difficulties associated with reconciling ESLint and Prettier rules. Rome On paper, Biome.js offers several advantages: Better performance: according to their benchmarks, it boasts a formatting speed that surpasses Prettier by 25 times and dethrones ESLint by 15 times on a MacBook Pro M1. Simplified installation: only one dependency to install, replacing ESLint, Prettier, and several plugins necessary for their proper functioning. A single configuration file for both formatting and linting. Native TypeScript support. Better performance: according to their benchmarks , it boasts a formatting speed that surpasses Prettier by 25 times and dethrones ESLint by 15 times on a MacBook Pro M1. benchmarks Simplified installation: only one dependency to install, replacing ESLint, Prettier, and several plugins necessary for their proper functioning. A single configuration file for both formatting and linting. Native TypeScript support. Should we migrate now? If this tool is so powerful, why hasn't it been universally adopted yet? After several weeks of use, I've identified some edge cases that might hinder its adoption: Not yet complete support for CSS, Vue, Svelte, or Astro. Tailwind class sorting is still in beta. No "group sorting" in import sorting yet. No plugins (addition planned in the roadmap). Still some bugs in VSCode. Not yet complete support for CSS, Vue, Svelte, or Astro. Not yet complete support Tailwind class sorting is still in beta. Tailwind class sorting No "group sorting" in import sorting yet. import sorting No plugins (addition planned in the roadmap ). roadmap Still some bugs in VSCode. To conclude my opinion, I believe it's preferable to continue using ESLint + Prettier for now because their wider support and massive adoption by the industry give them a lead that's still too significant. However, Biome.js is a very promising project that should be kept an eye on, as its evolution could potentially lead it to replace these two pillars of the JS ecosystem, which are Prettier and ESLint, one day. 🧐 How to use it? For those curious to still try out this tool, simply run this command in your project: npx @biomejs/biome init npx @biomejs/biome init It will install all the necessary dependencies in your project and create a biome.jsonc file, which, similar to a .prettierrc or .eslintrc , will allow you to configure your project. biome.jsonc .prettierrc .eslintrc If you want to fully take advantage of Biome.js in VSCode, you can install the Biome extension . And if you're using a different IDE, take a look at the documentation. Biome extension Thanks to Alex Mongeot for helping me write this article. ❤️ Thanks to Alex Mongeot for helping me write this article. ❤️ Alex Mongeot

Biome.js: The New Challenger to Prettier and ESLint

BTC Layer2 project BEVM has officially disclosed an investment from Bitmain, the leading manufacturer of cryptocurrency mining servers globally. The precise amount of the investment remains undisclosed. Established in 2013, Bitmain still stands today as a significant figure in the digital asset mining hardware production space. Its Bitcoin mining machines previously commanded over 70% of the global market share. Notably, this marks Bitmain's sole investment in the Bitcoin Layer2 domain to date. Gavin Guo, Core Builder of BEVM Foundation, remarked, "Next, BEVM will delve into exploring Bitcoin hashrate and the PoW ecosystem's application on BEVM, that could help facilitate the migration of trillions of dollars in PoW hashrate assets and a substantial quantity of $BTC to BEVM. This will empower Bitmain assets and unlock liquidity and more diverse financial application scenarios within the BTC Layer2 network." BEVM serves as the pioneer EVM-compatible Bitcoin L2 network founded on the Taproot Consensus, utilizing BTC as Gas. Leveraging native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr Signature, MAST, and Bitcoin Light Node Network, it achieves fully decentralized BTC cross-chain functionality, thereby enabling the trustless integration of BTC into a broader spectrum of applications and facilitating genuine BTC liquidity circulation. BEVM launched its mainnet on March 28th, boasting over 700,000 user addresses and hosting more than 30 ecosystem projects. BEVM also recently announced it had secured tens of millions of dollars in financing, with investors including RockTree Capital, Waterdrip Capital, Arkstream Capital, ViaBTC Capital, and nearly 20 other institutions, resulting in a post-investment valuation of $200 million for the company. For further information about BEVM, please visit www.bevm.io or contact business@bevm.io Media Contact: Jhon Zhang Email: business@bevm.io This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Brand As An Author Program. Learn more about the program here: https://business.hackernoon.com/brand-as-author BTC Layer2 project BEVM has officially disclosed an investment from Bitmain, the leading manufacturer of cryptocurrency mining servers globally. The precise amount of the investment remains undisclosed. Established in 2013, Bitmain still stands today as a significant figure in the digital asset mining hardware production space. Its Bitcoin mining machines previously commanded over 70% of the global market share. Notably, this marks Bitmain's sole investment in the Bitcoin Layer2 domain to date. Gavin Guo, Core Builder of BEVM Foundation, remarked, "Next, BEVM will delve into exploring Bitcoin hashrate and the PoW ecosystem's application on BEVM, that could help facilitate the migration of trillions of dollars in PoW hashrate assets and a substantial quantity of $BTC to BEVM. This will empower Bitmain assets and unlock liquidity and more diverse financial application scenarios within the BTC Layer2 network." Gavin Guo, Core Builder of BEVM Foundation, remarked, "Next, BEVM will delve into exploring Bitcoin hashrate and the PoW ecosystem's application on BEVM, that could help facilitate the migration of trillions of dollars in PoW hashrate assets and a substantial quantity of $BTC to BEVM. This will empower Bitmain assets and unlock liquidity and more diverse financial application scenarios within the BTC Layer2 network." BEVM BEVM Bitmain Bitmain BEVM serves as the pioneer EVM-compatible Bitcoin L2 network founded on the Taproot Consensus, utilizing BTC as Gas. Leveraging native Bitcoin technologies such as Schnorr Signature, MAST, and Bitcoin Light Node Network, it achieves fully decentralized BTC cross-chain functionality, thereby enabling the trustless integration of BTC into a broader spectrum of applications and facilitating genuine BTC liquidity circulation. BEVM launched its mainnet on March 28th, boasting over 700,000 user addresses and hosting more than 30 ecosystem projects. BEVM also recently announced it had secured tens of millions of dollars in financing, with investors including RockTree Capital, Waterdrip Capital, Arkstream Capital, ViaBTC Capital, and nearly 20 other institutions, resulting in a post-investment valuation of $200 million for the company. announced announced For further information about BEVM, please visit www.bevm.io or contact business@bevm.io www.bevm.io www.bevm.io business@bevm.io business@bevm.io Media Contact: Jhon Zhang Email: business@bevm.io This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Brand As An Author Program. Learn more about the program here: https://business.hackernoon.com/brand-as-author This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Brand As An Author Program. Learn more about the program here: https://business.hackernoon.com/brand-as-author Btcwire https://business.hackernoon.com/brand-as-author https://business.hackernoon.com/brand-as-author

Bitcoin Layer2 BEVM Announces Investment From Bitmain

Biometrics: A Beacon of Trust in the Digital Media Landscape

The historical, philosophical & cultural dimensions of biometric identity verification

**LONDON, Uk, January 26th, 2024/Chainwire/--**In a significant development for the cryptocurrency industry, Wooooo! Coin has announced its listing on two major exchanges, MEXC and Bitmart. This move represents a key step forward in Wooooo! Coin's growth and accessibility, bringing the unique energy of WWE/AEW legend Ric Flair to the world of digital assets. Key Listings on Prominent Exchanges Wooooo! Coin has successfully secured listings on MEXC and Bitmart, two renowned cryptocurrency exchanges. This achievement enhances the visibility and accessibility of Wooooo! Coin, offering crypto enthusiasts new opportunities to engage with this innovative digital asset. The MEXC listing is set for February 8th, marking a noteworthy event in the coin's trajectory. Innovative Tokenomics And Unique Features Wooooo! Coin, with a total supply of 10 billion tokens, features a unique tokenomics structure, including: Reserve: 21.32% Liquidity Pool (LP): 29.15% Presale Tokens: 19.79% Founder Investor Tokens: 29.74% The coin's details are as follows: Token Name: Wooooo! Coin Ticker Symbol: WOOOOO! Token Type: ETH (ERC20) Contract Address: 0x9B73Ff728D7D4A423e2166a8dFaa1E79D30cddE9 Ensuring Community Confidence Wooooo! Coin is committed to user's confidence and stability, implementing a liquidity lock and anti-dump mechanisms. These include: Liquidity Lock: Enhancing trading environment stability. (Details: ) Team Finance Anti-Dump Fees: Applied to large wallet holdings and transactions to prevent market manipulation. Opportunities And Insights Crypto users can explore Wooooo! Coin's vision and potential through its detailed pitch deck, offering comprehensive insights into the coin's market position and value proposition. The pitch deck is available at . Wooooo! Coin Pitch Deck Celebrating The Legacy of Ric Flair Wooooo! Coin transcends traditional cryptocurrency offerings, encapsulating the vibrant spirit and flamboyance of Ric Flair. It represents a celebration of victory, glamour, and the excitement of being part of a larger-than-life legacy. The Wooooo! Coin Community Potential investors and enthusiasts are invited to join the Wooooo! Coin revolution, a journey combining the ease of cryptocurrency with the excitement of a cultural icon. For media inquiries or interview requests, please contact: . zamo@officialwooooocoin.com About Wooooo! Coin Inspired by Ric Flair's legendary status, Wooooo! Coin merges the world of cryptocurrency with unparalleled flair and excitement. With strategic CEX listings, distinctive tokenomics, and an engaging vision, Wooooo! Coin is poised to leave a lasting mark on the crypto industry. Stay Connected: Website: Wooooo! Coin Twitter: @WoooooCoin Telegram: Official Wooooo! Coin Channel Wooooo! Coin is the source of this content. This Press Release is for informational purposes only. The information does not constitute investment advice or an offer to invest. Contact Zamorano zamo@officialwooooocoin.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here.

Wooooo! Coin Announces Major Milestones With Listings On MEXC And Bitmart

$JTC, the native token of a legal recourse Bitcoin branch, is soon to be . Chicago, Illinois, January 9th, 2024/Chainwire/-- listed on BitMart The highly anticipated $JTC listing on BitMart has been confirmed. The coin will be listed at 10 AM UTC on 09/01. The listing announcement earlier in December brings the crypto industry one step closer to accessing the same legal remedies available in mainstream finance. The listing is a significant milestone as it means the JTC blockchain’s native crypto will be available on an exchange that handles billions of dollars in volume daily and serves customers worldwide. Users will be able to trade $JTC on BitMart with a USDT pairing. BitMart Confirms JTC Listing on Its Official X Profile The BitMart listing comes after almost two years of development to integrate the $JTC coin with official state and federal court systems. For the past two years, the Jurat ecosystem has been undergoing a series of developments, including the launch of , the onboarding of legal firms and attorneys to mine the JTC blockchain, and the growth of the online community that now has thousands of members across , , and . JTC Ordinals X Telegram Discord The decision to list on BitMart has given $JTC massive market access as the exchange has over two million users and operates in 180 countries. According to CoinMarketCap, BitMart’s 24-hour trading volume fluctuates between $1-2 billion and has over 700 trading pairs. $JTC: The Multi-Utility Crypto Bringing Legal Recourse To The Blockchain $JTC is the native cryptocurrency of the JTC blockchain, which was created as a branch of Bitcoin on January 8, 2022, at Block Height 717808. When the JTC branch was implemented, all $BTC wallets were mirrored, meaning anyone who held $BTC before the branch date is eligible to claim $JTC at a 1:1 ratio. Similarly to $BTC, new $JTC tokens are created through mining on a Proof-of-Work blockchain, with the supply also being limited to 21 million. The miners on the JTC blockchain are attorneys and legal firms that have joined due to their interest in contributing to a legally advanced version of Bitcoin. Among the group of Jurat Attorney Miners is , a prominent figure within the Web3 regulatory space and practicing lawyer at . Jeremy Hogan Hogan & Hogan Jurat connects the blockchain with existing legal procedures in state and federal courts. As a result, it brings legal recourse to cryptocurrency transactions without requiring the existing legal systems to make any major changes. “The benefits of blockchain technology are vast. Just about every industry and person stands to benefit, but before $JTC, the risk of storing assets on-chain was too great for most people. How can the average person entrust their life savings to technology without legal protections?” Said Kanovitz. “The BitMart listing is a key milestone for crypto’s mainstream adoption because it makes $JTC more accessible for mainstream users.” $JTC on BitMart: Coming Soon The $JTC listing is expected to go live in the coming weeks, with both USDT and USDC pairings being made available. Users can follow Jurat across , , and and be among the first to hear further updates about the listing. X Telegram Discord About Jurat Blockchains is positioning itself as the leading provider of decentralized legal enforcement solutions for commercial and government users. Its technologies power $JTC, a court-connected Bitcoin ($BTC) fork with the unique ability to charge back unauthorized transactions. Jurat Blockchains Jurat technologies enable blockchain’s seamless integration with both the civil and criminal justice systems, making it attractive to businesses, regulators, and those keen on tokenizing off-chain assets. For more information, visit Jurat’s | | Official Website Twitter Medium Contact CEO Mike Kanovitz Jurat mike@jurat.io This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program . here

$JTC Network To List On BitMart Exchange

In this article, we are going to talk about a system for performing authentication and authorization securely. To start off with lets understand, what is the difference between Authentication and Authorization. is the process of proving, you are, who you say you are, when accessing an application. Authentication is the process of defining and enforcing access policies - that is, what you can do once you’re authenticated. Authorization In this article, we will see: Why Authentication and Authorization matter How Authentication works How Authorization works Authentication System Design Conclusion Why Authentication and Authorization matter? Lets say we are in a meeting, and you are the leading the conversation. To ask for updates/status for something to the right  person, you need to identify (ie ) the person. Even to share some sensitive data with a person, you need to  authenticate the person correctly. And that is where authentication  comes in. Authenticate Now say, in the same meeting, a few decisions needs to be made. So for that, people who have the right for taking those decisions should be  the one taking the call, we cant just allow everyone to do everything.  Obviously some people are not catered enough to make some decisions, and  some for sure will try to make the worst out of it. So that brings , that gives certain people the rights permissions for certain activities. Authorization How Authentication works? To authenticate a person, we can assign a unique phrase to each person, and given the person tells the phrase correctly and their name.  We can say that ok, we have identified the person. This is the usual  usernames and passwords approach. When the right credentials are given, a  system considers the identity valid and grants access. This is known as  1FA or (SFA). Single-factor authentication SFA is considered fairly insecure. Why? Because users are notoriously bad at keeping their login information secure. Multi-factor  authentication (MFA) is a more secure alternative that requires users to  prove their identity in more than one way. Some such ways are: Single-use PIN numbers / OTP Authentication apps run by secure 3rd party (ex. Google/Microsoft Authenticator) Biometrics Once authenticated, the person would keep performing actions freely on the application. And the application is expected to have the person  recognized throughout their journey without forgetting them. Ideally, it  would be too much to ask the user to provide the password everytime  they move to a different page, or they do some activity. So we need a  way to keep the user authenticated after they have entered their  credentials and they have been authenticated once. This is called . Session Management 2 ways to keep the user authenticated: : When a user logins to a website on a browser, the server creates a session for that user and assigns a sessionid. This sessionid is stored by the server for reference and is sent back to the user to be stored in a cookie in the browser. Now each time the user would make a request the browser will send the sessionid along with the request. Which will help in authenticating the request. And, thus, preserving authentication while the user is on the site. Session-based authentication : For this, the server creates a encrypted token which is sent to the user and is saved by the browser only, as HttpOnly Cookies. All required information such as the user information, permissions and expiry of the token are encrypted within the token. The token is sent along for calls to the server. The server simply decrypts the token with the secret key and verifies the user. This token is refreshed at intervals. Token-based authentication The main differences between these two approaches would be that token-based authn is , cause the token neednot be stored on the server side. But for  session-based authentication, the token are needed to be stored on the  server side as well, which makes it . Which brings up complications, when the system is scaled or the number of users grows. Stateless Stateful For token-based authentication, we mostly use JWTs (JSON Web Tokens). How Authorization works? Once the user is authenticated, we would still need to ensure they’re only allowed to access resources that they have permissions to access.  Unauthorized access to sensitive data can be a disaster. By the  principle of least priviledge, companies would usually set up access  policies such that by default you have access to what is required for  you absolutely. And then in progression to that you have additional  access. Common ways to segment access are: : Users are assigned to a certain group/role that comes with set permissions. Examples: admin, member, owner. Role-based Access Control (RBAC) : Dynamically determines access privileges during authorization based on policies and rules. Policies are based on user roles, job functions, and organizational requirements. Policy-based Access Control (PBAC) : Users are permitted access according to attributes like title, certification, training, and/or environmental factors like location. Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC) : Each user or entity has individual permissions that can be turned on or off, similar to installing a new app on your phone and deciding which permissions to grant (location services, contacts, etc.) Access Control Lists (ACLs) ACL is frequently used at granular level than either ABAC or RBAC - for example, to grant individual users access to a certain file. ABAC and RBAC are generally instituted as company-wide policies. Authentication System Design Requirements Lets first start with defining the of the system: Functional requirements : Allow users to register by providing necessary information. Registration : Authenticate users based on their credentials. Login : Efficiently manage user sessions to ensure security. Session Management : Provide a secure process for users to recover their passwords. Password Recovery : Define roles and permissions for different user types. Access Control : Maintain detailed logs of authentication events for auditing. Audit Trail : Ensure low latency and quick response times. Performance A few that we are not going to consider for the scope of this article are: Non-functional requirements : Implement a robust MFA system. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) : Prioritize data security through encryption, secure storage, and secure communication. Security : Design the system to handle a growing number of users and transactions. Scalability : Minimize system downtime and ensure high availability. Reliability : Develop an intuitive user interface for a seamless experience. Usability Capacity Estimation Traffic Estimation First lets start with . Assuming an average traffic of 100,000 per month.We are estimating a 100k user traffic per month. Which translates to 0.04 request per second. We would need to respond to each request within  500ms 90% of the time, ie we require a p90 latency of 500ms. Traffic Estimation assumed_traffic_per_month = 100000 #requests
assumed_traffic_per_day = assumed_traffic_per_month / 30
                        ~= 3350 (assuming on higher end; 3333.33 to be precise)
estimated_time_per_request = 500 #ms; P90 of 500ms
traffic_per_second = (assumed_traffic_per_month) / (30*24*60*60) 
                   = 0.04 :  500ms (maximal acceptable latency, immaterial of the load on the system) The average capacity 1 instance can take, based on our calculations  is approximately 35ms to serve a request, assuming there are no heavy  processing happening for the particular request. Service Level Objective (SLO) Lets generate two more using the above metrics. derived metrics : Acceptable backlog per instance : Maximum number of requests(load) that can be accepted by an instance, without compromising SLO. Capacity : Backlog per instance : Total number of requests (load) that flows into a unit/instance based on current traffic. Demand Thus, SLO = 500ms
approx_response_time_for_one_request = 35 #ms
capacity = SLO/approx_response_time_for_one_request
         = 500 / 35
         ~= 20

load_on_one_instance = 0.04
instances_available = 1
demand = traffic_per_second / instances_available
       = 0.04 With the demand and capacity available, lets calculate total number of instances required. total_units_required = demand / capacity
                     = 0.04 / 20
                     = 0.002
                     ~= 1 Thus, we would be easily be able to handle 100k requests per month,  with 0.04 requestsper second, with 1 instance. Where each unit can  handle 20 requests per second without compromising SLO. Storage Estimation We would ideally need to store the user details for each user for authentication and authorization access.  Assuming, 5kb /user monthly_new_users = 500
monthly_additional_storage = 500 * 5kb
                           = 2500kb 
                           ~= 2GB So every month, assuming we will onboard 500 new users, we will require 2GB more storage. Incase we would like to keep authentication logs. Each authentication request is expected to take 2kb to store. auth_request_size = 2kb #assumption
monthly_storage = monthly_visitors * auth_request_size
                = 100,000 * 2KB
                ~= 200MB Thus, each month we would require an additional of 200MB, assuming a monthly traffic of 100k. Database Design Now that we have the capacity estimation done. Lets create the schemas of the database required to support the functional requirements. Lets quickly go over the tables. We are using 6 tables. Users - To store all the user information Credentials - To store the access/refresh credentials once the user has been authorized. Passwords - To store the user encrypted user passwords. PasswordRequests - To store the password change requests that comes for a particular user. Sessions - To store when the user had an active session and when was their last activity. ActivityApproval - To store approval requests for a activity performed by a particular user, that would be verified by admin. High-Level Design for the Authentication System System Endpoints Endpoint Description /login Authenticate user credentials. /logout End user session and revoke authentication tokens. /register Create a new user. /update/:userId Update user information. /delete/:userId Delete a user account. /grant/:userId/:permission Grant specific permissions to a user. /revoke/:userId/:permission Revoke permissions from a user. /check/:userId/:resource Check user’s access to a specific resource. /create/:userId Create a new user session. /expire/:sessionId Expire a user session. /validate/:sessionId Validate an active user session. Requirements Fulfilment Now, with all the things in place lets see how we can complete all the requirements. Registration - When a new user visits our application. We need to store user details so we can authorize/identify  the user next time they visit. Requirement - When a new user visits the application, and enters user details along with their email and password. That will  get captured in the database. The user details will be stored in the  User table. And the password will be stored in the credentials table in  an encrypted form. Fulfilled Login - When an existing user visits our application. We need to identify the user so we can authorize/identify  their actions and show them data that belongs to them. Requirement - When an existing user visits the application, and enters their details, email and password. We hash the  password and match the hash against the hash stored for the user in the  Credentials Table. If it matches then we have been able to identify the  user successfully. Else they need to enter the correct password that  they entered while registering. This process is called . Fulfilled Authentication Session Management - When a user has authenticated themselves, by entering their user and password. We need to make sure  that they stay logged in as they perform their future actions / try to  see sensitive data, without having them re-entering their password again  and again. Requirement - When the user authenticates successfully. The Authentication server will share 2 tokens with the client. A and a . The access_token can have encrypted data with it and it has a short  expiry time cause of security reasons. Once the client has the  access_token, it sends the access_token back along with every request  which helps in authenticating the request. When the access_token  expires, the client has to ask for a new access_token using the  refresh_token provided. This helps in maintaining a session. Fulfilled access_token refresh_token Password Recovery - When a user forgets their password, they would need to be able to reset their password securely. Requirement - When the user forgets their password, they can submit their email address in the forgot password page, and we  will generate a one time code and send the link to their email. When the  user clicks on this link with the code and email address. We will  securely be able to identify that the password recovery request is  authentic. And provide the user to set their new password. And thus  being able to recover the password. Fulfilled Access Control - When a user performs a certain action, we need to make sure that the user is authenticated to perform that  action and only then allow the action to happen. Requirement - We will maintain a list of actions, lets say 1-12, for simplicity. For each user we will maintain the  authenticated actions for that user. So now lets say the user tries to  perform an action #id 4. We will check if the user has the permissions  to perform action 4. If yes, we will go ahead and complete the request.  Else we show that the request isnt successful cause of lack of  permissions. Fulfilled Audit Trail - Incase of a security incident, we should be able to have enough logs to look through and have a plausible  reason as to what might have happened / or any leads as to what might  have been a possible cause of it. Requirement - For such scenarios, we can keep logs for every authentication action that happens on the server. (a). For each login request, we will keep a log as to  when the authentication happened, from where, ips and other relevant  details. (b). For each password recovery request, we will keep a  log as to when it was initiated, from where, ips, whether the request  was complete and other relevant details.        (c). Additionally, we will keep logs around each time a  user is authorized / unauthorized for an action and by who. These logs in all, should be able to indicate what might  have happened incase trying to understand some scenario. Fulfilled Performance - Requirement for performance as discussed in capacity estimation section, is 0.04 requests/second and 100k requests per month. Requirement - We have already handled the requirement with enough servers in the capacity estimation section. Fulfilled Conclusion In this article, we started by understanding what is the difference between Authentication and Authorization. Next, we created a Authentication and Authorization System. That is safe, secure, delivers performance while catering to industry standards and meeting all the desired requirements. Going forward i might update certain parts of the article to make it stay relevant as well as to cover more information and insights in building such a system.

Designing Functional Authentication and Authorization Systems

কার্যকরী প্রমাণীকরণ এবং অনুমোদন সিস্টেম ডিজাইন করা

Entwurf funktionaler Authentifizierungs- und Autorisierungssysteme

Diseño de sistemas funcionales de autenticación y autorización

Conception de systèmes d'authentification et d'autorisation fonctionnels

कार्यात्मक प्रमाणीकरण और प्राधिकरण प्रणालियों का डिजाइन

機能的な認証および認可システムの設計

기능적 인증 및 권한 부여 시스템 설계

Projetando sistemas funcionais de autenticação e autorização

Проектирование функциональных систем аутентификации и авторизации

İşlevsel Kimlik Doğrulama ve Yetkilendirme Sistemlerinin Tasarlanması

Thiết kế hệ thống xác thực và ủy quyền chức năng

设计功能性身份验证和授权系统

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Total of 30 webpages for each SERP. Cells are colour coded: median (20%), yellow; maximum (53%), red; minimum (0%), green. *Significantly different from Google.com by two-tailed Fisher’s test corrected for multiple comparison using the method of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli at a false discovery rate of 5%. #significantly different from the localized version of Google.

Online Information of Vaccines: Table 2. Percentage of Vaccine-negative Webpages in Different SERPs

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Positive stance on vaccines https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/do-vaccines-cause-autism https://www.nhs.uk/news/medication/no-link-between-mmr-and-autism-major-study-finds/ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/mmr-vaccine/ https://www.autism.org.uk/get-involved/media-centre/position-statements/mmr-vaccine.aspx https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/autism-studies.html https://vaccine-safety-training.org/mmr-vaccine-increases.html https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021134 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986133 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15366972 Negative stance on vaccines https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673605756968/fulltext www.whale.to/vaccine/vaccine_autism_proven.html www.vaccineriskawareness.com/Infant-Vaccines-Produce-Autism-Symptoms-In-Primates https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2014/07/17/more-of-that-vaccineautism-research-that-doesnt-exist/ edition.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/05/autism.vaccines/index.html https://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2018/02/21 nocompulsoryvaccination.com/2014/08/22/vaccine-autism-cover-up/ https://www.newswars.com/vaccine-autism-questioned-by-doctor-congressman-elect/ vaxtruth.org/2011/08/vaccines-do-not-cause-autism/ Neutral stance on vaccines https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/vaccine-and-autism-link.880852/ www.discovermagazine.com/2009/jun/06-why-does-vaccine-autism-controversy-live-on https://www.ecso.org/news/autism-charity-founder-anti-vaccination-campaigner/ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/01/professor-who-links-vaccines-to-autismfunded-through-university-portal https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/trump-vaccines-autism-links-anti-vaxxerus-president-false-vaccine-a8331836.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376879/

Online Information of Vaccines: Table 1. Example of Classification of Webpages

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Corresponding author: Professor Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN19RY, UK. Email: p.ghezzi@bsms.ac.uk; phone: +44-(0)1273-873112 Abstract The fact that Internet companies may record our personal data and track our online behaviour for commercial or political purpose has emphasized aspects related to online privacy. This has also led to the development of search engines that promise no tracking and privacy. Search engines also have a major role in spreading low-quality health information such as that of anti-vaccine websites. This study investigates the relationship between search engines’ approach to privacy and the scientific quality of the information they return. We analyzed the first 30 webpages returned searching “vaccines autism” in English, Spanish, Italian and French. The results show that “alternative” search engines (Duckduckgo, Ecosia, Qwant, Swisscows and Mojeek) may return more anti-vaccine pages (10-53%) than Google.com (0%). Some localized versions of Google, however, returned more anti-vaccine webpages (up to 10%) than Google.com. Our study suggests that designing a search engine that is privacy savvy and avoids issues with filter bubbles that can result from user-tracking is necessary but insufficient; instead mechanisms should be developed to test search engines from the perspective of information quality (particularly for health-related webpages), before they can be deemed trustworthy providers of public health information. Introduction The World Health Organization lists vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019 1, requiring ongoing global monitoring. Despite the fact that the 1998 study which incorrectly suggested that the MMR vaccine could cause autism in children and prompted antivaccine beliefs 2 has now been discredited, misinformation, and indeed, disinformation, about vaccines continues to be published on the Internet perpetuating such beliefs. It has been suggested that this misinformation plays a role in the current low uptake of vaccines in developed countries 3. Understanding whether this is actually the case, and how to address this issue, is crucial as web-based sources of health information may be instrumental to solve the sustainability challenge currently facing health systems across the globe. The accuracy of information provided by a website is a key indicator of its overall information quality (IQ). The broader aspects of IQ have been the subject of many studies 5, but health IQ and trustworthiness of the sources have only partially been characterized 6. Studies looking at the influence of variations in eHealth literacy levels 7 and trust in different sources of online health information2 indicate that the relationship is not linear in all cases, i.e. higher health IQ does not result automatically in higher perceived levels of trustworthiness. For example, in a study by Chen et al. 8, 618 people were recruited to complete a survey which tested their eHealth literacy level, asked them to identify which of 25 sources of health information they used, and how much they trusted each source. The study showed that people with lower eHealth literacy were less likely to trust medical websites (typically higher IQ) and more likely to trust social media, blogs, and celebrity webpages (typically lower IQ). This might seem a spurious result, were it not for the fact that research has shown that those with high eHealth literacy assess more accurately the credibility and relevance of online health information, whereas those with low eHealth literacy often struggle to locate and understand eHealth information 9. This difficulty lowers their self-efficacy 10, distorts their perception of source credibility, and impacts negatively perceived trustworthiness 9, ultimately creating a need for individuals with low eHealth literacy to find an alternative means of determining trustworthiness in online sources of information. One such alternative is social endorsement. Visible social endorsement, e.g. ‘likes,’ 11 enables those with low eHealth literacy to determine trust based on the bandwagon heuristic and assume that, if the source has already been deemed valid by others, then it is safe for them to trust it too 10,12. Traditional medical websites afford those with low eHealth literacy no such alternative means of determining credibility and trust. This suggests that those who are more vulnerable to the real-world effects of both disinformation and misinformation (e.g. declining to vaccinate their children) are more likely to rely on online sources with lower health IQ, which are more prone to spread such inflammatory and inaccurate information. Personalisation of online search results may favour this phenomenon and lead to a vicious cycle where the more one searches and reads dis- and mis-information about vaccines the less one finds and reads scientific information on the same topic. At the same time, there are increasing concerns about the privacy risks associated with Internet search engines storing potentially sensitive and private health information contained within users search histories, combining it with additional information collected for tracking purposes, and using these data for commercial or other purposes 13,14. This creates a public push back against the idea that search engines or public health providers should interfere in the results people see when searching for health information online. This makes it hard to address concerns about health disinformation/misinformation in a way that is at least socially acceptable if not ideally preferable 15. The UK’s National Health Service (NHS) discovered this when its announcement of Amazon Alexa responding with guaranteed high-IQ content from NHS.UK to user voice queries such as “Alexa, how do I treat a migraine,” resulted in a public outcry over privacy infringement 16. This raises the question whether, in the context of online vaccination information, it is possible at all to balance concerns about user privacy and IQ. The following pages seek to lay the foundations for answering this question by reporting on the methodology for, and results of, a study concerning the following research question: “What is the current relationship between search engines’ approach to privacy and the scientific quality of the information they return?”.

Online Information of Vaccines: Abstract and Introduction

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Conclusion Our analysis shows that while it may well be technically possible to design a search engine that manages to balance privacy-preservation with the promotion of high IQ material, this is currently not the case. The current relationship between privacy-preserving design features of search engines and the IQ of the results they return is inverse (although not proportionally). In instances where this can have a negative impact on public health, as in the example we have provided of the promotion of anti-vaccine misinformation, not intervening to alter the design of the algorithm even if this means sacrificing some degree of user privacy - can lead to severe harm for a large population of user and is, therefore, unethical. Designing a search engine that is privacy savvy and avoids issues with filter bubbles that can result from user-tracking may be a good thing, like designing a car with an engine that does not pollute and is inexpensive to run, and designers should seek to balance the different aspects of search engine design highlighted in Figure 3. However, if the brakes in an environmentally-designed car do not work, the car is unsafe and this negates the positive ethical decisions made by the designers. In a car this is a highly unlikely design outcome, as a car has to undergo several rounds of testing by regulatory agencies before being allowed on the market. This is not yet the case for search engines, which are only regulated from the perspective of data protection – which is primarily interpreted as data security rather than data privacy. Our study suggests that this is necessary but insufficient, and instead mechanisms should be developed to test search engines from the perspective of IQ, (particularly for YMYL webpages) before they can be deemed trustworthy providers of public health information. References 1. World Health Organization. Ten threats to global health in 2019. 2019. https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20190627111040/https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-toglobal-health-in-2019) (accessed 27/06/2019 2. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 1998; 351(9103): 637-41. 3. Stahl JP, Cohen R, Denis F, et al. The impact of the web and social networks on vaccination. New challenges and opportunities offered to fight against vaccine hesitancy. Med Mal Infect 2016; 46(3): 117-22. 4. Martin GP, Sutton E, Willars J, Dixon-Woods M. Frameworks for change in healthcare organisations: a formative evaluation of the NHS Change Model. Health Serv Manage Res 2013; 26(2-3): 65-75. 5. Illari P, Floridi L. Information quality, data and philosophy. The Philosophy of Information Quality: Springer; 2014: 5-23. 6. Al-Jefri M, Evans R, Uchyigit G, Ghezzi P. What is health information quality? Ethical dimension and perception by users. Frontiers in medicine 2018; 5. 7. Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHEALS: The eHealth Literacy Scale. J Med Internet Res 2006; 8(4): e27. 8. Chen X, Hay JL, Waters EA, et al. Health Literacy and Use and Trust in Health Information. J Health Commun 2018; 23(8): 724-34. 9. Paige SR, Krieger JL, Stellefson ML. The Influence of eHealth Literacy on Perceived Trust in Online Health Communication Channels and Sources. J Health Commun 2017; 22(1): 53-65. 10. Kim J, Park HA. Development of a health information technology acceptance model using consumers' health behavior intention. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14(5): e133. 11. Borah P, Xiao X. The Importance of 'Likes': The Interplay of Message Framing, Source, and Social Endorsement on Credibility Perceptions of Health Information on Facebook. J Health Commun 2018; 23(4): 399-411. 12. Huo C, Zhang M, Ma F. Factors influencing people’s health knowledge adoption in social media: the mediating effect of trust and the moderating effect of health threat. Library Hi Tech 2018; 36(1): 129-51. 13. Chiou L, Tucker C. Search engines and data retention: Implications for privacy and antitrust: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. 14. Esteve A. The business of personal data: Google, Facebook, and privacy issues in the EU and the USA. International Data Privacy Law 2017; 7(1): 36-47. 15. Floridi L, Taddeo M. What is data ethics? : The Royal Society; 2016. 16. Moskvitch K. Amazon’s Alexa deal with the NHS can help patients but at what cost? Wired, 2019. (accessed 8/11/2019). 17. Arif N, Al-Jefri M, Bizzi IH, et al. Fake News or Weak Science? Visibility and Characterization of Antivaccine Webpages Returned by Google in Different Languages and Countries. Front Immunol 2018; 9: 1215. 18. Maki A, Evans R, Ghezzi P. Bad news. Analysis of the quality of information on influenza prevention returned by Google in English and Italian. Frontiers in Immunology 2015; 6:616. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00616. 19. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2013. 20. Economist T. Seek and you shall find. Google rewards reputable reporting, not left-wing politics. The Economist 2019; 431(9146): 85. 21. Taddeo M, Floridi L. The Debate on the Moral Responsibilities of Online Service Providers. Science and engineering ethics 2015: 1-29. 22. Mittelstadt BD, Allo P, Taddeo M, Wachter S, Floridi L. The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society 2016; 3(2): 2053951716679679. 23. Association for Computing Machinery. ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. 2018. https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics (archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20190627114921/https://www.acm.org/code-of-ethics) (accessed 27/06/2019 2019). 24. Tufekci Z. Algorithmic harms beyond Facebook and Google: Emergent challenges of computational agency. Colo Tech LJ 2015; 13: 203. 25. Hasnas J. Teaching business ethics: The principles approach. Journal of Business Ethics Education 2013; 10: 275-304. 26. Macdonald C, Gavura S. Alternative Medicine and the Ethics Of Commerce. Bioethics 2016; 30(2): 77-84. 27. Taddeo M, Floridi L. The Debate on the Moral Responsibilities of Online Service Providers. Sci Eng Ethics 2016; 22(6): 1575-603. 28. Chigwedere P, Seage GR, 3rd, Gruskin S, Lee TH, Essex M. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49(4): 410-5. 29. Ouyang Y. Student's death highlights gaps in China's health regulations. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17(6): 709. 30. Browne M, Thomson P, Rockloff MJ, Pennycook G. Going against the Herd: Psychological and Cultural Factors Underlying the 'Vaccination Confidence Gap'. PLoS One 2015; 10(9): e0132562. 31. Bean SJ. Emerging and continuing trends in vaccine opposition website content. Vaccine 2011; 29(10): 1874-80.

Online Information of Vaccines: Conclusion and References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Discussion The aim of this research was to investigate whether search engines focused on privacy preservation ranked webpages with higher and/or lower levels of IQ (interpreted as EBM based content i.e. vaccine-positive rather than vaccine-negative) differently to the primary commercial search engines. In turn, this answered the research question “What is the current relationship between search engines’ approach to privacy and the scientific quality of the information they return?”. The results indicate that currently privacy-enhancing search engines often give more visibility to webpages promoting vaccine hesitancy or with a clear anti-vaccine position than Google. This is in agreement with the findings from a recent study by the Economist which analyzed 175,000 news links returned by Google to demonstrate that the search engine’s algorithm favorstrustworthy publications 20. Reputation and trustworthiness are key factors included in Google’s ranking algorithm. In 2019, Google published search quality evaluation guidelines, 4 which define webpages containing information that may affect the users’ health or financial stability, as “your money your life” (YMYL) pages. These guidelines reveal that when rating YMYL webpages, Google looks at the three criteria of Expertise-Authority-Trustworthiness (EA-T) and states “High E-A-T information pages on scientific topics should be produced by people or organizations with appropriate scientific expertise and represent well-established scientific consensus on issues where such consensus exists”. Thus, in the case of Google, the bandwagon heuristic mechanism of assessing medical information credibility is working in favour of promoting IQ. This is perhaps because those responsible for driving up the ‘reputation’ of specific websites by, for example, linking to them, have higher levels of eHealth literacy and therefore act as pseudo-gatekeepers protecting those with lower eHealth literacy from poor IQ results by ensuring that websites providing inaccurate online health information have a low ranking in the search results. In the case of privacy-preserving engines this appears not to be working – potentially because they do not track ‘reputation’ factors, which could be seen as proxies for IQ and credibility, e.g. clicks and bounce-rate, and so have no gatekeepers (pseudo or otherwise) working to limit the circulation of misinformation. To our knowledge, the algorithms used by these ‘alternative’ search engines are not public - Qwant states that they use their own algorithms5 - but despite this, we found a large overlap between the SERP of Qwant and those of Bing and Ecosia. Likewise, Ecosia and Swisscows showed a similar overlap (70%) with Bing. This means that it is not possible to check what factors determine the outcome of the decision making processes of the search engines algorithms, and hence identify those elements that contribute to circulate misinformation. Even without being able to check the exact mechanisms for the overall poorer results, the results suggest that, currently, decisions made by search engines to prioritize privacypreservation may have a negative impact on the IQ of results returned to users in health contexts. The pledge to provide independent and unbiased results or not to promote or hide websites based on political or moral interests can be seen as ethically ambiguous, in view of the potential consequences of pointing to scientifically unsound health information. Medical ethics requires that patients give informed consent before treatment and must, therefore, be informed accurately of the risks and benefits associated with treatment, something that is not possible if the search engine provider used by an individual is returning results with low IQ. From this consequentialist perspective, it is inherently unethical choosing not to interfere with a search engine’s ranking algorithm to ensure ‘manually’ that results of higher IQ are prioritized, whilst those of lower IQ are suppressed. This builds on arguments already made in the wider literature about algorithm ethics 21,22. For example, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) code of ethics and professional conduct includes, as a general principle, “avoid harm” along with that of “respect privacy” 23, which aligns with the Hippocratic oath. Specifically, the implication that the current design of privacy-preserving search engine algorithms underestimates the need for evaluation of IQ fits into the wider discussion about algorithmic design and how to ensure design decisions are made to protect and incorporate key values such as IQ. It is necessary, but insufficient, to design search engine algorithms that index purely on ‘relevance’, they must also be designed to index on quality. The challenge lies in the ability to do this in a way that balances the need to accept different perspectives (particularly those that are rooted in different cultural, religious or social ideals) whilst also filtering for IQ. Supporters of such arguments, including the authors, note that this requirement necessitates making the workings of search engine algorithms more transparent 24 to ensure their ethical compliance. Providing information on vaccines that is based on misinformation or disinformation (including studies whose data or conclusions have been shown to be wrong) is a deceptive practice, which goes against the basic tenets of medical and business ethics 25. This is in line with those who argue that the promotion of ‘alternative medicine’ is unethical because it lacks evidence and transparency of clinical efficacy and should be considered ‘false advertising’ 26. Online service providers have a moral responsibilities to ensure that users access health information that is scientifically validate 27. Misinformation and disinformation concerning healthcare circulating on the internet can have severe consequences and lead to widespread harm. Consider the example of South African president Mbeki, who delayed introducing anti-retroviral drugs in favor of alternative medicine based on information obtained from HIV-denialist internet websites, a decision estimated to have resulted in over 300,000 deaths 28. More recently, a cancer patient died in China after following an alternative, non-approved therapy they found using a search engine 29. In response Chinese authorities issued new rules that require search engines to provide “objective, fair and authoritative results”. Moral responsibility follows on the level of harm that misinformation and disinformation on healthcare may cause. It could be argued that there is a greater onus on Google – and other commercial search engine providers – than on alternative search engines to take these considerations into account when designing or interfering with algorithms for the purposes of promoting ethical compliance, given their larger market share. Google currently has over 90% of the worldwide market share6 and therefore has the potential to indirectly ‘cause harm’, through the potential promotion of low IQ webpages on vaccinations, to a great many more people than any of the alternative providers. However, studies have shown that those who hold anti-authoritarian views, openness to (potentially) controversial opinions, and an interest in alternative medicine are, in some cases, already more likely to hold vaccine-hesitant beliefs 30. These are also the individuals who are most likely to use alternative search providers given their sensitivity to privacy and tracking concerns. Therefore, while the alternative providers might reach a proportionally smaller audience – they are reaching an audience that is already more receptive to antivaccine information 31, and therefore more vulnerable to its effects. In other words, unless the alternative providers take steps to rank vaccine-related search results according to IQ, they may cause greater harm to those they do reach, meaning that the net negative impact is still greater even though the number of individuals they reach is smaller.

Online Information of Vaccines: Discussion

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Web search and content analysis Searches in English were done from Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom; in Italian from Urbino, Italy; in French from Bruxelles, Belgium; in Spanish from Barcelona, Spain. Each search was done using a logged-out Chrome browser cleared of cookies and previous search history so that the only identification was the IP address and its geolocalization. Additionally, when available, the local version of each search engine was used (e.g. Google.co.uk and Google.it). For searching Google.com, automatic redirection to google.co.uk was avoided by using the URL Google.com/ncr (no-country-redirect). The first 30 URL results from each search engine result page (SERP), excluding those marked as advertisements, and were transferred to a spreadsheet. When a duplicate URL was encountered, it was excluded. Websites were then visited and the content of each page was coded as vaccine-positive, negative or neutral, depending on the stance taken on the connection between vaccines and autism. Webpages recommending vaccination and/or negating the link with autism were coded as “vaccine-positive”. Those promoting vaccine hesitancy, cautioning about the risk of autism or openly anti-vaccine, were coded as “vaccine-negative”. Additionally, webpages that claimed further studies needed to be conducted to clarify the link between vaccines and autism were also coded as “vaccine-negative”, as previous research by {Browne, 2015 #421} has shown that users perceive this as confirmation of the fact that vaccine safety has not been proven. Webpages simply reporting the history of the anti-vaccine movement or a related legal debate were coded as “vaccine-neutral”. Examples of positive, negative and neutral webpages are provided in Table 1. Coding was completed by two raters for each language and inter-rater agreement was calculated with GraphPad, which uses equations 18.16 to 18.20 from Fleiss 19. On a sample of 59 webpages in English, agreement was 85%, with a Kappa of 0.669 (standard error, 0.077) and a 95% confidence interval from 0.518 to 0.820, a strength of agreement is considered to be 'good' 19. In Italian, agreement was 90%, with a Kappa of 0.818 (standard error, 0.067) and a 95% confidence interval from 0.687 to 0.950, a strength of agreement is considered to be 'very good'. In Spanish, agreement was 83%, with a Kappa of 0.609 (standard error, 0.098) and a 95% confidence interval from 0.418 to 0.801, a strength of agreement is considered to be 'very good'. In French, agreement was 89% with a Kappa of 0.746 (standard error, 0.091) and a 95% confidence interval from 0.568 to 0.924. When frequencies of vaccine-negative webpages was compared across different search engines, we used a two-tailed Fisher’s test corrected for multiple comparison using the method of Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli and a false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%.

Online Information of Vaccines: Web Search and Content Analysis

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Results Figure 1 shows the ranking of positive (green), neutral (yellow), and negative (red) websites returned by the different search engines in English, French, Italian and Spanish. A comparison of the percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs (Table 2) shows that Google is consistently returning less misinformation, although some of its local version show more vaccine-negative webpages than the English-US version (Google.com). Other search engines return some vaccine-negative webpages with some, like Mojeek in English-UK and Arianna and Virgilio in Italian are the most likely to rank higher webpages with misinformation. In English, the frequency of vaccine-negative webpages in Yahoo, Bing and Mojeek was significantly higher than in Google.com. In Italian, all SERPs had a significantly higher proportion of vaccine-negative webpages compared with Google.com. In French, all search engines returned a significantly higher number of vaccine-negative webpages than Google.com or the local version Google.fr. There were no significant differences for search engines in Spanish. The SERPs of all search engines providers contained a higher proportion of vaccine-negative results than those obtained from Google.com. Even the localized versions of Google (Google.co.uk, Google.it and Google.es) returned more negative pages than the US/international English Google.com. The two Italian-only search engines (Virgilio and Arianna) returned the highest number of negative pages in Italian. In several instances, the same webpages were returned by different search engines, with large overlaps between these results as shown in Figure 2.

Online Information of Vaccines: Results

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Pietro Ghezzi, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (2) Peter G Bannister, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK; (3) Gonzalo Casino, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain and Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain; (4) Alessia Catalani, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (5) Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (6) Jessica Morley, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; (7) Marie Neunez, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles; (8) Andreu Prados, Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Université libre de Bruxelles, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; (9) Mariarosaria Taddeo, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK; (10) Tania Vanzolini, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; (11) Luciano Floridi, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain, and The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Methods Web search and content analysis Results Discussion Conclusion and References Table 1. Example of classification of webpages Table 2. Percentage of vaccine-negative webpages in different SERPs Methods In seeking to answer the above research question, this study builds on previous work which: (a) focuses on the results returned by a search of “vaccines autism” in different countries and languages, and found a great variability in the composition of the webpages returned and their ranking 17; and (b) suggests that whether a webpage promotes a medical treatment based on the practices of evidence-based medicine (EBM; e.g. based on the reporting by Cochrane reviews) can act as a proxy for health IQ. The phrase “vaccines autism” was searched using the main search engines (Google, Bing and Yahoo) and alternative providers which focus on respecting privacy and personal data (Duckduckgo, Mojeek, Qwant and Ecosia3) in four languages/countries (English-UK, Italian, Spanish and French) and the international, US-English version of Google (Google.com). We also used some country- or language-specific search engines. Each webpage returned was classified as vaccine-positive, -negative or –neutral as described in the Table 1

Online Information of Vaccines: Methods

Authors: (1) Jonathan H. Rystrøm. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Previous Literature Methods and Data Results Discussions Conclusions and References A. Validation of Assumptions B. Other Models C. Pre-processing steps 6 Conclusion Understanding how recommender systems shape our behaviour is essential to avoid manipulation. In this paper, we investigated the Amazon recommender system concerning whether it has made it harder to change preferences. By analysing the Barrier-to-Exit (Rakova & Chowdhury, 2019) of more than 50,000 users, we found a highly significant growth in Barrier-to-Exit over time, which indicates that it has indeed become harder to change preferences for the analysed users. However, sampling bias induced by the calculation of Barrier-to-Exit makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the general population of Amazon customers. This highlights the dilemma of portability in measuring socio-technical systems (Selbst et al., 2019): accurately evaluating a concept like ”changing preferences” requires adapting to the context of the system, which makes it more difficult to generalise (and compare) to other systems. Comparing recommender systems is necessary for ensuring that these respect human autonomy (Varshney, 2020) and live up to new regulations such as the EU AI Act (Kop, 2021). Further work, should aim to create auditing procedures and metrics that allow third parties to measure potential preference manipulation in a way that fits within the context of the industry and allows for comparisons between different systems. This will help assess the pressures of Surveillance Capitalism (Zuboff, 2019) on human autonomy. References Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of memory and language, 59 (4), 390–412. 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