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Lean production is not a new concept. It comes from the manufacturing industry and was polished by Toyota in the seventies. However, Lean manufacturing principles turned out to be so practical and universal that they can be used to create innovations in other industries as well. In the Information Technology (IT) sphere, they are frequently used with the Six Sigma Principles, and in this article, we will explain what each principle means for Lean software development. 7 Lean Principles and How to Use Them in Software Development Lean manufacturing and Lean software development are based on the seven pillars. All these principles were developed according to the idea that everything that doesn’t add value to the customer should be avoided or removed. Here is how the principles work in IT. 1. Eliminate Waste Waste elimination is a classic manufacturing problem. But what is lean software development waste? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to return to the key idea that everything that doesn’t add value is waste. It can be: Unnecessary coding:  It is not wise to create a specific function until it is claimed. This approach also underlies minimum viable product (MVP) development and subsequent testing of each new feature.Wait-time: This is a case where a task is waiting for somebody to perform it. In other words, this is non-value added time and is time the customer doesn’t want to pay for. Delays in task transferring: When the programmer finishes a piece of code but hasn’t transferred it to the tester, for example. Agile software development partially solves this issue. 2. Build Quality In This principle focuses on the quality of the product being created and suggests that it is necessary to: Use pair programming when the skills of one team member complement the skills of another.Automate routine tasks. However, this does not always automatically produce quality improvement. Sometimes manual work is a more reasonable solution.Reduce downtime, context switches, knowledge gaps and lack of focus.Use a test-driven approach when the code is written according to certain criteria. This eliminates the need for bug fixing, and hence, the waiting time mentioned above. 3. Create Knowledge According to this principle, the development team is encouraged to create and share knowledge in a convenient format. For example, it can be knowledge sharing sessions, document writing or even storytelling. The main thing is to transfer valuable insights from one team member to others to make sure that the same mistake will not be repeated, provoke waste, spoil the quality and/or badly affect the delivery speed using the 7 Lean principles. 4. Defer Commitment It is very easy to confuse this principle with an attempt to transfer responsibility to someone else. However,  the essence of this principle is different. This principle suggests that we do not need to make any final and far-reaching decisions until we have comprehensive and sufficient data. But it is necessary to keep your eyes open and be prepared for change. According to this approach, the team must constantly collect new information, as well as take business requirements into account, which can change at any time. Does this principle remind you of something else? Yes, this is one of the main ideas of Agile development. 5. Deliver Fast This principle also has a pitfall for IT and is closely interconnected with other principles as well. Deliver fast does not mean deliver at all costs. The Lean system does not mean continuous work for a high-tech solution. The basis of this principle is speed multiplied by simplicity. In this case, we again return to the MVP approach, when it is necessary to quickly develop a simple, but high-quality solution, test the feedback at the same speed and then move on to the development of new functions if the market requests them. In this context, the speed of market launch becomes key, and the market need is a reference to the first principle. Do not create a feature until you are asked for it. 6. Respect People This is a basic, but rather universal principle which also determines the success of a team. Human relationships cannot be excluded from the process even with remote work, . The Lean methodology suggests adhering to the rules of effective communication, healthy debate and conflict, and professional ethics when hiring, onboarding and firing employees. 7. Optimize the Whole Instead of Single Parts To understand this principle, it is necessary to imagine each of the work processes as a value stream. This flow can go in the right direction and carry value, or it can create a vicious circle. Here is an example of a vicious circle: When developers are forced to write code too quickly, they make more mistakes.More bugs mean more work for testers.More work for testers means more issues found and more mistakes for the developers to fix under the pressure of time. This is an example of the misuse of the Deliver Fast principle. In order to optimize the whole, it is necessary to optimize each process individually. In order to optimize a single process, you need to understand what the stumbling block is. In our example, the blocker of the stream value is the priority of speed over quality (when it is necessary to keep a balance), or a violation of the second principle when there is no test-driven approach. Lean production is not a new concept. It comes from the manufacturing industry and was polished by Toyota in the seventies. However, Lean manufacturing principles turned out to be so practical and universal that they can be used to create innovations in other industries as well. In the Information Technology (IT) sphere, they are frequently used with the Six Sigma Principles, and in this article, we will explain what each principle means for Lean software development. 7 Lean Principles and How to Use Them in Software Development Lean manufacturing and Lean software development are based on the seven pillars. All these principles were developed according to the idea that everything that doesn’t add value to the customer should be avoided or removed. Here is how the principles work in IT. 1. Eliminate Waste 1. Eliminate Waste Waste elimination is a classic manufacturing problem. But what is lean software developmen t waste? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to return to the key idea that everything that doesn’t add value is waste. It can be: lean software developmen Unnecessary coding:  It is not wise to create a specific function until it is claimed. This approach also underlies minimum viable product (MVP) development and subsequent testing of each new feature. Wait-time: This is a case where a task is waiting for somebody to perform it. In other words, this is non-value added time and is time the customer doesn’t want to pay for. Delays in task transferring: When the programmer finishes a piece of code but hasn’t transferred it to the tester, for example. Agile software development partially solves this issue. Unnecessary coding: It is not wise to create a specific function until it is claimed. This approach also underlies minimum viable product (MVP) development and subsequent testing of each new feature. Unnecessary coding: Wait-time: This is a case where a task is waiting for somebody to perform it. In other words, this is non-value added time and is time the customer doesn’t want to pay for. Wait-time: Delays in task transferring: When the programmer finishes a piece of code but hasn’t transferred it to the tester, for example. Agile software development partially solves this issue. Delays in task transferring: 2. Build Quality In 2. Build Quality In This principle focuses on the quality of the product being created and suggests that it is necessary to: quality of the product Use pair programming when the skills of one team member complement the skills of another. Automate routine tasks. However, this does not always automatically produce quality improvement. Sometimes manual work is a more reasonable solution. Reduce downtime, context switches, knowledge gaps and lack of focus. Use a test-driven approach when the code is written according to certain criteria. This eliminates the need for bug fixing, and hence, the waiting time mentioned above. Use pair programming when the skills of one team member complement the skills of another. Use pair programming Automate routine tasks . However, this does not always automatically produce quality improvement. Sometimes manual work is a more reasonable solution. Automate routine tasks Reduce downtime, context switches, knowledge gaps and lack of focus. Reduce downtime, Use a test-driven approach when the code is written according to certain criteria. This eliminates the need for bug fixing, and hence, the waiting time mentioned above. Use a test-driven approach 3. Create Knowledge 3. Create Knowledge According to this principle, the development team is encouraged to create and share knowledge in a convenient format. For example, it can be knowledge sharing sessions, document writing or even storytelling. The main thing is to transfer valuable insights from one team member to others to make sure that the same mistake will not be repeated, provoke waste, spoil the quality and/or badly affect the delivery speed using the 7 Lean principles. 4. Defer Commitment 4. Defer Commitment It is very easy to confuse this principle with an attempt to transfer responsibility to someone else. However,  the essence of this principle is different. This principle suggests that we do not need to make any final and far-reaching decisions until we have comprehensive and sufficient data. But it is necessary to keep your eyes open and be prepared for change. According to this approach, the team must constantly collect new information, as well as take business requirements into account, which can change at any time. Does this principle remind you of something else? Yes, this is one of the main ideas of Agile development. Yes, this is one of the main ideas of Agile development. 5. Deliver Fast 5. Deliver Fast This principle also has a pitfall for IT and is closely interconnected with other principles as well. Deliver fast does not mean deliver at all costs. The Lean system does not mean continuous work for a high-tech solution. The basis of this principle is speed multiplied by simplicity. Deliver fast does not mean deliver at all costs. The basis of this principle is speed multiplied by simplicity. In this case, we again return to the MVP approach, when it is necessary to quickly develop a simple, but high-quality solution, test the feedback at the same speed and then move on to the development of new functions if the market requests them. In this context, the speed of market launch becomes key, and the market need is a reference to the first principle. Do not create a feature until you are asked for it. 6. Respect People 6. Respect People This is a basic, but rather universal principle which also determines the success of a team. Human relationships cannot be excluded from the process even with remote work, . The Lean methodology suggests adhering to the rules of effective communication, healthy debate and conflict, and professional ethics when hiring, onboarding and firing employees. 7. Optimize the Whole Instead of Single Parts 7. Optimize the Whole Instead of Single Parts To understand this principle, it is necessary to imagine each of the work processes as a value stream. This flow can go in the right direction and carry value, or it can create a vicious circle. Here is an example of a vicious circle: When developers are forced to write code too quickly, they make more mistakes. More bugs mean more work for testers. More work for testers means more issues found and more mistakes for the developers to fix under the pressure of time. When developers are forced to write code too quickly, they make more mistakes. More bugs mean more work for testers. More work for testers means more issues found and more mistakes for the developers to fix under the pressure of time. This is an example of the misuse of the Deliver Fast principle. In order to optimize the whole, it is necessary to optimize each process individually. In order to optimize a single process, you need to understand what the stumbling block is. In our example, the blocker of the stream value is the priority of speed over quality (when it is necessary to keep a balance), or a violation of the second principle when there is no test-driven approach.

How to Apply Lean Production Principles in Software Development

The use of mobile apps is increasing, and the demand for app development is contributing to its growth. For example, of e-commerce sales will take place on a mobile device. And, this high demand is not only related to e-commerce. Statista estimated that by the end of 2021, 73% Mobile app demand is also growing because of a very competitive marketplace. Consequently, mobile app development is in its major growth stage, and there needs to be a better way to build apps faster and more efficiently. In mobile app development, the main challenge for developers is whether the app should be built for native or cross-platform frameworks. The best way to solve this dilemma is to actually test both of them using the Kotlin Multiplatform approach. Teams can easily synchronize and deliver apps for different platforms simultaneously with this method. What is Kotlin Multiplatform? Kotlin is a multiplatform language for building mobile apps so developers can write code that can be used on multiple devices including Android, iOS, and the web. Kotlin Multiplatform is a new approach for development teams to build a single user flow for several operating systems or devices. Applying Kotlin Multiplatform can reduce time and costs by 30% or more. The app market is increasing, and users are becoming more demanding regarding the quality of apps. Startups are always struggling to launch their product on time and on budget, and building an application for Android, iOS and the web can triple expenses and time. Kotlin Multiplatform offers the opportunity to create a universal code that works on all of these platforms. Let’s discuss how the works, and what the challenges of using it are. Kotlin Multiplatform approach What are the key problems in synchronization? Even though Kotlin Multiplatform reduces the time it takes to develop an app, it’s still challenging to develop an app using multi-team app development. Building multiplatform apps means you need a team where developers have different experiences, and different platforms shouldn’t interact in the process of building the final product. Here are some of the main challenges: Different experience needed The main problem of using Kotlin Multiplatform is that you need to use different approaches to solve one problem. It is necessary to gather a team with diverse expertise. Different devices offer users different experiences, and several teams of developers can come up with different ways of solving the product requirements. Communication within the teams Another challenge is to gather a team where developers have different skills and expertise. While creating multiplatform approaches with the help of different teams, communication is a big challenge. For example, two different teams can create an application for different operating systems, and the customer may change the development requirements for one team, and leave them as-is for the other. This can lead to conflicting results. Each platform has specific challenges When you are building multiplatform apps, each of the operating systems has specific requirements especially, for the user interface, as it is necessary to match the design of the devices for a specific operating system. When developing each platform you need to use specific languages, frameworks, and libraries for each platform. The challenge is to build the same app, with a similar design while taking into account different frameworks, etc. Advantages and disadvantages of cross-platform solutions As far as possible cross-platform application development, there are only a few solutions like React Native, Flutter, and Kotlin. In recent years, Kotlin has become very popular because Google announced support for the language on Android as well as Spring Boot 2 that is offered by Kotlin support. Kotlin is running in JavaScript, native, and iOS applications. So, Kotlin helps to share the code between them. Development is carried out in the Kotlin language in IntelliJ IDEA or Android Studio, which is a big advantage when compiling the resulting code in native languages for each platform (i.e.OBJ-C, JS and JVM). The build system is Gradle. It supports groovy syntax and Kotlin script (kts). Kotlin MPP has the concept of the target platforms. In these blocks, the operating systems we need are configured in the native code and compiled in Kotlin. Source sets, as the name suggests, provides the source code for the platforms that are stored here. Advantages of using such an approach include: Saving time and money. When you use Kotlin Multiplatform for mobile and web development, you are going to save around 30% of the time needed for development. This means you will cut expenses by 30%. Compared to Java, Kotlin can cut 40% of the code, so you save money as long as you don’t need to pay for more developers. Native-like solution. The code in Kotlin is similar to Swift as well as being 100% interactive with Java. Fewer bugs. Thanks to Kotlin, you will get the most accurate code, and while some bugs emerge, it’s very easy to find and fix them before runtime. Team productivity. Your team will be working on the same task so this can help keep tasks efficient. Disadvantages are: Kotlin is very useful if you want to reduce cost and time. But it’s costlier and more time-consuming when it comes to learning Kotlin. The transition to Kotlin can be challenging for your team as they need to spend time learning it. Some limitations of using it. One of these limitations is multithreading. It is based on Coroutines technology which isn’t supported in Swift. Lack of experts in the market. Kotlin requires very high expertise in different areas, and it’s much easier to find a Java or Swift developer than those who work with Kotlin. The main problem is that you can’t easily replace Kotlin developers since the technology isn’t as widely used as native programming languages. How Kotlin Multiplatform can come in handy According to TechCrunch, just two years ago at the I / O 2017 conference, support for Kotlin in its IDE, Android Studio. This came as a surprise, given that Java remained the language of choice for developing Android applications for a long time. Google announced Over the past two years, the popularity of Kotlin has increased. More than 50% of professional Android developers use the language to develop their apps, according to Google. It looks like Google is increasing its support for Kotlin. “The next big step that we’re making is that we’re going Kotlin-first,” , an engineer on the Android UI Toolkit development team at Google. “We understand that not everybody is on Kotlin right now, but we believe that you should get there,” Haase said. “There may be valid reasons for you to still be using the C++ and Java programming languages and that’s totally fine. These are not going away.” said Chet Haase While sharing the same code between platforms, you can create a common module that depends on the Kotlin library. In case we need to access platform-specific APIs, like DOM in JavaScript or File APIs in Java, the best solution is platform-specific declarations. It means that in our shared module, we use a keyword to declare the implementation of a different method separately on each platform. Wrapping Up Kotlin Multiplatform development is a great choice for saving time and budget. This is a good approach where you can use common code for the different operating systems of the apps that will be used on different devices. The main benefits of using Kotlin Multiplatform are the ease of sharing one code for multiple platforms, reduced costs and time by around 30%, and there is no need to hire extra staff to implement Kotlin, which significantly reduces time as there is no need to build Android, iOS and web apps with different codes. The main pitfall is that it’s hard to find highly-qualified professionals who can deliver high-quality Kotlin Multiplatform apps, but as the technology develops so will the specialists.

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