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Preface: This is a comic that contains artwork that is largely by a generative AI under my direction. Hope you all enjoy the story. Max Simian’s Origin Story Max Simian's birth planet, Tan Aerith, was a jungle rainforest world with huge expanses of verdant growth and great rivers. Max is possessed of a high intelligence which has served him well in his ascent in society. He has always been a motivated individual, a driven achiever, ever confident in his eventual success. This is his story. "My name is Max Simian, and I am a certified sentient. I serve under the imprimature of the Alliance and my loyalties are certain." "My birth planet, Tan Aerith, is a jungle rainforest world with huge expanses of verdant growth and great rivers." "The scenery is breathtaking." "Trees that soar hundreds of feet into the air.” "And the canopy is a mesh of branches and vines that invites exploration." "And water. Abundant, plentiful water.” "Large rivers coursing their way through the jungle growth.” "I have fond memories of playing with my mud puppy in the warm river water." "Probably being raised near the Shagu flood plain influenced my destiny." "The marsh reeds that grew in the shallow waters of the flood plain were possessed of seed pods that contained alkaloids, psychoactive alkaloids." "My predispositions led me to explore some of this chemistry in labs that were funded by an outfit named Imperium ChemCor." "No doubt the acid base reaction products could lend a different tone to things.” "So when I reached my legal majority I left our treetop village." "I took an offer with Imperium and migrated to a city named Narveen on the planet Harben13.” "No doubt the city was beautiful. The first time I saw the skyline by night I was smitten." "Even by day the muted tones and colors had a certain attraction. And yet the fascination began to pale." "But the real issue I had with life in Narveen was that there was just too much monkey business." "And the endless parties fueled by drugs not much different than those I was working on.” "By then I had seen a lot of adverts for the benefits of service to the Alliance. The attractions of Adventure." "A chance to enter the halls of Leadership, of Power." "Even the potential for romance was a pitch.” "So I signed up and they sent me to Leasee, a desert planet that boasted of its discomfort. I was there for indoctrination and training. My first kill of record occurred there. Sure it was an AI biomorph, yet and still the Alliance wanted to insure that I could act without regret or remorse, and especially without pity." "I did well, and so they sent me here for my initial duty assignment." "Here is Shanzi, a desert planet in the Solanus System here in Canar Galaxy." I hope you enjoyed this scifi comic novel. A sequel follows. As always, Comments, Criticisms, and Suggestions are Welcome. Thank you for reading!

Max Simian 1: Tan Aerith, the Jungle Rainforest World

Preface: This is a comic that contains artwork that is largely by a generative AI under my direction. Hope you all enjoy the story. Read Pt. 1 . here Relating Events on Shanzi, the Desert World Max Simian's birth planet, Tan Aerith, was a jungle rainforest world with huge expanses of verdant growth and great rivers. This is his story and here he relates how he became the Governor General of Shanzi. "Shanzi is a planet of scenic desert vistas. My name is Max Simian, and I am a certified sentient. I serve here under the imprimature of the Alliance." "It has some interesting adaptations in how structures are built there, like these Hiver dwellings." "It has lots of possibilities if you want to be alone." "The planet was discovered centuries ago by this lady's ancestors. Her name is Yuki, Yuki Shanzi actually, and she was the defacto ruler of the entire planet." "Besides the Bug Juice Yuki has quite a few small herds of these desert bovines that are native to the planet. Under Yuki and her family's stewardship the herds have prospered." "Yuki has a gift for being able to work with dogs and she raises them to mind the herds, among other tasks." "The place has some exotic sorts of species. One notable nasty are these sand snakes, this species has relatively smooth scales. And a usually fatal bite." "Another type that can move amazingly fast are these legged snakes. There is some question that they are actually lizards." "Another animal inhabitant are these sand monkeys. Yuki made protective suits for some of them." "But the Alliance didn't drop us here to enjoy the scenic vistas and explore desert biology while we entertained the native population. They sent us here because of these flying insect type critters. Should that bug me?" Max laughs heartily at his jest. "The Bugs live in these hive farms tended by the Hivers." "The Hivers use these tank truck sorts of desert tractors to collect and transport the Bug Juice." "The general surmise is that the Hivers are like the Bugs, native to the planet. Now obviously these guys haven't been driving their little yellow trucks for aeons and aeons. Somewhere along the way, ages ago, their ancestors had formed an arrangement with Yuki's ancestors. It still held to their mutual benefit." "Yuki's ancestors had a sense of value they attributed to gold, and they collected a lot of it." "Things might have continued happily, and I would not be here, except that some wayward society decided that they needed a prison colony and that Shanzi had real potential, potential that would benefit their own home world's criminal enterprise." "These guys here are the second of the two cartels the prisoners had formed here. Both cartels made their living by hijacking the Hiver tankers. Most of the Bug Juice they didn't use themselves, they shipped it off world." "Yuki's family was able, after a fashion, to keep her family safe." "The cartels shared a stronghold, a keep they had built up out in the peeks. From there they plied their trade in Bug Juice with their home planet. The Alliance is intolerant of usurpers, especially those that steal from the Alliance, and such were these guys. Your basic gang of thieves, and then things got nasty." "After a particular hijacking that resulted in a few Hiver deaths the Alliance dropped me here to correct the situation." "I was in command of a squad of Battle Apes." "And a team of Rillas. All my team members had tasted battle, real battle, and our victory would have been a certainty." "The Alliance wanted to demonstrate commitment and they even dropped a Battle Gundam for our use." "I wanted to see all my guys get home safe ya know? And the Hivers and most of Yuki's family wouldn't really want our continued presence after the action. Plus my guys mostly didn't like this duty station. So I was yakking about all of it with this Hiver and he offered up a rude and nasty solution to the entire issue. For him part of it was vendetta, he just wanted approval from the Alliance to act. So I said sure, why not?" "A couple of days later one of the loaded tankers had a breakdown on the sand road. So the Hiver crew just abandoned it. And, as might have been expected, the cartel crews took advantage of their great good fortune; a full tanker there for the simple taking. Three days later when we reconnoitered the stronghold they were all dead, slow cooking in the hot sun. We believe that the chemistry probably also took out the crew of the transit ship that came to get this shipment. We have no idea how the Hiver came up with the knowledge and skill to do this. "Yuki is still the nominal ruler of Shanzi. Now I am her consort." "I serve as Shanzi's Governor General under the imprimatur of the Alliance." "Yuki and I have a daughter, Yukimax, and she is raising a new species of dogs and studying the Bugs." "In our quarters I have a viewbie of a scene from the jungles of my home planet, Tan Aerith." "Sometimes I reflect on the comforts of life there, just watching the jungle from a comfortable perch." "Yuki and I are no longer collecting gold, it is actually relatively worthless because it has no utility. Now we are investing our part from the Bug Juice profits into negotiables that have value nearly everywhere that claims a measure of civilization. We are planning to check one of the upscale tree villages on Tan Aerith for a new situation." I hope you enjoyed this scifi comic novel. A sequel of a sort relating more about The Alliance follows. As always, Comments, Criticisms, and Suggetions are Welcome. Thank you for reading!

Max Simian 2: The Shanzi Episode

Game trailers hold a special place for us gamers. They set the tone for future games and get us hyped for their release. Here are the 13 best game trailers of all time. This Slogging thread by Jack Boreham, Limarc Ambalina, JeffreyHarris, Nicolas Ng and Jose Hernandez occurred in 's official #gaming channel, and has been edited for readability. slogging Limarc Ambalina Jun 22, 2021, 5:11 AM For everyone who watched this at e3 or via live stream, this is one of the greatest of all time. IT was JUST familiar enough to make people think, "haha, could by FF7 remake..." then, slower and slower, we saw more hints: Aerith's flower, Midgar-like buildings, DIRECTOR TETSUYO NOMURA...then BOOM. We see Barrett's gun, Cloud's back, the buster sword, then "at last...the promise has been made. REMAKE," and then every FF7 fan around the world burst into tears. This was one of the greatest and most memorable moments in gaming for me I mean, it's embarrassing, but I still get goosebumps watching this trailer even now. Limarc Ambalina Jun 22, 2021, 5:14 AM Similarly, I have to mention LOU Part 2 announcement trailer at the PlayStation Experience...You could feel the energy in the crowd as soon as you saw the firefly symbol. It was the announcement that LOU fans had been long waiting for. Limarc Ambalina Jun 22, 2021, 5:20 AM With Studio Ghibli powering your animation and a deep story, you know NiNo Kuni's trailer is going to be one of the best. It feels like the trailer to the next anime film, but this time we can play the world Ghibli has created and not just watch it. JeffreyHarris Jun 22, 2021, 5:29 AM CG cinematic for The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Interestingly enough, this is the payoff of events after you play through the whole game and the Blood & Wine DLC. Like, you have to play through the final DLC released almost a year after this to understand what's going on here. Nonetheless, amazing and I love that it uses the "Lullaby of Woe" song. Nicolas Ng Jun 23, 2021, 3:30 AM I think that some of the best trailers ever made are Halo 3's live-action trailers. The Believe campaign, though Landfall, had a much more significant impact on me. Having a live-action trailer filled with props from the game and an actual, working Warthog and tying it into Halo 3's first level was a genius move. Seeing the Marines and ODSTs fighting to see where the Chief would land was crazy and hyped up the game. Nicolas Ng Jun 23, 2021, 3:35 AM Final Fantasy XIV's latest trailer for the Endwalker expansion might be recency bias, but the song for this trailer will make it hard for me to forget. It's got a few new songs in there, but much of it is vocal remakes of Heavensward and Stormblood expansion. Pair that with the new classes making their appearances, and the entire thing becomes amazing. Nicolas Ng Jun 23, 2021, 3:52 AM This gets me every time simply because it's just listening to Imperium and Chaos commanders belting out classic lines while their flying cathedrals blow each other up. Simply glorious. Jack Boreham Jun 23, 2021, 6:49 PM I love these picks. Here goes mine. One of my favourites is the destiny 2 cinematic trailer. It's so epic, giving us a flashback into past destiny lore and Zavala's backstory. It brought the hype for the release of Destiny 2 and is an absolute standout of a trailer. Jack Boreham Jun 23, 2021, 7:00 PM The original Kotor trailer gives me goosebumps every time. Yes, I know it looks damn awful. But it did come out in 2003, to be fair!! It makes me emotional as a massive fan of Star Wars. It has the classic music and all the tropes you expect from a star wars trailer. Jack Boreham Jun 23, 2021, 7:12 PM Finally, we can all agree, the breath of the wild reveal trailer was one of the all-time greats. From the music to the open-world gameplay that looked stunning, this trailer made me cry like a baby. Jose Hernandez Jun 24, 2021, 12:17 AM The Street Fighter x Tekken trailer had no right to being as good as it was. The music, the visuals, and seeing the different characters clash blew my mind. Jose Hernandez Jun 24, 2021, 12:25 AM Another fighting game trailer that blew my mind was the Marvel vs Capcom 3 trailer. Seeing Ryu against Wolverine and Dante vs Deadpool was exciting for young me (and still even old me) Jose Hernandez Jun 24, 2021, 12:34 AM I was also a big fan of Call of Duty trailers. Particularly the early Black Ops live-action trailers. They were over-the-top and fun. Limarc Ambalina Jun 30, 2021, 7:14 AM I was blown away by how Hollywood that COD trailer was Jose Hernandez. What I don't like about them sometimes is they don't show much, if any, gameplay at all.

13 of the Best Video Game Trailers of All Time 

Author:
(1) Yitang Zhang. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction
Notation and outline of the proof
The set Ψ1
Zeros of L(s, ψ)L(s, χψ) in Ω
Some analytic lemmas
Approximate formula for L(s, ψ)
Mean value formula I
Evaluation of Ξ11
Evaluation of Ξ12
Proof of Proposition 2.4
Proof of Proposition 2.6
Evaluation of Ξ15
Approximation to Ξ14
Mean value formula II
Evaluation of Φ1
Evaluation of Φ2
Evaluation of Φ3
Proof of Proposition 2.5 Appendix A. Some Euler products Appendix B. Some arithmetic sums References Appendix B. Some arithmetic sums Proof of Lemma 15.1. Put First we claim that Since χ = µ ∗ ν, it follows that Hence This together with Lemma 3.2 yields (B.1). Next we claim that This yields (B.2). By (B.1) and (B.2), for µ = 2, 3, We proceed to prove theassertion with µ = 2. Since for σ > 1 and it follows that For µ = 1 the proof is therefore reduced to showing that By (4.2) and (4.3), the left side of (B.3) is equal to By a change of variable, for 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 0.504, Hence, in a way similar to the proof of, we find that the left side of (B.3) i Proof of Lemma 17.1. By Lemma 3.1, The sum on the right side is equal to Assume σ > 1. We have If χ(p) = 1, then (see [19, (1.2.10)]) if χ(p) = −1, then if χ(p) = 0, then Hence In a way similar to the proof of, by (A) and simple estimate, we find that the integral (14) is equal to the residue of the function at s = 0, plus an acceptable error O, which is equal to This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Author: (1) Yitang Zhang. Author: Author: (1) Yitang Zhang. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Notation and outline of the proof The set Ψ1 Zeros of L(s, ψ)L(s, χψ) in Ω Some analytic lemmas Approximate formula for L(s, ψ) Mean value formula I Evaluation of Ξ11 Evaluation of Ξ12 Proof of Proposition 2.4 Proof of Proposition 2.6 Evaluation of Ξ15 Approximation to Ξ14 Mean value formula II Evaluation of Φ1 Evaluation of Φ2 Evaluation of Φ3 Proof of Proposition 2.5 Abstract & Introduction Abstract & Introduction Notation and outline of the proof Notation and outline of the proof The set Ψ1 The set Ψ1 Zeros of L(s, ψ)L(s, χψ) in Ω Zeros of L(s, ψ)L(s, χψ) in Ω Some analytic lemmas Some analytic lemmas Approximate formula for L(s, ψ) Approximate formula for L(s, ψ) Mean value formula I Mean value formula I Evaluation of Ξ11 Evaluation of Ξ11 Evaluation of Ξ12 Evaluation of Ξ12 Proof of Proposition 2.4 Proof of Proposition 2.4 Proof of Proposition 2.6 Proof of Proposition 2.6 Evaluation of Ξ15 Evaluation of Ξ15 Approximation to Ξ14 Approximation to Ξ14 Mean value formula II Mean value formula II Evaluation of Φ1 Evaluation of Φ1 Evaluation of Φ2 Evaluation of Φ2 Evaluation of Φ3 Evaluation of Φ3 Proof of Proposition 2.5 Proof of Proposition 2.5 Appendix A. Some Euler products Appendix A. Some Euler products Appendix B. Some arithmetic sums Appendix B. Some arithmetic sums References References Appendix B. Some arithmetic sums Proof of Lemma 15.1. Put Proof of Lemma 15.1. First we claim that Since χ = µ ∗ ν, it follows that Hence This together with Lemma 3.2 yields (B.1). Next we claim that This yields (B.2). By (B.1) and (B.2), for µ = 2, 3, We proceed to prove theassertion with µ = 2. Since for σ > 1 and it follows that For µ = 1 the proof is therefore reduced to showing that By (4.2) and (4.3), the left side of (B.3) is equal to By a change of variable, for 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 0.504, Hence, in a way similar to the proof of, we find that the left side of (B.3) i Proof of Lemma 17.1. By Lemma 3.1, Proof of Lemma 17.1. The sum on the right side is equal to Assume σ > 1. We have If χ(p) = 1, then (see [19, (1.2.10)]) if χ(p) = −1, then if χ(p) = 0, then Hence In a way similar to the proof of, by (A) and simple estimate, we find that the integral (14) is equal to the residue of the function at s = 0, plus an acceptable error O , which is equal to s O This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Discrete Mean Estimates and the Landau-Siegel Zero: Appendix B. Some Arithmetic Sums

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Minghao Yan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; (2) Hongyi Wang, Carnegie Mellon University; (3) Shivaram Venkataraman, myan@cs.wisc.edu. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Motivation Opportunities Architecture Overview Proble Formulation: Two-Phase Tuning Modeling Workload Interference Experiments Conclusion & References A. Hardware Details B. Experimental Results C. Arithmetic Intensity D. Predictor Analysis C ARITHMETIC INTENSITY The arithmetic intensity of a 2D convolution layer can be computed by the following equation: The notations used in equation 1 can be found in table 8. The FLOPs term captures the total computation of each workload, while the arithmetic intensity term captures how much computation power and memory bandwidth will affect the final performance. Combining the aforementioned features with an intercept term, which captures the fixed overhead in neural network inference, we can build a model that predicts inference latency if the hardware operating frequency is stable.

PolyThrottle: Energy-efficient Neural Network Inference on Edge Devices: Arithmetic Intensity

A Treatise on Painting by da Vinci Leonardo, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . AERIAL PERSPECTIVE. here AERIAL PERSPECTIVE. Chap. CCCIV.— Aerial Perspective. There is another kind of perspective called aerial, because by the difference of the air it is easy to determine the distance of different objects, though seen on the same line; such, for instance, as buildings behind a wall, and appearing all of the same height above it. If in your picture you want to have one appear more distant than another, you must first suppose the air somewhat thick, because, as we have said before, in such a kind of air the objects seen at a great distance, as mountains are, appear blueish like the air, by means of the great quantity of air that interposes between the eye and such mountains. You will then paint the first building behind that wall of its proper colour; the next in point of distance, less distinct in the outline, and participating, in a greater degree, of the blueish colour of the air; another which you wish to send off as much farther, should be painted as much bluer; and if you wish one of them to appear five times farther removed beyond the wall, it must have five times more of the azure. By this rule these buildings which appeared all of the same size, and upon the same line, will be distinctly perceived to be of different dimensions, and at different distances. Chap. CCCV.— The Parts of the Smallest Objects will first disappear in Painting. Of objects receding from the eye the smallest will be the first lost to the sight; from which it follows, that the largest will be the last to disappear. The painter, therefore, ought not to finish the parts of those objects which are very far off, but follow the rule given in the sixth book. How many, in the representation of towns, and other objects remote from the eye, express every part of the buildings in the same manner as if they were very near. It is not so in nature, because there is no sight so powerful as to perceive distinctly at any great distance the precise form of parts or extremities of objects. The painter therefore who pronounces the outlines, and the minute distinction of parts, as several have done, will not give the representation of distant objects, but by this error will make them appear exceedingly near. Again, the angles of buildings in distant towns are not to be expressed (for they cannot be seen), considering that angles are formed by the concurrence of two lines into one point, and that a point has no parts; it is therefore invisible. Chap. CCCVI.— Small Figures ought not to be too much finished. Objects appear smaller than they really are when they are distant from the eye, and because there is a great deal of air interposed, which weakens the appearance of forms, and, by a natural consequence, prevents our seeing distinctly the minute parts of such objects. It behoves the painter therefore to touch those parts slightly, in an unfinished manner; otherwise it would be against the effect of Nature, whom he has chosen for his guide. For, as we said before, objects appear small on account of their great distance from the eye; that distance includes a great quantity of air, which, forming a dense body, obstructs the light, and prevents our seeing the minute parts of the objects. Chap. CCCVII.— Why the Air is to appear whiter as it approaches nearer to the Earth. As the air is thicker nearer the earth, and becomes thinner as it rises, look, when the sun is in the east, towards the west, between the north and south, and you will perceive that the thickest and lowest air will receive more light from the sun than the thinner air, because its beams meet with more resistance. If the sky terminate low, at the end of a plain, that part of it nearest to the horizon, being seen only through the thick air, will alter and break its natural colour, and will appear whiter than over your head, where the visual ray does not pass through so much of that gross air, corrupted by earthy vapours. But if you turn towards the east, the air will be darker the nearer it approaches the earth; for the air being thicker, does not admit the light of the sun to pass so freely. Chap. CCCVIII.— How to paint the distant Part of a Landscape. It is evident that the air is in some parts thicker and grosser than in others, particularly that nearest to the earth; and as it rises higher, it becomes thinner and more transparent. The objects which are high and large, from which you are at some distance, will be less apparent in the lower parts; because the visual ray which perceives them, passes through a long space of dense air; and it is easy to prove that the upper parts are seen by a line, which, though on the side of the eye it originates in a thick air, nevertheless, as it ascends to the highest summit of its object, terminates in an air much thinner than that of the lower parts; and for that reason the more that line or visual ray advances from the eye, it becomes, in its progress from one point to another, thinner and thinner, passing from a pure air into another which is purer; so that a painter who has mountains to represent in a landscape, ought to observe, that from one hill to another, the tops will appear always clearer than the bases. In proportion as the distance from one to another is greater, the top will be clearer; and the higher they are, the more they will shew their variety of form and colour. Chap. CCCIX.— Of precise and confused Objects. The parts that are near in the fore-ground should be finished in a bold determined manner; but those in the distance must be unfinished, and confused in their outlines. Chap. CCCX.— Of distant Objects. That part of any object which is nearest to the luminary from which it receives the light, will be the lightest. The representation of an object in every degree of distance, loses degrees of its strength; that is, in proportion as the object is more remote from the eye it will be less perceivable through the air in its representation. Chap. CCCXI.— Of Buildings seen in a thick Air. That part of a building seen through a thick air, will appear less distinct than another part seen through a thinner air. Therefore the eye, N, looking at the tower A D, will see it more confusedly in the lower degrees, but at the same time lighter; and as it ascends to the other degrees it will appear more distinct, but somewhat darker. Chap. CCCXII.— Of Towns and other Objects seen through a thick Air. Buildings or towns seen through a fog, or the air made thick by smoke or other vapours, will appear less distinct the lower they are; and, , they will be sharper and more visible in proportion as they are higher. We have said, in Chapter cccxxi. that the air is thicker the lower it is, and thinner as it is higher. It is demonstrated also by the cut, where the tower, A F, is seen by the eye N, in a thick air, from B to F, which is divided into four degrees, growing thicker as they are nearer the bottom. The less the quantity of air interposed between the eye and its object is, the less also will the colour of the object participate of the colour of that air. It follows, that the greater the quantity of the air interposed between the eye and the object seen, is, the more this object will participate of the colour of the air. It is demonstrated thus: N being the eye looking at the five parts of the tower A F, viz. A B C D E, I say, that if the air were of the same thickness, there would be the same proportion between the colour of the air at the bottom of the tower and the colour of the air that the same tower has at the place B, as there is in length between the line M and F. As, however, we have supposed that the air is not of equal thickness, but, on the contrary, thicker as it is lower, it follows, that the proportion by which the air tinges the different elevations of the tower B C F, exceeds the proportion of the lines; because the line M F, besides its being longer than the line S B, passes by unequal degrees through a quality of air which is unequal in thickness. vice versâ Chap. CCCXIII.— Of the inferior Extremities of distant Objects. The inferior or lower extremities of distant objects are not so apparent as the upper extremities. This is observable in mountains and hills, the tops of which detach from the sides of other mountains behind. We see the tops of these more determined and distinctly than their bases; because the upper extremities are darker, being less encompassed by thick air, which always remains in the lower regions, and makes them appear dim and confused. It is the same with trees, buildings, and other objects high up. From this effect it often happens that a high tower, seen at a great distance, will appear broad at top, and narrow at bottom; because the thin air towards the top does not prevent the angles on the sides and other different parts of the tower from being seen, as the thick air does at bottom. This is demonstrated by the seventh proposition, which says, that the thick air interposed between the eye and the sun, is lighter below than above, and where the air is whiteish, it confuses the dark objects more than if such air were blueish or thinner, as it is higher up. The battlements of a fortress have the spaces between equal to the breadth of the battlement, and yet the space will appear wider; at a great distance the battlements will appear very much diminished, and being removed still farther, will disappear entirely, and the fort shew only the straight wall, as if there were no battlements. Chap. CCCXIV.— Which Parts of Objects disappear first by being removed farther from the Eye, and which preserve their Appearance. The smallest parts are those which, by being removed, lose their appearance first; this may be observed in the gloss upon spherical bodies, or columns, and the slender parts of animals; as in a stag, the first sight of which does not discover its legs and horns so soon as its body, which, being broader, will be perceived from a greater distance. But the parts which disappear the very first, are the lines which describe the members, and terminate the surface and shape of bodies. Chap. CCCXV.— Why Objects are less distinguished in proportion as they are farther removed from the Eye. This happens because the smallest parts are lost first; the second, in point of size, are also lost at a somewhat greater distance, and so on successively; the parts by degrees melting away, the perception of the object is diminished; and at last all the parts, and the whole, are entirely lost to the sight. Colours also disappear on account of the density of the air interposed between the eye and the object. Chap. CCCXVI.— Why Faces appear dark at a Distance. It is evident that the similitude of all objects placed before us, large as well as small, is perceptible to our senses through the iris of the eye. If through so small an entrance the immensity of the sky and of the earth is admitted, the faces of men (which are scarcely any thing in comparison of such large objects), being still diminished by the distance, will occupy so little of the eye, that they become almost imperceptible. Besides, having to pass through a dark medium from the surface to the in the inside, where the impression is made, the colour of faces (not being very strong, and rendered still more obscure by the darkness of the tube) when arrived at the focus appears dark. No other reason can be given on that point, except that the speck in the middle of the apple of the eye is black, and, being full of a transparent fluid like air, performs the same office as a hole in a board, which on looking into it appears black; and that those things which are seen through both a light and dark air, become confused and obscure. Retina Chap. CCCXVII.— Of Towns and other Buildings seen through a Fog in the Morning or Evening. Buildings seen afar off in the morning or in the evening, when there is a fog, or thick air, shew only those parts distinctly which are enlightened by the sun towards the horizon; and the parts of those buildings which are not turned towards the sun remain confused and almost of the colour of the fog. Chap. CCCXVIII.— Of the Height of Buildings seen in a Fog. Of a building near the eye the top parts will appear more confused than the bottom, because there is more fog between the eye and the top than at the base. And a square tower, seen at a great distance through a fog, will appear narrower at the base than at the summit. This is accounted for in Chapter cccxiii. which says, that the fog will appear whiter and thicker as it approaches the ground; and as it is said before, that a dark object will appear smaller in proportion as it is placed on a whiter ground. Therefore the fog being whiter at bottom than at top, it follows that the tower (being darkish) will appear narrower at the base than at the summit. Chap. CCCXIX.— Why Objects which are high, appear darker at a Distance than those which are low, though the Fog be uniform, and of equal Thickness. Amongst objects situated in a fog, thick air, vapour, smoke, or at a distance, the highest will be the most distinctly seen: and amongst objects equal in height, that placed in the darkest fog, will be most confused and dark. As it happens to the eye H, looking at A B C, three towers of equal height; it sees the top C as low as R, in two degrees of thickness; and the top B, in one degree only; therefore the top C will appear darker than the top of the tower B. Chap. CCCXX.— Of Objects seen in a Fog. Objects seen through a fog will appear larger than they are in reality, because the aerial perspective does not agree with the linear, viz. the colour does not agree with the magnitude of the object; such a fog being similar to the thickness of air interposed between the eye and the horizon in fine weather. But in this case the fog is near the eye, and though the object be also near, it makes it appear as if it were as far off as the horizon; where a great tower would appear no bigger than a man placed near the eye. Chap. CCCXXI.— Of those Objects which the Eyes perceive through a Mist or thick Air. The nearer the air is to water, or to the ground, the thicker it becomes. It is proved by the nineteenth proposition of the second book, that bodies rise in proportion to their weight; and it follows, that a light body will rise higher than another which is heavy. Chap. CCCXXII.— Miscellaneous Observations. Of different objects equal in magnitude, form, shade, and distance from the eye, those will appear the smaller that are placed on the lighter ground. This is exemplified by observing the sun when seen behind a tree without leaves; all the ramifications seen against that great light are so diminished that they remain almost invisible. The same may be observed of a pole placed between the sun and the eye. Parallel bodies placed upright, and seen through a fog, will appear larger at top than at bottom. This is proved by the ninth proposition, which says, that a fog, or thick air, penetrated by the rays of the sun, will appear whiter the lower they are. Things seen afar off will appear out of proportion, because the parts which are the lightest will send their image with stronger rays than the parts which are darkest. I have seen a woman dressed in black, with a white veil over her head, which appeared twice as large as her shoulders covered with black. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. da Vinci Leonardo (2014). A Treatise on Painting. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/46915/pg46915-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

AERIAL PERSPECTIVE 

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING GASEOUS OR AERATED BEVERAGES. here APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING GASEOUS OR AERATED BEVERAGES. The apparatus employed at present for making gaseous beverages are divided into two classes—intermittent apparatus based on chemical compression, and continuous ones based on mechanical compression. The first are simple in appearance and occupy small space, but their use is attended with too great inconveniences and losses to allow them to be employed in cases where the manufacture is of any extent, so the continuous apparatus are more and more preferred by those engaged in the industry. Continuous apparatus, however, other than those that we now propose to occupy ourselves with, are not without some defects, for the gas is produced in them intermittingly and at intervals, and more rapidly than it is used, thus necessitating the use of a gasometer, numerous and large washers, complicated piping, and, besides, of an acid cock. To get rid of such drawbacks, it became necessary to seek a means of rendering the production of the gas continuous, and of regulating it automatically without the aid of the operator. Mr. Mondollot has obtained such a result through a happy modification of the primitive system of the English engineer Bramah. He preserves the suction and force pump but, while applying it to the same uses, he likewise employs it, by the aid of a special arrangement, so as to distribute the sulphuric acid automatically over the chalk in the generator, and to thus obtain a regular and continuous disengagement of carbonic acid gas. The dangers and difficulties in the maneuver of an acid cock are obviated, the gasometer and its cumbersome accessories are dispensed with, and the purification is more certain, owing to the regularity with which the gas traverses the washers. In the accompanying plate we have figured three types of these apparatus. The first that we shall describe is arranged for the use of bicarbonate of soda. This apparatus consists (1) of a , C D, (2) of a double G G, (3) of a , P, and (4) of a , S (See Figs 1 to 9). generator washer suction pump saturator —This consists of a cylindrical leaden receptacle, D, on the bottom of which rests a leaden bell containing apertures, , at its base. A partition, , into which is screwed a leaden tube, C, containing apertures divides the interior of the bell into two compartments. The upper of these latter is surmounted by a mouth, B, closed by a clamp, and through which the bicarbonate of soda is introduced. A definite quantity of water and sulphuric acid having been poured into the receptacle, D, a level tends to take place between the latter and the bell, C, the liquid passing through the apertures. But the acidulated water, coming in contact with the soda, sets free carbonic acid gas, which, having no exit, forces the water back and stops the production of gas until the apparatus is set in motion. At this moment, the suction of the pump causes a new inflow of acidulated water upon the soda, from whence another disengagement of gas, and then a momentary forcing of the water, whose level thus alternately rises and falls and causes a continuous production of gas proportionate with the suction of the pump. The Generator. c c The consumption of soda and acid is about 2 kilogrammes each for charging 100 siphons or 150 bottles. The bicarbonate is known to be used up when the liquid in the generator is seen to descend to the bottom of the water level, , fixed to the vessel, D. n (Figs 1 and 4)—The gas, on leaving the generator, enters the washer through a bent copper pipe, R. The washer is formed of two ovoid glass flasks G G, mounted on a bronze piece, L, to which they are fixed by screw rings, , of the same metal. The two flasks, G G, communicate with each other only through the tinned-copper tube , which is held in the mounting , of the same metal. This latter is screwed into the piece, L, and contains numerous apertures, through which the gas coming in from the pipe, R, passes to reach the upper flask, G. The gas is washed by bubbling up through water that has been introduced through the cock, R. After it has traversed both flasks, it escapes through the copper pipe, , into which it is sucked by the pump, P. The Washer l q q p (Figs 1, 5 and 6)—This consists of a cylindrical chamber, P, of bronze, bolted to a bracket on the frame, and cast in a piece, with the suction valve chamber, P, in which the valve, p, plays. It is surmounted by the distributing valve chamber P2. This latter is held by means of two nuts screwed on to the extremity of the rods, p3, connected with the shell, E, of the distributing-cock, E. In the shell, E, terminates, on one side, the pipe, , through which enters the gas from the washer, and, on the other, the pipe , that communicates with a feed-reservoir not shown in the cuts. The cock E, permits of the simultaneous regulation of the entrance of the gas and water. Its position is shown by an index , passing over a graduated dial, . From the distributing valve chamber, P2 the pipe, , leads the mixture of water and gas under pressure into The Pump p i e e s , S (Figs 1, 7 and 9)—This consists of a large copper vessel, , affixed to the top of the frame through the intermedium of a bronze collar , and a self closing bottom H. This latter is provided with two pipes, one of which, , leads the mixture of water and carbonic acid forced by the pump, and the other, , communicates with the siphons or bottles to be filled. The pipe, , is not affixed directly to the bottom, but is connected therewith through the intermedium of a cock, . The object of the broken form of this pipe is to cause the pressure to act according to the axis of the screw, , which is maneuvered by the key, 2. The Saturator s h s b b r r r The water under pressure, having been forced into the vessel, S, is submitted therein to an agitation that allows it to dissolve a larger quantity of gas. Such agitation is produced by two pairs of paddles, J J, mounted at the extremity of an axle actuated by the wheel, A, through the intermedium of gearings, and . g g The course of the operation in the saturator may be followed by an inspection of the water level, , seen at the front and side in Figs. 2 and 3. This apparatus, in which the pressure reaches 4 to 6 atmospheres in the manufacture of Seltzer water or gaseous lemonade in bottles, and from 10 to 12 atmospheres in that of Seltzer water in siphons, is provided also with a pressure gauge, , and a safety valve, both screwed, as is also the tube, 2, into a sphere, S, on the top of the saturator. n m n (Figs 2, 3, and 10)—When chalk is acted upon by sulphuric acid, there is formed an insoluble sulphate which, by covering the chalk, prevents the action of the acid from continuing if care be not taken to constantly agitate the materials. This has led to a change in the arrangement of the generator in the apparatus designed for the use of chalk. Apparatus for Using Carbonate of Lime It consists in this case of a leaden vessel, D, having a hemispherical bottom set into a cylindrical cast iron base, K, and of an agitator similar to that shown in Fig. 11, for keeping the chalk in suspension in the water. These latter materials are introduced through the mouth, B (Fig. 3). Then a special receptacle, C, of lead, shown in detail in Fig. 10, and the cock, , of which is kept closed, is filled with sulphuric acid. The acid is not introduced directly into the vessel, C, but is poured into the cylinder, C, whose sides contain numerous apertures which prevent foreign materials from passing into the siphon tube , and obstructing it. c c To put the apparatus in operation, the acid cock, , is opened and the wheel, A, is turned, thus setting in motion both the pump piston, P, and the agitator, within S and D. Then the play of the pump produces a suction in the washers and from thence in the generator and causes the acid in the vessel, C, to flow into the generator through the leaden siphon tubes, . Coming in contact with the chalk in suspension, the acid produces a disengagement of gas which soon establishes sufficient pressure to stop the flow of the acid and drive it back into the siphon tube. The play of the pump continuing, a new suction takes place and consequently a momentary flow of acid and a new disengagement of gas. Thus the production of the latter is continuous, and is regulated by the very action of the pump, without the operator having to maneuver an acid-cock. The latter he only has to open when he sets the apparatus in operation, and to close it when he stops it. c c The arrangement of the washer is the same as in the preceding apparatus, save that a larger cylindrical copper reservoir, G', is substituted for the lower flask. The pump and saturator offer nothing peculiar. A bent tube, , which communicates with the generator, D, on one side, and with a cylindrical tube, V, ending in a glass vessel on the other, serves as a safety-valve for both the generator and the acid vessel. u The consumption of chalk is about 2.5 kilogrammes, and the same of acid, for charging 100 siphons or 150 bottles. The apparatus shown in the figure is capable of charging 600 siphons or 900 bottles per day. (Fig. 11).—This apparatus consists of two very distinct parts. The saturator, pump, and driving shaft are supported by a hollow base, in whose interior are placed a copper washer and the water-inlet controlled by a float-cock. This part of the apparatus is not shown in the plate. The generator, partially shown in Fig. 11, is placed on a base of its own, and is connected by a pipe with the rest of the apparatus. It consists of two similar generators, D, made of copper lined with lead, and working alternately, so as to avoid all stoppages in the manufacture when the materials are being renewed. The pipe, , connecting the two parts of the apparatus forks so as to lead the gas from one or the other of the generators, whence it passes into the copper washer within the base, then into the glass indicating washer, and then to the pump which forces it into the saturator. An Apparatus Completely Mechanical in Operation d Each of the generators communicates by special pipes, , with a single safety vessel, V, that operates the same as in the preceding apparatus. The agitator, Q, is of bronze, and is curved as shown in Fig. 11. a The production of this type of apparatus is dependent upon the number of siphons that can be filled by a siphon filler working without interruption.— Machines, Outils et Appareils. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING GASEOUS OR AERATED BEVERAGES

Five Weeks in a Balloon by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Chapter VIII here CHAPTER VIII Joe’s Importance.—The Commander of the Resolute.—Kennedy’s Arsenal.—Mutual Amenities.—The Farewell Dinner.—Departure on the 21st of February.—The Doctor’s Scientific Sessions.—Duveyrier.—Livingstone.—Details of the Aerial Voyage.—Kennedy silenced. About the 10th of February, the preparations were pretty well completed; and the balloons, firmly secured, one within the other, were altogether finished. They had been subjected to a powerful pneumatic pressure in all parts, and the test gave excellent evidence of their solidity and of the care applied in their construction. Joe hardly knew what he was about, with delight. He trotted incessantly to and fro between his home in Greek Street, and the Mitchell establishment, always full of business, but always in the highest spirits, giving details of the affair to people who did not even ask him, so proud was he, above all things, of being permitted to accompany his master. I have even a shrewd suspicion that what with showing the balloon, explaining the plans and views of the doctor, giving folks a glimpse of the latter, through a half-opened window, or pointing him out as he passed along the streets, the clever scamp earned a few half-crowns, but we must not find fault with him for that. He had as much right as anybody else to speculate upon the admiration and curiosity of his contemporaries. On the 16th of February, the cast anchor near Greenwich. She was a screw propeller of eight hundred tons, a fast sailer, and the very vessel that had been sent out to the polar regions, to revictual the last expedition of Sir James Ross. Her commander, Captain Bennet, had the name of being a very amiable person, and he took a particular interest in the doctor’s expedition, having been one of that gentleman’s admirers for a long time. Bennet was rather a man of science than a man of war, which did not, however, prevent his vessel from carrying four carronades, that had never hurt any body, to be sure, but had performed the most pacific duty in the world. Resolute The hold of the was so arranged as to find a stowing-place for the balloon. The latter was shipped with the greatest precaution on the 18th of February, and was then carefully deposited at the bottom of the vessel in such a way as to prevent accident. The car and its accessories, the anchors, the cords, the supplies, the water-tanks, which were to be filled on arriving, all were embarked and put away under Ferguson’s own eyes. Resolute Ten tons of sulphuric acid and ten tons of iron filings, were put on board for the future production of the hydrogen gas. The quantity was more than enough, but it was well to be provided against accident. The apparatus to be employed in manufacturing the gas, including some thirty empty casks, was also stowed away in the hold. These various preparations were terminated on the 18th of February, in the evening. Two state-rooms, comfortably fitted up, were ready for the reception of Dr. Ferguson and his friend Kennedy. The latter, all the while swearing that he would not go, went on board with a regular arsenal of hunting weapons, among which were two double-barrelled breech-loading fowling-pieces, and a rifle that had withstood every test, of the make of Purdey, Moore & Dickson, at Edinburgh. With such a weapon a marksman would find no difficulty in lodging a bullet in the eye of a chamois at the distance of two thousand paces. Along with these implements, he had two of Colt’s six-shooters, for unforeseen emergencies. His powder-case, his cartridge-pouch, his lead, and his bullets, did not exceed a certain weight prescribed by the doctor. The three travellers got themselves to rights on board during the working-hours of February 19th. They were received with much distinction by the captain and his officers, the doctor continuing as reserved as ever, and thinking of nothing but his expedition. Dick seemed a good deal moved, but was unwilling to betray it; while Joe was fairly dancing and breaking out in laughable remarks. The worthy fellow soon became the jester and merry-andrew of the boatswain’s mess, where a berth had been kept for him. On the 20th, a grand farewell dinner was given to Dr. Ferguson and Kennedy by the Royal Geographical Society. Commander Bennet and his officers were present at the entertainment, which was signalized by copious libations and numerous toasts. Healths were drunk, in sufficient abundance to guarantee all the guests a lifetime of centuries. Sir Francis M——presided, with restrained but dignified feeling. To his own supreme confusion, Dick Kennedy came in for a large share in the jovial felicitations of the night. After having drunk to the “intrepid Ferguson, the glory of England,” they had to drink to “the no less courageous Kennedy, his daring companion.” Dick blushed a good deal, and that passed for modesty; whereupon the applause redoubled, and Dick blushed again. A message from the Queen arrived while they were at dessert. Her Majesty offered her compliments to the two travellers, and expressed her wishes for their safe and successful journey. This, of course, rendered imperative fresh toasts to “Her most gracious Majesty.” At midnight, after touching farewells and warm shaking of hands, the guests separated. The boats of the were in waiting at the stairs of Westminster Bridge. The captain leaped in, accompanied by his officers and passengers, and the rapid current of the Thames, aiding the strong arms of the rowers, bore them swiftly to Greenwich. In an hour’s time all were asleep on board. Resolute The next morning, February 21st, at three o’clock, the furnaces began to roar; at five, the anchors were weighed, and the , powerfully driven by her screw, began to plough the water toward the mouth of the Thames. Resolute It is needless to say that the topic of conversation with every one on board was Dr. Ferguson’s enterprise. Seeing and hearing the doctor soon inspired everybody with such confidence that, in a very short time, there was no one, excepting the incredulous Scotchman, on the steamer who had the least doubt of the perfect feasibility and success of the expedition. During the long, unoccupied hours of the voyage, the doctor held regular sittings, with lectures on geographical science, in the officers’ mess-room. These young men felt an intense interest in the discoveries made during the last forty years in Africa; and the doctor related to them the explorations of Barth, Burton, Speke, and Grant, and depicted the wonders of this vast, mysterious country, now thrown open on all sides to the investigations of science. On the north, the young Duveyrier was exploring Sahara, and bringing the chiefs of the Touaregs to Paris. Under the inspiration of the French Government, two expeditions were preparing, which, descending from the north, and coming from the west, would cross each other at Timbuctoo. In the south, the indefatigable Livingstone was still advancing toward the equator; and, since March, 1862, he had, in company with Mackenzie, ascended the river Rovoonia. The nineteenth century would, assuredly, not pass, contended the doctor, without Africa having been compelled to surrender the secrets she has kept locked up in her bosom for six thousand years. But the interest of Dr. Ferguson’s hearers was excited to the highest pitch when he made known to them, in detail, the preparations for his own journey. They took pleasure in verifying his calculations; they discussed them; and the doctor frankly took part in the discussion. As a general thing, they were surprised at the limited quantity of provision that he took with him; and one day one of the officers questioned him on that subject. “That peculiar point astonishes you, does it?” said Ferguson. “It does, indeed.” “But how long do you think my trip is going to last? Whole months? If so, you are greatly mistaken. Were it to be a long one, we should be lost; we should never get back. But you must know that the distance from Zanzibar to the coast of Senegal is only thirty-five hundred—say four thousand miles. Well, at the rate of two hundred and forty miles every twelve hours, which does not come near the rapidity of our railroad trains, by travelling day and night, it would take only seven days to cross Africa!” “But then you could see nothing, make no geographical observations, or reconnoitre the face of the country.” “Ah!” replied the doctor, “if I am master of my balloon—if I can ascend and descend at will, I shall stop when I please, especially when too violent currents of air threaten to carry me out of my way with them.” “And you will encounter such,” said Captain Bennet. “There are tornadoes that sweep at the rate of more than two hundred and forty miles per hour.” “You see, then, that with such speed as that, we could cross Africa in twelve hours. One would rise at Zanzibar, and go to bed at St. Louis!” “But,” rejoined the officer, “could any balloon withstand the wear and tear of such velocity?” “It has happened before,” replied Ferguson. “And the balloon withstood it?” “Perfectly well. It was at the time of the coronation of Napoleon, in 1804. The aëronaut, Gernerin, sent up a balloon at Paris, about eleven o’clock in the evening. It bore the following inscription, in letters of gold: ‘Paris, 25 Frimaire; year XIII; Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon by his Holiness, Pius VII.’ On the next morning, the inhabitants of Rome saw the same balloon soaring above the Vatican, whence it crossed the Campagna, and finally fluttered down into the lake of Bracciano. So you see, gentlemen, that a balloon can resist such velocities.” “A balloon—that might be; but a man?” insinuated Kennedy. “Yes, a man, too!—for the balloon is always motionless with reference to the air that surrounds it. What moves is the mass of the atmosphere itself: for instance, one may light a taper in the car, and the flame will not even waver. An aëronaut in Garnerin’s balloon would not have suffered in the least from the speed. But then I have no occasion to attempt such velocity; and if I can anchor to some tree, or some favorable inequality of the ground, at night, I shall not fail to do so. Besides, we take provision for two months with us, after all; and there is nothing to prevent our skilful huntsman here from furnishing game in abundance when we come to alight.” “Ah! Mr. Kennedy,” said a young midshipman, with envious eyes, “what splendid shots you’ll have!” “Without counting,” said another, “that you’ll have the glory as well as the sport!” “Gentlemen,” replied the hunter, stammering with confusion, “I greatly—appreciate—your compliments—but they—don’t—belong to me.” “You!” exclaimed every body, “don’t you intend to go?” “I am not going!” “You won’t accompany Dr. Ferguson?” “Not only shall I not accompany him, but I am here so as to be present at the last moment to prevent his going.” Every eye was now turned to the doctor. “Never mind him!” said the latter, calmly. “This is a matter that we can’t argue with him. At heart he knows perfectly well that he going.” is “By Saint Andrew!” said Kennedy, “I swear—” “Swear to nothing, friend Dick; you have been ganged and weighed—you and your powder, your guns, and your bullets; so don’t let us say anything more about it.” And, in fact, from that day until the arrival at Zanzibar, Dick never opened his mouth. He talked neither about that nor about anything else. He kept absolutely silent. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2002). Five Weeks in a Balloon. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3526/pg3526-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Details of the Aerial Voyage.—Kennedy silenced

By Aerial Post

Drones like these allow military personnel to remotely conduct surveillance and occasional combat operations if the UAV has onboard weaponry, while minimizing the risks to their soldiers. Although UAVs were initially used for military applications, they have since expanded into various civilian sectors. When people hear the term UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), the first thing that comes to mind are the drones used by the military, such as the or the RQ-12 Wasp. MQ-1 Predator 1.Delivery One such use for drones is the use in delivery services. By using UAVs for deliveries, companies such as Amazon could save money on shipping costs, which would reduce costs for consumers, who would receive their packages more quickly and reliably. . In November 2016, Domino’s delivered an order of a Peri-Peri Chicken Pizza and a Chicken and Cranberry Pizza to a customer in Whangaparaoa, New Zealand. The first successful delivery with a UAV was a pizza delivery Delivery drones have also been used to such as blood products, vaccines, pharmaceuticals, and medical samples. Whereas ground vehicles may not be able to reach a remote destination due to difficult terrain, a UAV can make the delivery with ease. These drones have been credited with saving lives by , as well as personal protective equipment and COVID-19 tests during the pandemic in the United States, Israel, and Ghana. transport medicinal products delivering blood in Rwanda 2.Journalism In recent years, UAVs have provided journalists with a unique and cost-effective way to capture footage and images from hard-to-reach places. Using a drone, news reporters can cover important events from various angles that would be impossible for a hand-held camera to capture. Additionally, can be used to capture footage from dangerous or inaccessible locations, such as war zones or natural disasters. drones It’s important to note that the use of drones in these situations must comply with , as well as sports league, venue, and local law enforcement agency rules. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations 3.Search and Rescue Search and rescue operations are often tricky and unpredictable. Time is paramount, as the missing person is most likely trapped in a life-threatening situation. And depending on the location, the terrain can make things exponentially more difficult for the rescue team. Using UAVs, the rescue team can cover more ground faster than if they were using ground-based vehicles. These drones can also provide an aerial view of the area and carry various sensors to identify specific objects and heat signatures on the ground, providing much-needed situational awareness. in June 2017, two hikers were reported missing in Pike National Forest in Colorado. Search and rescue teams, comprising twenty-five volunteers, searched on foot, with ATVs, and with the aid of a K-9 team. But it was the team using a UAV that found the two hikers in an area spanning thousands of acres in just two hours. In one such case https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1VPZ5jt5Xw&embedable=true 4.Disaster Response By utilizing drones in disaster relief efforts, dangerous situations can be assessed quickly without placing risks on personnel. For example, During the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, without risking the lives of the relief workers. They have also proven excellent first responders since they can be deployed fast and easily compared to manned aerial vehicles. drones were used to survey the extent of the disaster As previously mentioned, drones are excellent at providing an aerial view of the area and can be equipped with infrared (IR) cameras to detect heat signatures. This is vital not only in search and rescue operations but also in surveying unstable areas. When dealing with the aftermath of an earthquake, a partially damaged building or a civic structure requires a thorough inspection before it can be deemed safe for humans to go there. Drones with sensors like IR cameras can survey these sites easily and safely. 5.Firefighting UAVs can also be a massive asset to the men and women who risk their lives fighting fires. They can be immensely useful in providing situational awareness about the fire and its surroundings. By using drones equipped with thermal cameras, firefighters can determine the extent of the fire and identify its source, which can greatly aid them in bringing the situation under control and conducting search and rescue operations. UAVs have also been used as effective tools in monitoring and suppressing wildfires. By using real-time data, firefighters can determine where a fire will move next, allowing them to make a plan for movement and evacuation quickly. In addition to providing important tactical data, UAVs are more maneuverable than helicopters or planes. 6.Agriculture Some of the more common agricultural applications for UAVs include pest control, plant health monitoring, livestock management, soil analysis, and aerial survey. Farmers must maintain constant vigilance, as their crops are susceptible to disease, fungus, and bugs. They also need to be aware of the carbon levels and nitrates in the soil, which can impact a plant’s productivity. Traditionally, farmers must monitor these factors by conducting visual inspections and sending soil samples to a laboratory. By using UAVs, however, these factors can be measured in real-time by utilizing a combination of RGB cameras, thermal imaging, and multi-spectral imaging. The Future of UAVs In this day and age, where technology is rapidly evolving to meet new demands, UAVs could fulfill a number of roles in current and future job sectors. Additionally, many people operate drones for various hobbies, such as photography and drone racing. However, no matter how UAVs get used, operators must ensure that they comply with any rules regarding drone operation in their country. For instance, drone operators in the United States need to obtain a from the FAA before flying a UAV. Remote Pilot Certificate What do you think about these use cases? Do you own a drone yourself? Let me know what you think in the comments below!

6 Important Use Cases for UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)

6 usos comunes de los UAV (vehículos aéreos no tripulados)

6 utilisations courantes des UAV (véhicules aériens sans pilote)

यूएवी (मानवरहित हवाई वाहन) के लिए 6 सामान्य उपयोग

UAV (無人航空機) の 6 つの一般的な用途

6 Usos Comuns para UAVs (Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados)

6 Cách sử dụng phổ biến cho UAV (Máy bay không người lái)

UAV（无人驾驶飞行器）的 6 种常见用途

The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete by Leonardo da Vinci, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . PERSPECTIVE OF COLOUR AND AERIAL PERSPECTIVE Chapter VI. ﻿PERSPECTIVE OF COLOUR AND AERIAL PERSPECTIVE Leonardo distinctly separates these branches of his subject, as may be seen in the beginning of No. 295. Attempts have been made to cast doubts on the results which Leonardo arrived at by experiment on the perspective of colour, but not with justice, as may be seen from the original text of section 294. The question as to the composition of the atmosphere, which is inseparable from a discussion on Aerial Perspective, forms a separate theory which is treated at considerable length. Indeed the author enters into it so fully that we cannot escape the conviction that he must have dwelt with particular pleasure on this part of his subject, and that he attached great importance to giving it a character of general applicability. General rules (289—291). 289. The variety of colour in objects cannot be discerned at a great distance, excepting in those parts which are directly lighted up by the solar rays. 290. As to the colours of objects: at long distances no difference is perceptible in the parts in shadow. 291. OF THE VISIBILITY OF COLOURS. Which colour strikes most? An object at a distance is most conspicuous, when it is lightest, and the darkest is least visible. An exceptional case. 292. Of the edges [outlines] of shadows. Some have misty and ill defined edges, others distinct ones. No opaque body can be devoid of light and shade, except it is in a mist, on ground covered with snow, or when snow is falling on the open country which has no light on it and is surrounded with darkness. And this occurs [only] in spherical bodies, because in other bodies which have limbs and parts, those sides of limbs which face each other reflect on each other the accidental [hue and tone] of their surface. An experiment. 293. ALL COLOURS ARE AT A DISTANCE UNDISTINGUISHABLE AND UNDISCERNIBLE. All colours at a distance are undistinguishable in shadow, because an object which is not in the highest light is incapable of transmitting its image to the eye through an atmosphere more luminous than itself; since the lesser brightness must be absorbed by the greater. For instance: We, in a house, can see that all the colours on the surface of the walls are clearly and instantly visible when the windows of the house are open; but if we were to go out of the house and look in at the windows from a little distance to see the paintings on those walls, instead of the paintings we should see an uniform deep and colourless shadow. The practice of the prospettiva de colori. 294. HOW A PAINTER SHOULD CARRY OUT THE PERSPECTIVE OF COLOUR IN PRACTICE. In order to put into practice this perspective of the variation and loss or diminution of the essential character of colours, observe at every hundred braccia some objects standing in the landscape, such as trees, houses, men and particular places. Then in front of the first tree have a very steady plate of glass and keep your eye very steady, and then, on this plate of glass, draw a tree, tracing it over the form of that tree. Then move it on one side so far as that the real tree is close by the side of the tree you have drawn; then colour your drawing in such a way as that in colour and form the two may be alike, and that both, if you close one eye, seem to be painted on the glass and at the same distance. Then, by the same method, represent a second tree, and a third, with a distance of a hundred braccia between each. And these will serve as a standard and guide whenever you work on your own pictures, wherever they may apply, and will enable you to give due distance in those works. [14] But I have found that as a rule the second is 4/5 of the first when it is 20 braccia beyond it. [Footnote: This chapter is one of those copied in the Manuscript of the Vatican library Urbinas 1270, and the original text is rendered here with no other alterations, but in the orthography. H. LUDWIG, in his edition of this copy translates lines 14 and 15 thus: "Ich finde aber als Regel, dass der zweite um vier Funftel des ersten abnimmt, wenn er namlich zwanzig Ellen vom ersten entfernt ist (?)". He adds in his commentary: "Das Ende der Nummer ist wohl jedenfalls verstummelt". However the translation given above shows that it admits of a different rendering.] The rules of aerial perspective (295—297). 295. OF AERIAL PERSPECTIVE. There is another kind of perspective which I call Aerial Perspective, because by the atmosphere we are able to distinguish the variations in distance of different buildings, which appear placed on a single line; as, for instance, when we see several buildings beyond a wall, all of which, as they appear above the top of the wall, look of the same size, while you wish to represent them in a picture as more remote one than another and to give the effect of a somewhat dense atmosphere. You know that in an atmosphere of equal density the remotest objects seen through it, as mountains, in consequence of the great quantity of atmosphere between your eye and them—appear blue and almost of the same hue as the atmosphere itself [Footnote 10: quado il sole e per leuante (when the sun is in the East). Apparently the author refers here to morning light in general. H. LUDWIG however translates this passage from the Vatican copy "wenn namlich die Sonne (dahinter) im Osten steht".] when the sun is in the East [Footnote 11: See Footnote 10]. Hence you must make the nearest building above the wall of its real colour, but the more distant ones make less defined and bluer. Those you wish should look farthest away you must make proportionately bluer; thus, if one is to be five times as distant, make it five times bluer. And by this rule the buildings which above a [given] line appear of the same size, will plainly be distinguished as to which are the more remote and which larger than the others. 296. The medium lying between the eye and the object seen, tinges that object with its colour, as the blueness of the atmosphere makes the distant mountains appear blue and red glass makes objects seen beyond it, look red. The light shed round them by the stars is obscured by the darkness of the night which lies between the eye and the radiant light of the stars. 297. Take care that the perspective of colour does not disagree with the size of your objects, hat is to say: that the colours diminish from their natural [vividness] in proportion as the objects at various distances dimmish from their natural size. On the relative density of the atmosphere (298—290). 298. WHY THE ATMOSPHERE MUST BE REPRESENTED AS PALER TOWARDS THE LOWER PORTION. Because the atmosphere is dense near the earth, and the higher it is the rarer it becomes. When the sun is in the East if you look towards the West and a little way to the South and North, you will see that this dense atmosphere receives more light from the sun than the rarer; because the rays meet with greater resistance. And if the sky, as you see it, ends on a low plain, that lowest portion of the sky will be seen through a denser and whiter atmosphere, which will weaken its true colour as seen through that medium, and there the sky will look whiter than it is above you, where the line of sight travels through a smaller space of air charged with heavy vapour. And if you turn to the East, the atmosphere will appear darker as you look lower down because the luminous rays pass less freely through the lower atmosphere. 299. OF THE MODE OF TREATING REMOTE OBJECTS IN PAINTING. It is easy to perceive that the atmosphere which lies closest to the level ground is denser than the rest, and that where it is higher up, it is rarer and more transparent. The lower portions of large and lofty objects which are at a distance are not much seen, because you see them along a line which passes through a denser and thicker section of the atmosphere. The summits of such heights are seen along a line which, though it starts from your eye in a dense atmosphere, still, as it ends at the top of those lofty objects, ceases in a much rarer atmosphere than exists at their base; for this reason the farther this line extends from your eye, from point to point the atmosphere becomes more and more rare. Hence, O Painter! when you represent mountains, see that from hill to hill the bases are paler than the summits, and in proportion as they recede beyond each other make the bases paler than the summits; while, the higher they are the more you must show of their true form and colour. On the colour of the atmosphere (300-307). 300. OF THE COLOUR OF THE ATMOSPHERE. I say that the blueness we see in the atmosphere is not intrinsic colour, but is caused by warm vapour evaporated in minute and insensible atoms on which the solar rays fall, rendering them luminous against the infinite darkness of the fiery sphere which lies beyond and includes it. And this may be seen, as I saw it by any one going up [Footnote 5: With regard to the place spoken of as M'oboso (compare No. 301 line 20) its identity will be discussed under Leonardo's Topographical notes in Vol. II.] Monboso, a peak of the Alps which divide France from Italy. The base of this mountain gives birth to the four rivers which flow in four different directions through the whole of Europe. And no mountain has its base at so great a height as this, which lifts itself almost above the clouds; and snow seldom falls there, but only hail in the summer, when the clouds are highest. And this hail lies [unmelted] there, so that if it were not for the absorption of the rising and falling clouds, which does not happen twice in an age, an enormous mass of ice would be piled up there by the hail, and in the middle of July I found it very considerable. There I saw above me the dark sky, and the sun as it fell on the mountain was far brighter here than in the plains below, because a smaller extent of atmosphere lay between the summit of the mountain and the sun. Again as an illustration of the colour of the atmosphere I will mention the smoke of old and dry wood, which, as it comes out of a chimney, appears to turn very blue, when seen between the eye and the dark distance. But as it rises, and comes between the eye and the bright atmosphere, it at once shows of an ashy grey colour; and this happens because it no longer has darkness beyond it, but this bright and luminous space. If the smoke is from young, green wood, it will not appear blue, because, not being transparent and being full of superabundant moisture, it has the effect of condensed clouds which take distinct lights and shadows like a solid body. The same occurs with the atmosphere, which, when overcharged with moisture appears white, and the small amount of heated moisture makes it dark, of a dark blue colour; and this will suffice us so far as concerns the colour of the atmosphere; though it might be added that, if this transparent blue were the natural colour of the atmosphere, it would follow that wherever a larger mass air intervened between the eye and the element of fire, the azure colour would be more intense; as we see in blue glass and in sapphires, which are darker in proportion as they are larger. But the atmosphere in such circumstances behaves in an opposite manner, inasmuch as where a greater quantity of it lies between the eye and the sphere of fire, it is seen much whiter. This occurs towards the horizon. And the less the extent of atmosphere between the eye and the sphere of fire, the deeper is the blue colour, as may be seen even on low plains. Hence it follows, as I say, that the atmosphere assumes this azure hue by reason of the particles of moisture which catch the rays of the sun. Again, we may note the difference in particles of dust, or particles of smoke, in the sun beams admitted through holes into a dark chamber, when the former will look ash grey and the thin smoke will appear of a most beautiful blue; and it may be seen again in in the dark shadows of distant mountains when the air between the eye and those shadows will look very blue, though the brightest parts of those mountains will not differ much from their true colour. But if any one wishes for a final proof let him paint a board with various colours, among them an intense black; and over all let him lay a very thin and transparent [coating of] white. He will then see that this transparent white will nowhere show a more beautiful blue than over the black—but it must be very thin and finely ground. [Footnote 7: reta here has the sense of malanno.] 301. Experience shows us that the air must have darkness beyond it and yet it appears blue. If you produce a small quantity of smoke from dry wood and the rays of the sun fall on this smoke, and if you then place behind the smoke a piece of black velvet on which the sun does not shine, you will see that all the smoke which is between the eye and the black stuff will appear of a beautiful blue colour. And if instead of the velvet you place a white cloth smoke, that is too thick smoke, hinders, and too thin smoke does not produce, the perfection of this blue colour. Hence a moderate amount of smoke produces the finest blue. Water violently ejected in a fine spray and in a dark chamber where the sun beams are admitted produces these blue rays and the more vividly if it is distilled water, and thin smoke looks blue. This I mention in order to show that the blueness of the atmosphere is caused by the darkness beyond it, and these instances are given for those who cannot confirm my experience on Monboso. 302. When the smoke from dry wood is seen between the eye of the spectator and some dark space [or object], it will look blue. Thus the sky looks blue by reason of the darkness beyond it. And if you look towards the horizon of the sky, you will see the atmosphere is not blue, and this is caused by its density. And thus at each degree, as you raise your eyes above the horizon up to the sky over your head, you will see the atmosphere look darker [blue] and this is because a smaller density of air lies between your eye and the [outer] darkness. And if you go to the top of a high mountain the sky will look proportionately darker above you as the atmosphere becomes rarer between you and the [outer] darkness; and this will be more visible at each degree of increasing height till at last we should find darkness. That smoke will look bluest which rises from the driest wood and which is nearest to the fire and is seen against the darkest background, and with the sunlight upon it. 303. A dark object will appear bluest in proportion as it has a greater mass of luminous atmosphere between it and the eye. As may be seen in the colour of the sky. 304. The atmosphere is blue by reason of the darkness above it because black and white make blue. 305. In the morning the mist is denser above than below, because the sun draws it upwards; hence tall buildings, even if the summit is at the same distance as the base have the summit invisible. Therefore, also, the sky looks darkest [in colour] overhead, and towards the horizon it is not blue but rather between smoke and dust colour. The atmosphere, when full of mist, is quite devoid of blueness, and only appears of the colour of clouds, which shine white when the weather is fine. And the more you turn to the west the darker it will be, and the brighter as you look to the east. And the verdure of the fields is bluish in a thin mist, but grows grey in a dense one. The buildings in the west will only show their illuminated side, where the sun shines, and the mist hides the rest. When the sun rises and chases away the haze, the hills on the side where it lifts begin to grow clearer, and look blue, and seem to smoke with the vanishing mists; and the buildings reveal their lights and shadows; through the thinner vapour they show only their lights and through the thicker air nothing at all. This is when the movement of the mist makes it part horizontally, and then the edges of the mist will be indistinct against the blue of the sky, and towards the earth it will look almost like dust blown up. In proportion as the atmosphere is dense the buildings of a city and the trees in a landscape will look fewer, because only the tallest and largest will be seen. Darkness affects every thing with its hue, and the more an object differs from darkness, the more we see its real and natural colour. The mountains will look few, because only those will be seen which are farthest apart; since, at such a distance, the density increases to such a degree that it causes a brightness by which the darkness of the hills becomes divided and vanishes indeed towards the top. There is less [mist] between lower and nearer hills and yet little is to be distinguished, and least towards the bottom. 306. The surface of an object partakes of the colour of the light which illuminates it; and of the colour of the atmosphere which lies between the eye and that object, that is of the colour of the transparent medium lying between the object and the eye; and among colours of a similar character the second will be of the same tone as the first, and this is caused by the increased thickness of the colour of the medium lying between the object and the eye. 307. OF PAINTING. Of various colours which are none of them blue that which at a great distance will look bluest is the nearest to black; and so, conversely, the colour which is least like black will at a great distance best preserve its own colour. Hence the green of fields will assume a bluer hue than yellow or white will, and conversely yellow or white will change less than green, and red still less. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Leonardo da Vinci (2004). The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5000/pg5000.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

PERSPECTIVE OF COLOUR AND AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

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Teaching High School Students Software Engineering: Project Implementation

Authors:
(1) Joseph Latessa, Department of Computer Science Wayne State University, Detroit MI USA (jlatessa@wayne.edu);
(2) Aadi Huria, Senior, Salem High School Canton, MI USA (huria.aadi@gmail.com);
(3) Deepak Raju, Senior, Salem High School, Canton MI USA (Deepak.Raju294@outlook.com). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related Work Project Prerequisites Project Implementation Insight and Reflections Conclusions, Acknowledgement and References 3 PROJECT PREREQUISITES We will now take a closer look at each part of the project’s development. Throughout the summer, our meetings took place using Zoom at intervals of one or two meetings per week and each session lasted between one and two hours. 3.1 Tools and Installation After introductions, a discussion about scheduling, and a discussion about what we planned to accomplish over the summer, we decided upon and installed our development tools to ensure a consistent development environment. This involved stepping through the WSL installation process and setting up Ubuntu user accounts. We then installed Windows Terminal as our command line application and Visual Studio Code as our preferred text editor. We then visited github.com to explore GitHub’s features and establish user accounts. 3.2 Linux Shell Familiarization At our next meeting, we explored Windows Terminal and entered basic commands to navigate the directory structure. Basic commands such as ls, pwd, cd, mkdir, touch, mv, cp, and clear were discussed and demonstrated. We practiced creating directories, creating files, moving files, and displaying a directory’s contents. In addition to navigating the command line on one’s local machine, automation with GitHub Actions requires command line navigation on GitHub’s runners. A familiarity with the command line will therefore be needed later in the project. 3.3 Introducing Version Control For the next few meetings, we focused on learning version control. To assist with this learning and because the students had previous experience writing Python, we implemented a simple calculator application in Python. The main function provided a menu for users to choose arithmetic operations and to input operands. Each operation such as addition, subtraction, and raising a number to a power was a separate function that received the requisite operands as parameters and returned the result. A skeleton of the Python code was provided, with unimplemented function stubs that all returned zero. The students learned to create a new repository on GitHub and clone the new repository to a directory on their local machine. Git was introduced using terminal commands rather than through a GUI to provide further command line practice, which will be useful when executing commands on GitHub’s runners. Upon cloning the remote repository, we discussed the concepts of distributed versus centralized version control and discussed the pros and cons of each system. The students added the new calculator skeleton to the repository and pushed it to the remote. The Git commands clone, pull, status, log, add, commit, and push were introduced and applied. Since two students were working on the project, one student implemented the addition function, and the other implemented the subtraction function. Each committed their local changes and pushed those changes to the remote. Each screen-shared while implementing the changes, and we noted how the second person to push needed to pull the changes already made to the remote before pushing one’s own. It was also noted that having made changes to different functions, the differences could be reconciled automatically without giving rise to a merge conflict. We next discussed the concept of branching and the benefits of developing features on specific feature branches. We created separate branches for the implementation of the multiplication and power functions. One student implemented multiplication and the other implemented power. Continuing to practice staging and committing files, we committed our local feature branches and learned to establish remote tracking for new branches. git diff was also introduced to compare un-staged changes with the most recent local commit and to compare other commits using the relevant commit hash. We then applied git merge to locally merge our feature back into our local main branch. Since each student had changed different parts of the code, it was again noted that the merge was automatic and gave rise to no merge conflict. Next, we specifically edited the code to create and demonstrate a merge conflict. Having both edited the same section of the code, the students learned to manually resolve merge conflicts. We concluded our introduction to version control with a look at pull requests and forks. In addition to merging branches locally, we discussed a typical workflow in which a developer without push access to the main branch would propose changes by submitting a pull request. We also looked at creating repository forks and saw how pull requests could be submitted across forks. The final calculator function, a square root function, was merged into the main branch through the submission and approval of a pull request. To prepare for the next phase of our project, the students created their own forks of the JETSCAPE [1] and GOMC [2] application repositories as well as the JETSCAPE and GOMC website repositories. Most of the time spent writing these tests would pertain to the website repositories. 3.4 Introducing Continuous Integration To introduce the concept of continuous integration, we created a simple Python script that uses the requests.get method to query a website and return a status code. The script can be run manually at the command line and accepts a URL as a command line argument. If the status code returned is 200, a success message is printed, and the program exits normally. If another code is returned or if there is no response from the server, the program terminates having raised an exception. We tested the program manually on popular websites like google.com and on URLs we knew to be invalid. We then discussed the usefulness of having a test run automatically either on a set schedule or whenever there are changes to a specified branch. Since there are two students and two websites (JETSCAPE [1] and GOMC [2]), each student focused on a specific website and worked on their locally cloned fork. We committed the Python script that checks for reachability and discussed the YAML file steps required to generate the automation. We decided that the test should run on push operations and pull requests to the main branch and run once per day at a specific time. We discussed the job steps including running on ubuntu-latest, checking out the current repository using GitHub’s checkout action, and executing terminal commands on GitHub’s runners to install the requests library using pip. We discussed that this step would be performed every time the workflow executes because each job runs on a new instance of ubuntu-latest. We then added the job steps to navigate to the tests/ folder on the runner and to execute the python3 command calling the URL reachability script. The students committed, pushed to the remote forks, and checked the Actions tabs on GitHub to review the running tests and their respective logs. Equipped with prior knowledge of the Python language and having now gained a familiarity with the command line, version control, and automating workflows with GitHub Actions, the students were ready to start researching and experimenting with writing and deploying the automated tests. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Joseph Latessa, Department of Computer Science Wayne State University, Detroit MI USA (jlatessa@wayne.edu); (2) Aadi Huria, Senior, Salem High School Canton, MI USA (huria.aadi@gmail.com); (3) Deepak Raju, Senior, Salem High School, Canton MI USA (Deepak.Raju294@outlook.com). Authors: Authors: (1) Joseph Latessa, Department of Computer Science Wayne State University, Detroit MI USA (jlatessa@wayne.edu); (2) Aadi Huria, Senior, Salem High School Canton, MI USA (huria.aadi@gmail.com); (3) Deepak Raju, Senior, Salem High School, Canton MI USA (Deepak.Raju294@outlook.com). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Related Work Related Work Project Prerequisites Project Prerequisites Project Implementation Project Implementation Insight and Reflections Insight and Reflections Conclusions, Acknowledgement and References Conclusions, Acknowledgement and References 3 PROJECT PREREQUISITES We will now take a closer look at each part of the project’s development. Throughout the summer, our meetings took place using Zoom at intervals of one or two meetings per week and each session lasted between one and two hours. 3.1 Tools and Installation After introductions, a discussion about scheduling, and a discussion about what we planned to accomplish over the summer, we decided upon and installed our development tools to ensure a consistent development environment. This involved stepping through the WSL installation process and setting up Ubuntu user accounts. We then installed Windows Terminal as our command line application and Visual Studio Code as our preferred text editor. We then visited github.com to explore GitHub’s features and establish user accounts. 3.2 Linux Shell Familiarization At our next meeting, we explored Windows Terminal and entered basic commands to navigate the directory structure. Basic commands such as ls, pwd, cd, mkdir, touch, mv, cp, and clear were discussed and demonstrated. We practiced creating directories, creating files, moving files, and displaying a directory’s contents. In addition to navigating the command line on one’s local machine, automation with GitHub Actions requires command line navigation on GitHub’s runners. A familiarity with the command line will therefore be needed later in the project. 3.3 Introducing Version Control For the next few meetings, we focused on learning version control. To assist with this learning and because the students had previous experience writing Python, we implemented a simple calculator application in Python. The main function provided a menu for users to choose arithmetic operations and to input operands. Each operation such as addition, subtraction, and raising a number to a power was a separate function that received the requisite operands as parameters and returned the result. A skeleton of the Python code was provided, with unimplemented function stubs that all returned zero. The students learned to create a new repository on GitHub and clone the new repository to a directory on their local machine. Git was introduced using terminal commands rather than through a GUI to provide further command line practice, which will be useful when executing commands on GitHub’s runners. Upon cloning the remote repository, we discussed the concepts of distributed versus centralized version control and discussed the pros and cons of each system. The students added the new calculator skeleton to the repository and pushed it to the remote. The Git commands clone, pull, status, log, add, commit, and push were introduced and applied. Since two students were working on the project, one student implemented the addition function, and the other implemented the subtraction function. Each committed their local changes and pushed those changes to the remote. Each screen-shared while implementing the changes, and we noted how the second person to push needed to pull the changes already made to the remote before pushing one’s own. It was also noted that having made changes to different functions, the differences could be reconciled automatically without giving rise to a merge conflict. We next discussed the concept of branching and the benefits of developing features on specific feature branches. We created separate branches for the implementation of the multiplication and power functions. One student implemented multiplication and the other implemented power. Continuing to practice staging and committing files, we committed our local feature branches and learned to establish remote tracking for new branches. git diff was also introduced to compare un-staged changes with the most recent local commit and to compare other commits using the relevant commit hash. We then applied git merge to locally merge our feature back into our local main branch. Since each student had changed different parts of the code, it was again noted that the merge was automatic and gave rise to no merge conflict. Next, we specifically edited the code to create and demonstrate a merge conflict. Having both edited the same section of the code, the students learned to manually resolve merge conflicts. We concluded our introduction to version control with a look at pull requests and forks. In addition to merging branches locally, we discussed a typical workflow in which a developer without push access to the main branch would propose changes by submitting a pull request. We also looked at creating repository forks and saw how pull requests could be submitted across forks. The final calculator function, a square root function, was merged into the main branch through the submission and approval of a pull request. To prepare for the next phase of our project, the students created their own forks of the JETSCAPE [1] and GOMC [2] application repositories as well as the JETSCAPE and GOMC website repositories. Most of the time spent writing these tests would pertain to the website repositories. 3.4 Introducing Continuous Integration To introduce the concept of continuous integration, we created a simple Python script that uses the requests.get method to query a website and return a status code. The script can be run manually at the command line and accepts a URL as a command line argument. If the status code returned is 200, a success message is printed, and the program exits normally. If another code is returned or if there is no response from the server, the program terminates having raised an exception. We tested the program manually on popular websites like google.com and on URLs we knew to be invalid. We then discussed the usefulness of having a test run automatically either on a set schedule or whenever there are changes to a specified branch. Since there are two students and two websites (JETSCAPE [1] and GOMC [2]), each student focused on a specific website and worked on their locally cloned fork. We committed the Python script that checks for reachability and discussed the YAML file steps required to generate the automation. We decided that the test should run on push operations and pull requests to the main branch and run once per day at a specific time. We discussed the job steps including running on ubuntu-latest, checking out the current repository using GitHub’s checkout action, and executing terminal commands on GitHub’s runners to install the requests library using pip. We discussed that this step would be performed every time the workflow executes because each job runs on a new instance of ubuntu-latest. We then added the job steps to navigate to the tests/ folder on the runner and to execute the python3 command calling the URL reachability script. The students committed, pushed to the remote forks, and checked the Actions tabs on GitHub to review the running tests and their respective logs. Equipped with prior knowledge of the Python language and having now gained a familiarity with the command line, version control, and automating workflows with GitHub Actions, the students were ready to start researching and experimenting with writing and deploying the automated tests. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Teaching High School Students Software Engineering: Prerequisites

Author:
(1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz);
(2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz);
(3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com);
(4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Related work
The WildlifeDatasets toolkit
MegaDescriptor – Methodology
Ablation studies
Performance evaluation
Conclusion and References 5. Ablation studies This section presents a set of ablation studies to empirically validate the design choices related to model distillation (i.e., selecting methods, architectures, and appropriate hyperparameters) while constructing the MegaDescriptor feature extractor, i.e., first-ever foundation model for animal re-identification. Furthermore, we provide both qualitative and quantitative performance evaluation comparing the newly proposed MegaDescriptor in a zero-shot setting with other methods, including SIFT, Superpoint, ImageNet, CLIP, and DINOv2. 5.1. Loss and backbone components To determine the optimal metric learning loss function and backbone architecture configuration, we conducted an ablation study, comparing the performance (median accuracy) of ArcFace and Triplet loss with either a transformer- (Swin-B) or CNN-based backbone (EfficientNet-B3) on all available re-identification datasets. In most cases, the Swin-B with ArcFace combination maintains competitive or better performance than other variants. Overall, ArcFace and transformer-based backbone (Swin-B) performed better than Triplet and CNN backbone (EfficientNet-B3). First quantiles and top whiskers indicate that Triplet loss underperforms compared to ArcFace even with correctly set hyperparameters. The full comparison in the form of a box plot is provided in Figure 5. 5.2. Hyperparameter tunning In order to overcome the performance sensitivity of metric learning approaches regarding hyperparameter selection and to select the generally optimal parameters, we have performed a comprehensive grid search strategy. Following the results from the previous ablation, we evaluate how various hyperparameter settings affect the performance of a Swin-B backbone optimized with Arcface and Triplet losses. In the case of ArcFace, the best setting (i.e., lr = 0.001, m = 0.5, and s = 64) achieved a median performance of 87.3% with 25% and 75% quantiles of 49.2% and 96.4%, respectively. Interestingly, three settings underperformed by a significant margin, most likely due to unexpected divergence in the training[5]. The worst settings achieved a mean accuracy of 6.4%, 6.1%, and 4.0%. Compared to ArcFace, Triplet loss configurations showed higher performance on both 25% and 75% quantiles, indicating significant performance variability. The outcomes of the study are visualized in Figure 6 as a boxplot, where each box consists of 29 values. 5.3. Metric learning vs. Local features The results conducted over 29 datasets suggested that both metric learning approaches (Triplet and ArcFace) outperformed the local-feature-based methods on most datasets by a significant margin. The comparison of local-featurebased methods (SIFT and Superpoint) revealed that Superpoints are a better fit for animal re-identification, even though they are rarely used over SIFT descriptors in the literature. A detailed comparison is provided in Table 3. Note that the Giraffes dataset was labeled using local descriptors; hence, the performance is inflated and better than for metric learning. The same experiment revealed that several datasets, e.g., AerialCattle2017, SMALST, MacaqueFaces, Giraffes, and AAUZebraFish, are solved or close to that point and should be omitted from development and benchmarking. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. [5] These three settings were excluded from further evaluation and visualization for a more fair comparison. Author: (1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz); (2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz); (3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com); (4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Author: Author: (1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz); (2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz); (3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com); (4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related work The WildlifeDatasets toolkit MegaDescriptor – Methodology Ablation studies Performance evaluation Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Related work Related work The WildlifeDatasets toolkit The WildlifeDatasets toolkit MegaDescriptor – Methodology MegaDescriptor – Methodology Ablation studies Ablation studies Performance evaluation Performance evaluation Conclusion and References Conclusion and References 5. Ablation studies This section presents a set of ablation studies to empirically validate the design choices related to model distillation (i.e., selecting methods, architectures, and appropriate hyperparameters) while constructing the MegaDescriptor feature extractor, i.e., first-ever foundation model for animal re-identification. Furthermore, we provide both qualitative and quantitative performance evaluation comparing the newly proposed MegaDescriptor in a zero-shot setting with other methods, including SIFT, Superpoint, ImageNet, CLIP, and DINOv2. 5.1. Loss and backbone components To determine the optimal metric learning loss function and backbone architecture configuration, we conducted an ablation study, comparing the performance (median accuracy) of ArcFace and Triplet loss with either a transformer- (Swin-B) or CNN-based backbone (EfficientNet-B3) on all available re-identification datasets. In most cases, the Swin-B with ArcFace combination maintains competitive or better performance than other variants. Overall, ArcFace and transformer-based backbone (Swin-B) performed better than Triplet and CNN backbone (EfficientNet-B3). First quantiles and top whiskers indicate that Triplet loss underperforms compared to ArcFace even with correctly set hyperparameters. The full comparison in the form of a box plot is provided in Figure 5. 5.2. Hyperparameter tunning In order to overcome the performance sensitivity of metric learning approaches regarding hyperparameter selection and to select the generally optimal parameters, we have performed a comprehensive grid search strategy. Following the results from the previous ablation, we evaluate how various hyperparameter settings affect the performance of a Swin-B backbone optimized with Arcface and Triplet losses. In the case of ArcFace, the best setting (i.e., lr = 0.001, m = 0.5, and s = 64) achieved a median performance of 87.3% with 25% and 75% quantiles of 49.2% and 96.4%, respectively. Interestingly, three settings underperformed by a significant margin, most likely due to unexpected divergence in the training[5]. The worst settings achieved a mean accuracy of 6.4%, 6.1%, and 4.0%. Compared to ArcFace, Triplet loss configurations showed higher performance on both 25% and 75% quantiles, indicating significant performance variability. The outcomes of the study are visualized in Figure 6 as a boxplot, where each box consists of 29 values. 5.3. Metric learning vs. Local features The results conducted over 29 datasets suggested that both metric learning approaches (Triplet and ArcFace) outperformed the local-feature-based methods on most datasets by a significant margin. The comparison of local-featurebased methods (SIFT and Superpoint) revealed that Superpoints are a better fit for animal re-identification, even though they are rarely used over SIFT descriptors in the literature. A detailed comparison is provided in Table 3. Note that the Giraffes dataset was labeled using local descriptors; hence, the performance is inflated and better than for metric learning. The same experiment revealed that several datasets, e.g., AerialCattle2017, SMALST, MacaqueFaces, Giraffes, and AAUZebraFish, are solved or close to that point and should be omitted from development and benchmarking. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv [5] These three settings were excluded from further evaluation and visualization for a more fair comparison.

WildlifeDatasets: an Open-source Toolkit for Animal Re-identification: Ablation Studies

Author:
(1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz);
(2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz);
(3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com);
(4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Related work
The WildlifeDatasets toolkit
MegaDescriptor – Methodology
Ablation studies
Performance evaluation
Conclusion and References 6. Performance evaluation Insights from our ablation studies led to the creation of MegaDescriptors – the Swin-transformer-based models optimized with ArcFace loss and optimal hyperparameters using all publicly available animal re-id datasets. In order to verify the expected outcomes, we perform a similar comparison as in metric learning vs. Local features ablation, and we compare the MegaDescriptor with CLIP (ViT-L/p14-336), ImageNet-1k (Swin-B/p4-w7-224), and DINOv2 (ViT-L/p14-518) pre-trained models. The proposed MegaDescriptor with Swin-L/p4-w12-384 backbone performs consistently on all datasets and outperforms all methods in on all 29 datasets. Notably, the state-of-the-art foundation model for almost any vision task – DINOv2 – with a much higher input size (518 × 518) and larger backbone performs poorly in animal re-identification. 6.1. Seen and unseen domain performance This section illustrates how the proposed MegaDescriptor can effectively leverage features learned from different datasets and its ability to generalize beyond the datasets it was initially fine-tuned on. By performing this experiment, we try to mimic how the MegaDescriptor will perform on Seen (known) and Unseen Domains (unknown). We evaluate the generalization capabilities using the MegaDescriptor-B and all available datasets from one domain (cattle), e.g., AerialCattle2017, FriesianCattle2015, FriesianCattle2017, Cows2021, and OpenCows2020. The first mutation (Same Dataset) was trained on training data from all datasets and evaluated on test data. The second mutation (Seen Domain) used just the part of the domain for training; OpenCows2020 and Cows2021 datasets were excluded. The third mutation (Unseen Domain) excludes all the cattle datasets from training. The MegaDescriptor-B, compared with a CLIP and DINOv2, yields significantly better or competitive performance (see Figure 7). This can be attributed to the capacity of MegaDescriptor to exploit not just cattle-specific features. Upon excluding two cattle datasets (OpenCows2020 and Cows2021) from the training set, the MegaDescriptor’s performance on those two datasets slightly decreases but still performs significantly better than DINOv2. The MegaDescriptor retains reasonable performance on the cattle datasets even when removing cattle images from training. We attribute this to learning general fine-grained features, which is essential for all the re-identification in any animal datasets, and subsequently transferring this knowledge to the re-identification of the cattle. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Author: (1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz); (2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz); (3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com); (4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Author: Author: (1) Vojtech ˇ Cerm ˇ ak, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: cermavo3@fel.cvut.cz); (2) Lukas Picek, University of West Bohemia & INRIA (Email: picekl@kky.zcu.cz/lpicek@inria.cz); (3) Luka´s Adam, Czech Technical University in Prague (Email: lukas.adam.cr@gmail.com); (4) Kostas Papafitsoros, Queen Mary University of London (Email: k.papafitsoros@qmul.ac.uk). Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related work The WildlifeDatasets toolkit MegaDescriptor – Methodology Ablation studies Performance evaluation Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Related work Related work The WildlifeDatasets toolkit The WildlifeDatasets toolkit MegaDescriptor – Methodology MegaDescriptor – Methodology Ablation studies Ablation studies Performance evaluation Performance evaluation Conclusion and References Conclusion and References 6. Performance evaluation Insights from our ablation studies led to the creation of MegaDescriptors – the Swin-transformer-based models optimized with ArcFace loss and optimal hyperparameters using all publicly available animal re-id datasets. In order to verify the expected outcomes, we perform a similar comparison as in metric learning vs. Local features ablation, and we compare the MegaDescriptor with CLIP (ViT-L/p14-336), ImageNet-1k (Swin-B/p4-w7-224), and DINOv2 (ViT-L/p14-518) pre-trained models. The proposed MegaDescriptor with Swin-L/p4-w12-384 backbone performs consistently on all datasets and outperforms all methods in on all 29 datasets. Notably, the state-of-the-art foundation model for almost any vision task – DINOv2 – with a much higher input size (518 × 518) and larger backbone performs poorly in animal re-identification. 6.1. Seen and unseen domain performance This section illustrates how the proposed MegaDescriptor can effectively leverage features learned from different datasets and its ability to generalize beyond the datasets it was initially fine-tuned on. By performing this experiment, we try to mimic how the MegaDescriptor will perform on Seen (known) and Unseen Domains (unknown). We evaluate the generalization capabilities using the MegaDescriptor-B and all available datasets from one domain (cattle), e.g., AerialCattle2017, FriesianCattle2015, FriesianCattle2017, Cows2021, and OpenCows2020. The first mutation (Same Dataset) was trained on training data from all datasets and evaluated on test data. The second mutation (Seen Domain) used just the part of the domain for training; OpenCows2020 and Cows2021 datasets were excluded. The third mutation (Unseen Domain) excludes all the cattle datasets from training. The MegaDescriptor-B, compared with a CLIP and DINOv2, yields significantly better or competitive performance (see Figure 7). This can be attributed to the capacity of MegaDescriptor to exploit not just cattle-specific features. Upon excluding two cattle datasets (OpenCows2020 and Cows2021) from the training set, the MegaDescriptor’s performance on those two datasets slightly decreases but still performs significantly better than DINOv2. The MegaDescriptor retains reasonable performance on the cattle datasets even when removing cattle images from training. We attribute this to learning general fine-grained features, which is essential for all the re-identification in any animal datasets, and subsequently transferring this knowledge to the re-identification of the cattle. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

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