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Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ANCIENT GREEK PAINTING. here ANCIENT GREEK PAINTING. A lecture on ancient Greek painting was lately delivered by Professor C.T. Newton, C.B., at University College, London. The lecturer began by reminding his audience of the course of lectures on Greek sculpture, from the earliest times to the Roman period, which he completed this year. The main epochs in the history of ancient sculpture had an intimate connection with the general history of the Greeks, with their intellectual, political, and social development. We could not profitably study the history of ancient sculpture except as part of the collateral study of ancient life as a whole, nor could we get a clear idea of the history of ancient sculpture without tracing out, so far as our imperfect knowledge permits, the characteristics and successive stages of ancient painting. Between these twin sister arts there had been in all times, and especially in Greek antiquity, a close sympathy and a reciprocal influence. The method in dealing with the history of Greek painting in this course would be similar to that adopted in the course on sculpture. The evidence of ancient authors as to the works and characteristics of Greek painters would be first examined, then the extant monuments which illustrate the history of this branch of art would be described. In the case of painting, the extant monuments were few and far between, but we might learn much by the careful study of the mural paintings from the buried Campanian cities, Pompeii, Herculaneum, and those found in the tombs near Rome and Etruria. The paintings on Greek vases would enable us to trace the history of what is called ceramographic art from B.C. 600 for nearly five centuries onward. After noticing the traditions preserved by Pliny and others as to the earliest painters, the lecturer passed on to the period after the Persian war. Polygnotos of Thasos was the earliest Greek painter of celebrity. He flourished B.C. 480-460. At Athens he decorated with paintings the portico called the Stoa Poikile, the Temple of the Dioscuri, the Temple of Theseus, and the Pinakotheke on the Akropolis. At Delphi he painted on the walls of the building called Lesche two celebrated pictures, the taking of Troy and the descent of Ulysses into Hades. All these were mural paintings; the subjects were partly mythical, partly historical. Thus in the Stoa Poikile were represented the taking of Troy, the battle of Theseus with the Amazons, the battle of Marathon. In the Temple of Theseus came the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs and the battle of the Amazons again. In the other two Athenian temples he treated mythological subjects. These great public works were executed during the administration of Kimon, to whom Polygnotos stood in the same relation us Phidias did to Perikles, the successor of Kimon. The paintings in the Stoa Poikile were executed by Polygnotos gratuitously, for which service the Athenians rewarded him with the freedom of their city. His greatest and probably his earliest works were the two pictures in the Lesche at Delphi. Of these there was a very full description in Pausanias. The building called Lesche was thought to have been of elliptical form, with a colonnade on either side, separated by a wall in the middle, and to have been about 90 ft in length. The figures were probably life size. According to the list given by Pausanias, there were upward of seventy in each of the two pictures. In that representing the taking of Troy Polygnotos had brought together many incidents described in the Cyclic epics: Menelaos Agamemnon, Ulysses, Nestor, Neoptolemos, Antenor, Helen, Andromache, Kassandra, and many other figures, with which the Homeric poems have made us familiar, all appeared united in one skillful composition, arranged in groups. The other picture, the descent of Ulysses into Hades to interrogate Teiresias, might be called a pictorial epic of Hades. On one side was the entrance, indicated by Charon's boat crossing: the Acheron, and the evocation of Teiresias by Ulysses, besides the punishment of Tityos and other wicked men; on the other side were Tantalos and Sisyphos. Between these scenes, on the flanks, were various groups of heroes and heroines from the Trojan and other legends. From the remarks of ancient critics, it might be inferred that the genius of Polygnotos, like that of Giotto, was far in advance of his technical skill. Aristotle called him the most ethical of painters, and recommended the young artist to study his works in preference to those of his contemporary Pauson, who was ignobly realistic, or those of Zeuxis, who had great technical merit, but was deficient in spiritual conception. The course will comprise four more lectures, as follows—November 17, "Greek Painters from B.C. 460 to Accession of Alexander the Great B.C. 336—Apollodoros, Zeuxis, Parrhasios, Pamphilos, Aristides;" November 24, "Greek Painters from Age of Alexander to Augustan Age—Apelles, Protogenes, Theon;" December 1, "Pictures on Greek Fictile Vases;" December 15, "Mural Paintings from Pompeii, Herculaneum, and other Ancient sites." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ANCIENT GREEK PAINTING

THE VEGETARIAN INSECTS

THE FOAMY CICADELLA

THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESS—REGRESSION

The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: Discourse VI 

The Odyssey: Book X

Web scraping and utilizing various APIs are great ways to collect data from websites and applications that can later be used in . There is a company called HiQ that is well known for web scraping. HiQ crawls various “Public” websites to collect data and provide analytics for companies on their employees. They help companies find top talent using sites data like Linkedin, and other public sources to gain the information needed in their algorithms. data analytics However, they ran into legal issues when Linkedin asked them to cease and desist as well as put in certain technical methods to slow down HiQ’s web crawlers. The judge said as long as the data was public, it was ok to scrape! HiQ subsequently sued Linkedin and won! Image from commit strip ( ) Here Web scraping typically requires a complex understanding of HTTP requests, faking headers, complex Regex statements, HTML parsers, and database management skills. There are programming languages that make this much easier such as Python. This is because Python offers libraries like Scrapy and BeautifulSoup that make scraping and parsing HTML easier than old school web scrapers. However, it still requires proper design and a decent understanding of programming and website architecture. Let’s say your team does not have programming skills. That is ok! One of our team members recently gave a webinar at Loyola University to demonstrate how to scrape web pages without programming. Instead, Google sheets offer several useful functions that can help scrape web data. If you would like to see the video of our webinar it is below. If not, you can continue to read and figure out how to use Google Sheets to scrape websites. Google Sheet Functions For Web Scraping The functions you can use for web scraping with google sheets are: ImportXML ImportHTML ImportFEED ImportDATA All of these functions will scrape websites based off of different parameters provided to the function. ​ Web Scraping With ImportFeed The ImportFeed Google Sheet function is one of the easier functions to use. It only requires access to Google Sheets and a URL for a rss feed. This is a feed that is typically associated with a blog. For instance, you could use our RSS feed “http://www.acheronanalytics.com/2/feed". How do you use this function? An example is given below. “=ImportFeed( “http://www.acheronanalytics.com/2/feed") That is all that is needed! There are some other tips and tricks that can help clean up the data feed as you will get more than just one column of information. For now, this is a great start at web scraping. Do The Google Sheet Import Functions Update? All of these import function automatically update data every 2 hours. A trigger function can be set to increase the cadence of updates. However this requires more programming. This is it in this case! From here, it is all about how your team uses it! Make sure you engineer a solid data scraping system. The picture above is an example of of using the ImportFeed function. ​ Web Scraping With ImportXML The ImportXML function in Google Sheets is used to pull out specific data points using HTML ids, and classes. This requires some understanding of HTML and parsing XML. This can be a little frustrating. So we created a step by step for web scraping for HTML. Here are some examples from an EventBrite page. Go to https://www.eventbrite.com/d/wa--everett/events/ Right Click Inspect Element Find the HTML tag you are interested in We are looking for <div class = list-card__body> Some Text Here</div> So this is the tricky part. The first part you need to pull out from this HTML tag is the type. This would be like <div>, <a>, <img>, <span>, etc. This first one can be called out using “//” then the tag name. Such as “//div”, “//a” or “//span”. Now, if you actually want to get the “Some Text Here” you will need to call out the class. That is done in the method shown in step 5. You will notice it combines using “//div” with the “[@class=”class name here”]. The xml string is “ ” //div[@class=’list-card__body’] There is another data value you might want to get. We want to get all the URLs This case would involve wanting to pull out the specific value inside of the first HTML tag itself. For instance, <a href=”https//www.google.com">Click here</a>. Then it would be like step 7. The xml string is “ ” //a/@href ImportXML(URL, XML String) ImportXML(“ ",“ ”) https://www.eventbrite.com/d/wa--everett/events/ //div[@class=’list-card__body’] The truth about using this function is that it requires a lot of time. Thus, it requires planning and designing a good google sheet to ensure you get the maximum benefit from utilizing. Otherwise, your team will end up spending time maintaining it, rather than working on new things. Like in the picture below From xkcd Web scraping With ImportHTML Finally we will discuss ImportHTML. This will import a table or list from a web page. For instance, what if you want to scrape data from a site that contains stock prices. We will use the . There is a table on this page that has the stock prices from the past few days. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/snap/real-time Similar to the past functions you need to use the URL. On top of the URL, you will have to mention which table on the webpage you want to grab. You can do this by utilizing the which number it might be. An example would be ImportHTML(“ ",6). This will scrape the stock prices from the link above. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/snap/real-time In our video above, we also show how we combine scraping the stock data above and melded it with news about the Stock ticker on that day. This could be utilized in a much more complex manner. A team could create an algorithm that utilizes the stock price of the past, as well as new articles and twitter information to choose whether to buy or sell stocks. Do you have any good ideas of what you could do with web scraping? Do you need help with your web scraping project? Let us know! Other great read about data science: What is A Decision Tree How Algorithms Can Become Unethical and Biased How To Develop Robust Algorithms 4 Must Have Skills For Data Scientists

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