In this lab we are going to build demo TARS from Interstellar movie with Python. TARS can help you to automate your tasks such as search videos in YouTube and play them, send emails, open websites, search materials in Wikipedia and read them,inform weather forecast in your country, greetings and more. By building TARS you will increase your Python knowledge and learn many useful libraries/tools. I will push source code to my git repository so feel free to contribute and improve functionality of TARS. Let's start by creating virtual environment and building the base audio system of TARS. mkdir TARS cd TARS virtualenv venv To activate the venv run command below . venv/bin/activate What is virtual environment? Once you activated venv, we need to install main libraries by following commands: pip3 install gTTS SpeechRecognition PyAudio pygame (Google Text-to-Speech) is a Python library and CLI tool to interface with Google Translate's text-to-speech API. This module helps to convert String text to Spoken text and can be saved as .mp3 gTTS is an important feature in several applications used such as home automation, artificial intelligence, etc. Recognizing speech needs audio input, and SpeechRecognition makes it really simple to retrieve this input. Instead of building scripts from scratch to access microphones and process audio files, SpeechRecognition will have you up and running in just a few minutes. Speech Recognition To access your microphone with SpeechRecognizer, you’ll have to install the package PyAudio is a cross-platform set of Python modules designed for writing video games. It includes computer graphics and sound libraries designed to be used with the Python programming language. Pygame Now, let's build voice system of TARS: gtts gTTS speech_recognition sr pygame mixer print(audio) line audio.splitlines(): text_to_speech = gTTS(text=audio, lang= ) text_to_speech.save( ) mixer.init() mixer.music.load( ) mixer.music.play() from import import as from import : def talk (audio) for in 'en-uk' 'audio.mp3' "audio.mp3" We are passing audio as an argument to make the TARS speak. For instance, program will loop these lines with the help of method. This method is used to split the lines at line boundaries. Check for more. Then, gTTS will handle to convert all these texts to speech. text parameter defines text to be read and lang defines the language (IETF language tag) to read the text in. Once loop finished, method writes result to file. talk('Hey I am TARS! How can I help you?') splitlines() splitlines() save() is a module for loading and playing sounds and must be initialized before using it. pygame.mixer Alright! Now, let's create a function that will listen for commands: r = sr.Recognizer() sr.Microphone() source: print( ) r.pause_threshold = r.adjust_for_ambient_noise(source, duration= ) audio = r.listen(source) : command = r.recognize_google(audio).lower() print( + command + ) sr.UnknownValueError: print( ) command = myCommand(); command : def myCommand () #Initialize the recognizer with as 'TARS is Ready...' 1 #wait for a second to let the recognizer adjust the #energy threshold based on the surrounding noise level 1 #listens for the user's input try 'You said: ' '\n' #loop back to continue to listen for commands if unrecognizable speech is received except 'Your last command couldn\'t be heard' return In this function we are using SpeechRecognition library. It acts as a wrapper for several popular speech APIs and is thus extremely flexible. One of these—the Google Web Speech API—supports a default API key that is hard-coded into the SpeechRecognition library. That means you can get off your feet without having to sign up for a service. To be able to work with your own voice with speech recognition, you need the PyAudio package. Like Recognizer for audio files, we will need Microphone for real-time speech data. You can capture input from the microphone using the listen() method of the Recognizer class inside of the with block. This method takes an audio source as its first argument and records input from the source until silence is detected. Try to say your commands in silence place( with less background noise ) otherwise TARS can confuse. Take a look The Ultimate Guide To Speech Recognition With Python random errors=[ , , , ] command: talk( ) : error = random.choice(errors) talk(error) talk( ) : assistant(myCommand()) import : def tars (command) "I don\'t know what you mean!" "Excuse me?" "Can you repeat it please?" if 'Hello' in 'Hello! I am TARS. How can I help you?' else 'TARS is ready!' while True Once you run the program TARS will start talk with you by saying 'TARS is ready!' and continue to listen your commands until you stop the program. Start by saying 'Hello' :) When TARS didn't get the command we will handle the error by random sentences. Here is the full code of main structure: gtts gTTS speech_recognition sr pygame mixer random print(audio) line audio.splitlines(): text_to_speech = gTTS(text=audio, lang= ) text_to_speech.save( ) mixer.init() mixer.music.load( ) mixer.music.play() r = sr.Recognizer() sr.Microphone() source: print( ) r.pause_threshold = r.adjust_for_ambient_noise(source, duration= ) audio = r.listen(source) : command = r.recognize_google(audio).lower() print( + command + ) sr.UnknownValueError: print( ) command = myCommand(); command errors=[ , , , ] command: talk( ) : error = random.choice(errors) talk(error) talk( ) : tars(myCommand()) from import import as from import import : def talk (audio) for in 'en-uk' 'audio.mp3' "audio.mp3" : def myCommand () #Initialize the recognizer #The primary purpose of a Recognizer instance is, of course, to recognize speech. with as 'TARS is Ready...' 2 #wait for a second to let the recognizer adjust the #energy threshold based on the surrounding noise level 1 #listens for the user's input try 'You said: ' '\n' #loop back to continue to listen for commands if unrecognizable speech is received except 'Your last command couldn\'t be heard' return : def tars (command) "I don't know what you mean" "Did you mean astronaut?" "Can you repeat it please?" if 'hello' in 'Hello! I am TARS. How can I help you?' else 'TARS is ready!' #loop to continue executing multiple commands while True Well.. Is AI anything more than a bunch of IF statements? If you are talking about “real” AI , then yes it’s a lot more than just If statements.The development of AI has historically been split into two fields; symbolic AI, and machine learning. Symbolic AI is the field in which artificially intelligent systems were designed with if-else type logic. Programmers would attempt to define every possible scenario for the system to deal with. Until the late seventies this was the dominant form of AI system development. Experts in the field argued very strongly that machine-learning would never catch on and that AI could only be written in this way. Now we know that accounting for every possible scenario in an intelligent system is enormously impractical and we use machine-learning instead. Machine learning uses statistics to look for and define patterns in data so that a machine can learn about and improve the tasks that it is designed to perform. This is significantly more flexible. We are using just bunch of IF statements to understand basics of AI. But we will implement some cool ML algorithms later. I hope you learned new things so far, now, it is time to teach TARS how to automate stuff. Open Google and search for something We are going to import module in Python which provides an interface to display Web-based documents. webbrowser While we are saying commands, TARS have to detect availability of these commands by matching them. Python has a built-in package called , which can be used to work with Regular Expressions. re re webbrowser command: reg_ex = re.search( , command) url = reg_ex: subgoogle = reg_ex.group( ) url = url + + subreddit webbrowser.open(url) print( ) import import if 'open google' in #matching command to check it is available 'open google (.*)' 'https://www.google.com/' if 1 'r/' 'Done!' The method takes a regular expression pattern and a string and searches for that pattern within the string. If the search is successful, search() returns a match object or None otherwise. Therefore, the search is usually immediately followed by an if-statement to test if the search succeeded re.search() The code stores the search result in a variable named "reg_ex". Then the if-statement tests the match -- if true the search succeeded and is the matching text. Otherwise if the match is false (None to be more specific), then the search did not succeed, and there is no matching text. The 1 in represents the first parenthesized subgroup. reg_ex = re.search('open google (.*)', command) group() reg_ex.group(1) Even you can install Selenium to make search in Google by TARS. To install Selenium run the following command: pip3 install selenium Selenium WebDriver is a collection of open source APIs which are used to automate the testing of a web application. This tool is used to automate web application testing to verify that it works as expected. It supports many browsers such as Safari, Firefox, IE, and Chrome. You can search how to use there is a lot of sources on internet and it is really easy to learn. Let's add this feature to TARS: Selenium with Python selenium webdriver selenium.webdriver.common.keys Keys command: reg_ex = re.search( , command) search_for = command.split( , )[ ] url = reg_ex: subgoogle = reg_ex.group( ) url = url + + subgoogle talk( ) driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path= ) driver.get( ) search = driver.find_element_by_name( ) search.send_keys(str(search_for)) search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) from import from import if 'open google and search' in 'open google and search (.*)' "search" 1 1 'https://www.google.com/' if 1 'r/' 'Okay!' '/path/to/geckodriver' #depends which web browser you are using 'http://www.google.com' 'q' # finds search #sends search keys #hits enter TARS will consider strings after "open google and search" command and takes all words as a search keys. I am using Firefox so I installed geckodriver but if you are using Chrome check the following StackOverflow question: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42478591/python-selenium-chrome-webdriver Send Email We are going to import smtplib to send emails with Python. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and it is useful for communicating with mail servers to send mail. smtplib command: talk( ) time.sleep( ) subject = myCommand() talk( ) time.sleep( ) message = myCommand() content = .format(subject, message) mail = smtplib.SMTP( , ) mail.ehlo() mail.starttls() mail.login( , ) mail.sendmail( , , content) mail.close() talk( ) import elif 'email' or 'gmail' in 'What is the subject?' 3 'What should I say?' 3 'Subject: {}\n\n{}' #init gmail SMTP 'smtp.gmail.com' 587 #identify to server #encrypt session #login 'your_gmail' 'your_gmail_password' #send message 'FROM' 'TO' #end mail connection 'Email sent.' Note that, in a nutshell, google is not allowing you to log in via smtplib because it has flagged this sort of login as "less secure", so what you have to do is go to this link while you're logged in to your google account, and allow the access. Enable Still not working? Check this StackOverflow question: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16512592/login-credentials-not-working-with-gmail-smtp Crawl Data We are doing great so far! TARS can send mails and search whatever you want on google. Now, let's implement more complex function to make TARS crawl some Wikipedia data and read it for us. is a Python library for pulling data out of HTML and XML files. It works with your favorite parser to provide idiomatic ways of navigating, searching, and modifying the parse tree. It commonly saves programmers hours or days of work. Run the following command in your terminal to install beautifulsoup: Beautiful Soup pip install beautifulsoup4 We also will need for making HTTP requests in Python. It abstracts the complexities of making requests behind a beautiful, simple API so that you can focus on interacting with services and consuming data in your application. Alright! Let's see the code: requests library bs4 requests command: reg_ex = re.search( , command) reg_ex: query = command.split() response = requests.get( + query[ ]) response : html = bs4.BeautifulSoup(response.text, ) title = html.select( )[ ].text paragraphs = html.select( ) para paragraphs: (para.text) intro = .join([ para.text para paragraphs[ : ]]) (intro) mp3name = language = myobj = gTTS(text=intro, lang=language, slow= ) myobj.save(mp3name) mixer.init() mixer.music.load( ) mixer.music.play() command: mixer.music.stop() import import elif 'wikipedia' in 'search in wikipedia (.+)' if "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" 3 if is not None 'html.parser' "#firstHeading" 0 "p" for in print '\n' for in 0 5 print 'speech.mp3' 'en' False "speech.mp3" elif 'stop' in If you say "search in wikipedia Mars" , TARS will take "Mars" as a keyword to search in Wikipedia. So, If you search something on Wikipedia you will see URL will look like so we are sending get request with keyword(what to search) to access data. Once request succeed, beautifulsoup will parse content inside Wikipedia. The method is a string method and returns a string in which the elements of sequence have been joined by str separator and we are using it to separate paragraphs. You already familiar with gTTS and mixer so I am passing that part. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword join() TARS will display the crawled data on console and start to reading it for you. Search videos on YouTube and play This function is similar to search with google but this time it is better to use urllib. The main objective is to learn new things with Python, so I don't want include Selenium in this function. urllib.request urllib.parse command: talk( ) reg_ex = re.search( , command) reg_ex: domain = command.split( , )[ ] query_string = urllib.parse.urlencode({ : domain}) html_content = urllib.request.urlopen( + query_string) search_results = re.findall( , html_content.read().decode()) webbrowser.open( .format(search_results[ ])) import #used to make requests import #used to parse values into the url elif 'youtube' in 'Ok!' 'youtube (.+)' if "youtube" 1 1 "search_query" "http://www.youtube.com/results?" r'href=\"\/watch\?v=(.{11})' # finds all links in search result "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v={}" 0 pass The urllib module in Python 3 allows you access websites via your program. This opens up as many doors for your programs as the internet opens up for you. urllib in Python 3 is slightly different than urllib2 in Python 2, but they are mostly the same. Through urllib, you can access websites, download data, parse data, modify your headers, and do any GET and POST requests you might need to do. Check this tutorial for more about urllib Search key must be encoded before parsing into url. If you search something on YouTube you can see after http://www.youtube.com/results?" there is a encoded search keys. Once these search keys encoded program can successfully access search results. The expression returns all the non-overlapping matches of patterns in a string as a list of strings. re.findall() Each video on youtube has its own 11 characters ID (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEPmA3USJdI) and will find all matches in decoded. re.findall() html_content(in search results page). is used to convert from one encoding scheme, in which argument string is encoded to the desired encoding scheme. This works opposite to the encode. It accepts the encoding of the encoding string to decode it and returns the original string. Finally, it plays first video in search results because usually the first video is nearest one for search keys. decode() Full Code: gtts gTTS speech_recognition sr re time webbrowser random selenium webdriver selenium.webdriver.common.keys Keys smtplib requests pygame mixer urllib.request urllib.parse bs4 print(audio) line audio.splitlines(): text_to_speech = gTTS(text=audio, lang= ) text_to_speech.save( ) mixer.init() mixer.music.load( ) mixer.music.play() r = sr.Recognizer() sr.Microphone() source: print( ) r.pause_threshold = r.adjust_for_ambient_noise(source, duration= ) audio = r.listen(source) print( ) : command = r.recognize_google(audio).lower() print( + command + ) time.sleep( ) sr.UnknownValueError: print( ) command = myCommand(); command errors=[ , , , ] command: reg_ex = re.search( , command) search_for = command.split( , )[ ] print(search_for) url = reg_ex: subgoogle = reg_ex.group( ) url = url + + subgoogle talk( ) driver = webdriver.Firefox(executable_path= ) driver.get( ) search = driver.find_element_by_name( ) search.send_keys(str(search_for)) search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN) command: talk( ) time.sleep( ) subject = myCommand() talk( ) message = myCommand() content = .format(subject, message) mail = smtplib.SMTP( , ) mail.ehlo() mail.starttls() mail.login( , ) mail.sendmail( , , content) mail.close() talk( ) command: reg_ex = re.search( , command) reg_ex: query = command.split( , )[ ] response = requests.get( + query) response : html = bs4.BeautifulSoup(response.text, ) title = html.select( )[ ].text paragraphs = html.select( ) para paragraphs: (para.text) intro = .join([ para.text para paragraphs[ : ]]) (intro) mp3name = language = myobj = gTTS(text=intro, lang=language, slow= ) myobj.save(mp3name) mixer.init() mixer.music.load( ) mixer.music.play() command: mixer.music.stop() command: talk( ) reg_ex = re.search( , command) reg_ex: domain = command.split( , )[ ] query_string = urllib.parse.urlencode({ : domain}) html_content = urllib.request.urlopen( + query_string) search_results = re.findall( , html_content.read().decode()) webbrowser.open( .format(search_results[ ])) command: talk( ) time.sleep( ) command: talk( ) time.sleep( ) : error = random.choice(errors) talk(error) time.sleep( ) talk( ) : time.sleep( ) tars(myCommand()) from import import as import import import import from import from import import import from import import import import : def talk (audio) "speaks audio passed as argument" for in 'en-uk' 'audio.mp3' "audio.mp3" : def myCommand () "listens for commands" #Initialize the recognizer #The primary purpose of a Recognizer instance is, of course, to recognize speech. with as 'TARS is Ready...' 1 #wait for a second to let the recognizer adjust the #energy threshold based on the surrounding noise level 1 #listens for the user's input 'analyzing...' try 'You said: ' '\n' 2 #loop back to continue to listen for commands if unrecognizable speech is received except 'Your last command couldn\'t be heard' return : def tars (command) "I don't know what you mean" "Excuse me?" "Can you repeat it please?" "if statements for executing commands" # Search on Google if 'open google and search' in 'open google and search (.*)' "search" 1 1 'https://www.google.com/' if 1 'r/' 'Okay!' '/home/coderasha/Desktop/geckodriver' 'http://www.google.com' 'q' # hit return after you enter search text #Send Email elif 'email' in 'What is the subject?' 3 'What should I say?' 'Subject: {}\n\n{}' #init gmail SMTP 'smtp.gmail.com' 587 #identify to server #encrypt session #login 'your_mail' 'your_mail_password' #send message 'FROM' 'TO' #end mail connection 'Email sent.' # search in wikipedia (e.g. Can you search in wikipedia apples) elif 'wikipedia' in 'wikipedia (.+)' if "wikipedia" 1 1 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" if is not None 'html.parser' "#firstHeading" 0 "p" for in print '\n' for in 0 3 print 'speech.mp3' 'en' False "speech.mp3" while elif 'stop' in # Search videos on Youtube and play (e.g. Search in youtube believer) elif 'youtube' in 'Ok!' 'youtube (.+)' if "youtube" 1 1 "search_query" "http://www.youtube.com/results?" r'href=\"\/watch\?v=(.{11})' #print("http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=" + search_results[0]) "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v={}" 0 pass elif 'hello' in 'Hello! I am TARS. How can I help you?' 3 elif 'who are you' in 'I am one of four former U.S. Marine Corps tactical robots' 3 else 3 'TARS activated!' #loop to continue executing multiple commands while True 4 Great! We just created demo TARS and I hope you learned many things from this lab. Please feel free to contribute this project on my , TARS will wait for improvements. GitHub See you next post soon Hackers! Stay Connected!🚀
