Do you have a messy collection of scanned documents, PDFs, academic papers, presentation slides, and standalone images — all mixed together with charts, tables, and figures — that you want to process into the same vector space for semantic search or to power an AI agent? In this example, we’ll walk through how to build a visual document indexing pipeline using ColPali for embedding both PDFs and images — and then query the index using natural language.We’ll skip OCR entirely — ColPali can directly understand document layouts, tables, and figures from images, making it perfect for semantic search across visual-heavy content. If this helps you, ⭐ Star CocoIndex GitHub! If this helps you, ⭐ Star CocoIndex GitHub! CocoIndex GitHub Use Cases Semantic search across scanned documents and visual-heavy reports
Searching tables, charts, or diagrams without OCR
Cross-modal search (e.g., “find the page showing a bar chart about Q2 revenue”)
Research paper figure indexing
Historical archive search without text extraction Semantic search across scanned documents and visual-heavy reports Searching tables, charts, or diagrams without OCR Cross-modal search (e.g., “find the page showing a bar chart about Q2 revenue”) Research paper figure indexing Historical archive search without text extraction Flow Overview We’ll build a pipeline that: Ingests PDFs and images from a local directory

Converts PDF pages into high-resolution images (300 DPI)
Generates visual embeddings for each page/image using ColPali


Stores embeddings + metadata in a Qdrant vector database
Supports natural language queries directly against the visual index Ingests PDFs and images from a local directory

Converts PDF pages into high-resolution images (300 DPI)
Generates visual embeddings for each page/image using ColPali Ingests PDFs and images Converts PDF pages into high-resolution images (300 DPI)
Generates visual embeddings for each page/image using ColPali Converts PDF pages into high-resolution images (300 DPI) Converts PDF pages Generates visual embeddings for each page/image using ColPali Generates visual embeddings Stores embeddings + metadata in a Qdrant vector database Stores embeddings + metadata Supports natural language queries directly against the visual index Supports natural language queries Example queries: "handwritten lab notes about physics"
"architectural floor plan with annotations"
"pie chart of Q3 revenue" "handwritten lab notes about physics" "handwritten lab notes about physics" "architectural floor plan with annotations" "architectural floor plan with annotations" "pie chart of Q3 revenue" "pie chart of Q3 revenue" Full code is open source and available here. 🚀 Only ~70 lines of Python on the indexing path (super simple!) here Core Components Image Ingestion We use CocoIndex’s LocalFile source to read PDFs and images: LocalFile data_scope["documents"] = flow_builder.add_source(
    cocoindex.sources.LocalFile(path="source_files", binary=True)
) data_scope["documents"] = flow_builder.add_source(
    cocoindex.sources.LocalFile(path="source_files", binary=True)
) Convert Files to Pages We classify files by MIME type and process accordingly. Define a dataclass: page_number: The page number (if applicable — only for PDFs)
image: The binary content of that page as a PNG image page_number: The page number (if applicable — only for PDFs) page_number image: The binary content of that page as a PNG image image @dataclass
class Page:
  page_number: int | None
  image: bytes @dataclass
class Page:
  page_number: int | None
  image: bytes Normalizes different file formats into a list of page images so the rest of the pipeline can process them uniformly. This file_to_pages function takes a filename and its raw binary content (bytes) and returns a list of Page objects, where each Page contains: list of page images file_to_pages filename raw binary content bytes Page Page @cocoindex.op.function()
def file_to_pages(filename: str, content: bytes) -> list[Page]:
    mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)

    if mime_type == "application/pdf":
        images = convert_from_bytes(content, dpi=300)
        pages = []
        for i, image in enumerate(images):
            with BytesIO() as buffer:
                image.save(buffer, format="PNG")
                pages.append(Page(page_number=i + 1, image=buffer.getvalue()))
        return pages
    elif mime_type and mime_type.startswith("image/"):
        return [Page(page_number=None, image=content)]
    else:
        return [] @cocoindex.op.function()
def file_to_pages(filename: str, content: bytes) -> list[Page]:
    mime_type, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)

    if mime_type == "application/pdf":
        images = convert_from_bytes(content, dpi=300)
        pages = []
        for i, image in enumerate(images):
            with BytesIO() as buffer:
                image.save(buffer, format="PNG")
                pages.append(Page(page_number=i + 1, image=buffer.getvalue()))
        return pages
    elif mime_type and mime_type.startswith("image/"):
        return [Page(page_number=None, image=content)]
    else:
        return [] For each document: If the file is an image → file_to_pages returns a single Page where page["image"] is just the original image binary.
If the file is a PDF → file_to_pages converts each page to a PNG, so page["image"] contains that page’s PNG binary. If the file is an image → file_to_pages returns a single Page where page["image"] is just the original image binary. file_to_pages Page page["image"] If the file is a PDF → file_to_pages converts each page to a PNG, so page["image"] contains that page’s PNG binary. file_to_pages page["image"] In the flow we convert all the files to pages. this makes each pages and all images in the output data - pages. output_embeddings = data_scope.add_collector()

 with data_scope["documents"].row() as doc:
    doc["pages"] = flow_builder.transform(
        file_to_pages, filename=doc["filename"], content=doc["content"]
    ) output_embeddings = data_scope.add_collector()

 with data_scope["documents"].row() as doc:
    doc["pages"] = flow_builder.transform(
        file_to_pages, filename=doc["filename"], content=doc["content"]
    ) Generate Visual Embeddings We use ColPali to generate embeddings for images on each page. with doc["pages"].row() as page:
    page["embedding"] = page["image"].transform(
        cocoindex.functions.ColPaliEmbedImage(model=COLPALI_MODEL_NAME)
    )
    output_embeddings.collect(
                id=cocoindex.GeneratedField.UUID,
                filename=doc["filename"],
                page=page["page_number"],
                embedding=page["embedding"],
            ) with doc["pages"].row() as page:
    page["embedding"] = page["image"].transform(
        cocoindex.functions.ColPaliEmbedImage(model=COLPALI_MODEL_NAME)
    )
    output_embeddings.collect(
                id=cocoindex.GeneratedField.UUID,
                filename=doc["filename"],
                page=page["page_number"],
                embedding=page["embedding"],
            ) ColPali Architecture fundamentally rethinks how documents, especially visually complex or image-rich ones, are represented and searched. Instead of reducing each image or page to a single dense vector (as in traditional bi-encoders), ColPali breaks an image into many smaller patches, preserving local spatial and semantic structure. Each patch receives its own embedding, which together form a multi-vector representation of the complete document. For a detailed explanation of ColPali Architecture, please refer to our previous blog with image search examples. our previous blog Collect & Export to Qdrant Note the way to embed image and query are different, as they’re two different types of data. Create a function to embed query: @cocoindex.transform_flow()
def query_to_colpali_embedding(
    text: cocoindex.DataSlice[str],
) -> cocoindex.DataSlice[list[list[float]]]:
    return text.transform(
        cocoindex.functions.ColPaliEmbedQuery(model=COLPALI_MODEL_NAME)
    ) @cocoindex.transform_flow()
def query_to_colpali_embedding(
    text: cocoindex.DataSlice[str],
) -> cocoindex.DataSlice[list[list[float]]]:
    return text.transform(
        cocoindex.functions.ColPaliEmbedQuery(model=COLPALI_MODEL_NAME)
    ) We store metadata and embeddings in Qdrant: output_embeddings.export(
    "multi_format_indexings",
    cocoindex.targets.Qdrant(
        connection=qdrant_connection,
        collection_name=QDRANT_COLLECTION,
    ),
    primary_key_fields=["id"],
) output_embeddings.export(
    "multi_format_indexings",
    cocoindex.targets.Qdrant(
        connection=qdrant_connection,
        collection_name=QDRANT_COLLECTION,
    ),
    primary_key_fields=["id"],
) Query the Index ColPali supports text-to-visual embeddings, so we can search using natural language: text-to-visual embeddings query_embedding = query_to_colpali_embedding.eval(query)

search_results = client.query_points(
    collection_name=QDRANT_COLLECTION,
    query=query_embedding,
    using="embedding",
    limit=5,
    with_payload=True,
) query_embedding = query_to_colpali_embedding.eval(query)

search_results = client.query_points(
    collection_name=QDRANT_COLLECTION,
    query=query_embedding,
    using="embedding",
    limit=5,
    with_payload=True,
) Checkout the full code here. here Debugging with CocoInsight Run CocoInsight locally: cocoindex server -ci main.py cocoindex server -ci main.py Open https://cocoindex.io/cocoinsight to: https://cocoindex.io/cocoinsight View extracted pages
See embedding vectors and metadata View extracted pages See embedding vectors and metadata Support Us We’re constantly adding more examples and improving our runtime. ⭐ Star CocoIndex on GitHub and share the love ❤️! GitHub And let us know what are you building with CocoIndex — we’d love to feature them.

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