Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2. Prior conceptualisations of intelligent assistance for programmers 2. Prior conceptualisations of intelligent assistance for programmers 3. A brief overview of large language models for code generation 3. A brief overview of large language models for code generation 4. Commercial programming tools that use large language models 4. Commercial programming tools that use large language models 5. Reliability, safety, and security implications of code-generating AI models 5. Reliability, safety, and security implications of code-generating AI models 6. Usability and design studies of AI-assisted programming 6. Usability and design studies of AI-assisted programming 7. Experience reports and 7.1. Writing effective prompts is hard 7. Experience reports and 7.1. Writing effective prompts is hard 7.2. The activity of programming shifts towards checking and unfamiliar debugging 7.2. The activity of programming shifts towards checking and unfamiliar debugging 7.3. These tools are useful for boilerplate and code reuse 7.3. These tools are useful for boilerplate and code reuse 8. The inadequacy of existing metaphors for AI-assisted programming 8.1. AI assistance as search 8.1. AI assistance as search 8.2. AI assistance as compilation 8.2. AI assistance as compilation 8.3. AI assistance as pair programming 8.3. AI assistance as pair programming 8.4. A distinct way of programming 8.4. A distinct way of programming 9. Issues with application to end-user programming 9. Issues with application to end-user programming 9.1. Issue 1: Intent specification, problem decomposition and computational thinking 9.1. Issue 1: Intent specification, problem decomposition and computational thinking 9.2. Issue 2: Code correctness, quality and (over)confidence 9.2. Issue 2: Code correctness, quality and (over)confidence 9.3. Issue 3: Code comprehension and maintenance 9.3. Issue 3: Code comprehension and maintenance 9.4. Issue 4: Consequences of automation in end-user programming 9.4. Issue 4: Consequences of automation in end-user programming 9.5. Issue 5: No code, and the dilemma of the direct answer 9.5. Issue 5: No code, and the dilemma of the direct answer 10. Conclusion 10. Conclusion A. Experience report sources A. Experience report sources References References 7.3. These tools are useful for boilerplate and code reuse Despite the challenges we have described so far in this section, the utility of these tools in certain contexts is undeniable, and some programmers report having developed workflows, in certain contexts, that are heavily dependent on AI assistance. Particularly for simple tasks that require a lot of “boilerplate” code, or common tasks for which there are likely to be snippets of code online which prior to these AI assistants would have required a web search to retrieve. Hacker News commenters write: “These days not having Copilot is a pretty big productivity hit to me. The other day Copilot somehow stopped offering completions for maybe an hour, and I was pretty shocked to realize how much I’ve grown to rely on just hitting tab to complete the whole line. (I was writing Go at the time which is on the boilerplatey side among the mainstream languages, so Copilot is particularly effective [...]” “These days not having Copilot is a pretty big productivity hit to me. The other day Copilot somehow stopped offering completions for maybe an hour, and I was pretty shocked to realize how much I’ve grown to rely on just hitting tab to complete the whole line. (I was writing Go at the time which is on the boilerplatey side among the mainstream languages, so Copilot is particularly effective [...]” “I use GTP-3 codex [sic] daily when working. It saves me time, helps me explore unfamiliar languages and APIs and generates approaches to solve problems. It can be shockingly good at coding in narrow contexts. It would be a mistake to miss the developments happening in this area” “I use GTP-3 codex [sic] daily when working. It saves me time, helps me explore unfamiliar languages and APIs and generates approaches to solve problems. It can be shockingly good at coding in narrow contexts. It would be a mistake to miss the developments happening in this area” “[...] for a lot of quick programming questions, I’m finding I don’t even need a search engine. I just use Github Copilot. For example, if I wanted to remember how to throw an exception I’d just write that as a comment and let Copilot fill in the syntax. Between that and official docs, don’t need a ton else.” “[...] for a lot of quick programming questions, I’m finding I don’t even need a search engine. I just use Github Copilot. For example, if I wanted to remember how to throw an exception I’d just write that as a comment and let Copilot fill in the syntax. Between that and official docs, don’t need a ton else.” “[...] It’s changing the way I write code in a way that I can already tell is allowing me to be much lazier than I’ve previously been about learning various details of languages and libraries. [...]” “[...] It’s changing the way I write code in a way that I can already tell is allowing me to be much lazier than I’ve previously been about learning various details of languages and libraries. [...]” “[...] Github Copilot [...] pretty much replaced almost my entire usage of Stack Overflow.[...]” “[...] Github Copilot [...] pretty much replaced almost my entire usage of Stack Overflow.[...]” “[...] GitHub Copilot really shines in rote work: when it can correctly infer what you are about to do, it can and will assist you correctly. It’s not able to make big decisions, but in a pinch, it might be able to give hints. [...] If used right, Copilot can give developers a significant velocity boost, especially in greenfield projects where there is lots and lots of boilerplate to write. [...]” “[...] GitHub Copilot really shines in rote work: when it can correctly infer what you are about to do, it can and will assist you correctly. It’s not able to make big decisions, but in a pinch, it might be able to give hints. [...] If used right, Copilot can give developers a significant velocity boost, especially in greenfield projects where there is lots and lots of boilerplate to write. [...]” Authors:
(1) Advait Sarkar, Microsoft Research, University of Cambridge (advait@microsoft.com);
(2) Andrew D. Gordon, Microsoft Research, University of Edinburgh (adg@microsoft.com);
(3) Carina Negreanu, Microsoft Research (cnegreanu@microsoft.com);
(4) Christian Poelitz, Microsoft Research (cpoelitz@microsoft.com);
(5) Sruti Srinivasa Ragavan, Microsoft Research (a-srutis@microsoft.com);
(6) Ben Zorn, Microsoft Research (ben.zorn@microsoft.com). Authors: Authors: (1) Advait Sarkar, Microsoft Research, University of Cambridge (advait@microsoft.com); (2) Andrew D. Gordon, Microsoft Research, University of Edinburgh (adg@microsoft.com); (3) Carina Negreanu, Microsoft Research (cnegreanu@microsoft.com); (4) Christian Poelitz, Microsoft Research (cpoelitz@microsoft.com); (5) Sruti Srinivasa Ragavan, Microsoft Research (a-srutis@microsoft.com); (6) Ben Zorn, Microsoft Research (ben.zorn@microsoft.com). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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