Back in March, the that the widespread use of the word “blockchain” by multinational companies, international institutions, and famous crypto-entrepreneurs, has transformed the technical term into a meaningless buzzword. Verge boldly claimed At the start of the article, the cites a few examples of companies that have hijacked the word blockchain for their shady marketing campaigns. One company such changed its name from to and saw its share price rise by 289%. Verge Long Island Iced Tea Corp. Long Blockchain Corp , These and perhaps many other companies have a vested interested in perpetuating blockchain ignorance. There are hundreds of companies running crypto-scams — many of which are ponzi schemes and that prey on the ignorance of cryptocurrency investors. The con-artists behind these pyramid schemes, and fake mining pools often purport to mine various cryptocurrencies with insanely high, and unreasonably consistent profit margins. fake mining pools A lot of crypto-ponzi investors are unaware of the fact that Bitcoin and every other mineable cryptocurrency have hash-rate difficulties that increase exponentially as more miners join their respective blockchain networks as nodes, and compete for the block reward: the newly minted cryptocurrency for each mined block. _The estimated number of tera hashes per second (trillions of hashes per second) the Bitcoin network is performing._www.blockchain.com Hash Rate All miners, including will experience diminishing returns, regardless of how much they have invested in mining hardware. The only way any given mining pool would make more money over time, is if other mining pools abandon their efforts. But that is an extremely unlikely scenario, because the of investing in mining hardware compels most miners to continue mining their respective cryptocurrencies until the cost of electricity is greater than the revenue they receive from mining. mining pools sunk cost The lack of a clear and precise working definition of what a blockchain is makes it harder for new, and naive crypto-investors to learn more about the technology. And their lack of knowledge makes them easy prey for a new generation of con-men. Unethical marketing campaigns from ambitious tech companies will only make the situation worse. The had pointed out how legitimate companies are deliberately spreading confusing information to bolster their marketing campaigns. The article gives an example of the consequences of prominent tech companies running marketing campaigns built on the nebulous idea of a blockchain. Verge According to the major news outlets such as the and had erroneously described Estonia’s national identity system as a blockchain technology. The attributes this error to the myth making borne from the marketing decisions of a private Estonian company. Verge, Harvard Business Review The New Yorker, Verge Estonia’s technology vendor, Guardtime, rebranded its offering from “ ” to a “blockchain technology.” That’s not necessarily untrue since “blockchain” has no agreed-upon definition — and for now, it’s a . hash-linked time-stamping good marketing tactic Many more of the world’s most important ideas are plagued by the same conceptual imprecision we see in blockchain technology. But unlike other scientific ideas, the blockchain is a real-world solution. The mere fact that developers have coded and implemented blockchain technologies means that a working definition for blockchain technology exist. No biologist has ever created life in a test tube or petri dish — and that may be why life has despite hundreds of years of research and experimentation. must no scientific definition, Scientists have been debating the scientific meaning of life since Thomas Huxley tried to explain what life is by describing the components of protoplasm in a lecture called . On The Physical Basis of Life Much of the confusion surrounding the term “blockchain” stems from an ongoing debate among software developers on whether or not a blockchain can be centralized. Can a single database hosted on just one server or one computer be described as a blockchain if it uses time-stamping, and hashing algorithms to connect chronologically recorded transactions? The short answer is no. A blockchain is fundamentally a data structure in which transactions are verified in batches called blocks, and the nodes or servers verify said transactions through a consensus algorithm. There are a variety of blockchain consensus algorithms, but they boil down to four essential variations: proof of work, proof of stake, proof of importance, and byzantine fault tolerance or some combination thereof. The notes that some people think a private blockchain is just a shared database, but these two types of distributed databases have different consensus algorithms. A private blockchain uses what can be colloquially referred to as a consensus algorithm or technically described as (PBFT), which requires each masternode or participating company in the network, to simultaneously verify each new transaction by submitting their respective private keys. A shared database on the other hand, uses (MVCC) — a system in which simultaneous transactions that produce conflicting outputs are processed in parallel. And according to Gideon Greenspan, the founder of Coin Sciences, we can think of a blockchain as a distributed MVCC. Verge proof-of-permission practical byzantine fault tolerance multi-concurrency version control Without a consensus algorithm there would be no reason to group transactions into uniquely identifiable and there would be no logical way to justify the use of a blockchain data structure. Bitcoin, for example, uses transaction blocks to set a quantifiable limit on the number of times miners must solve a nonce, the unique key of each batch or block of transactions, in order to determine the overall security of the network. blocks or batches A block or batch of transactions in Bitcoin’s blockchain can only be verified or approved, once miners find the nonce: the 256-bit answer or key to a mathematical puzzle called Hashcash The Verge then cited an article from David Gerard in which the director of the (WFP) tried to explain what a blockchain is. As shown in the following quote; Houman Haddad, one of WFP’s executives, thought a comparison to Git would help clarify the meaning of blockchain technology. World Food Programme Git like blockchain, uses merkle trees. A blockchain, in a certain sense, can be seen as a peer-to-peer (P2P) hosted Git repository. In order to modify this repository, users must have a copy of the whole repository and pull the latest commits. When you download a blockchain client and run it, you have to check out the entire blockchain history, much like checking out a Git repo. Not all distributed databases are blockchains, because not all distributed databases need to process transactions with a consensus algorithm. Git is the kind of distributed database that doesn’t need a consensus algorithm, because each super-user or masternode has complete control over a given code repository and these super-users don’t need to organize their transactions in batches or blocks. To become a blockchain, Git would need some of its code repositories to be owned by multiple companies, and these companies would have to simultaneously agree to each new code change before it was implemented in order to justify the use of a consensus algorithm. is a distributed database that has no consensus algorithm. Git Transactions or commits (code changes) in Git, can be processed one at a time or in batches, and the staging index where new data is temporarily stored is somewhat like Bitcoin’s memory pool of unconfirmed transactions, but neither one of these traits make Git more like a blockchain. The WFP’s private network, built on the Ethereum blockchain, may contain a semi-immutable record of the thousands if not millions of transactions that have taken place within Azraq — Jordan’s refugee camp for Syrians, but that doesn’t make it a blockchain. WFP’s private network could become a blockchain when international NGOs and private companies decide to host their own competing nodes on its network. The lack of trust among such competing institutions could justify the use of a consensus algorithm based on a blockchain data structure. A private network built with the code base of a blockchain, is not an actual blockchain. Ethereum’s transaction may have forced Haddad to build a private network. But since the launch of the , there’s just no reason to continue using a shared database. EOS is a feeless blockchain that can process thousands of transactions per second. If speed and transparency are the key attributes the WFP is looking for in their distributed database, then EOS may be the perfect fit. But if privacy is also a priority, then and are both great tools for building a private blockchain from scratch. gas costs EOS mainnet Tendermint Hyperledger The legal ramifications of ambiguous blockchain terminology may have an even bigger impact on the long-term growth of blockchain adoption than misleading marketing campaigns. Angela Walch, a law professor from St. Mary’s University, believes that are driven by misconceptions and a poor understanding of how the new technology actually works. She provided a few suggestions on how US politicians should go about writing blockchain laws, like hiring internal blockchain experts in their legislative committees. America’s current attempts to create blockchain legislation She went on to describe how some former state employees are now closely associated with blockchain businesses and may be trying to persuade legislators to adopt more favorable legislation on behalf of their new clients. Some of the blockchain industry players are now working together to build a blockchain lobbying group called The Blockchain Association. Professor Walch then argues that the confusion surrounding the idea of immutability has had a negative impact on US legislation. The term “immutable,” with its varying and sometimes non-intuitive meanings in describing blockchain technology, is one that I very much wish we could strike from the blockchain lexicon, as “by ridding ourselves of an unnecessary confusion we should gain very much in the clearness of our thought. Programmers are accustomed to the idea that certain objects, individual pieces of data in a program — can be in the sense that they cannot be changed, but they can be entirely deleted from the program or of the program in question. A lawyer, on the other hand, would think of immutability as a complete or absolute resistance to changes of any kind. immutable a module Unfortunately, many programmers are pragmatic short-termists who feel that software development is more important than business communication, and that’s why programmatic terminology is often only as precise and as thorough as a pragmatist needs it to be. Blockchain developers could start describing blockchains as semi-immutable databases, and with a little caution and diligence, they will in due time solve all the contentious issues surrounding blockchain jargon.

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