Having a blog to write and share our knowledge on the internet is essential for visibility and making us known in our field as an authority on a subject. This article will teach you how to build a blog that has dynamic pages for each article. Table of Contents Prerequisites Getting Started What is Nuxt? What is Nuxt Content? What is Cloudinary? Creating a Blog with Nuxt Creating the Blog Notes Fetching the Posts Creating Dynamic Pages Final Thoughts Learn More To follow along, view the codebase and its repo on and the for reference. GitHub demo Prerequisites The following are required to complete this tutorial: Cloudinary account. is free Sign up Basic knowledge of JavaScript Familiarity with Vue Getting Started To get started, open up the terminal and run the command: npx create-nuxt-app blog-for-developers The command above will kick off a command-line interface (CLI) prompt that will allow us to configure various aspects of our project. Now that the boilerplate is set up with all the files and folders, let’s run the development server which is accessible on inside the project. http://localhost:3000 # change directory to project folder cd blog-for-developers # start the development environment npm run dev NuxtJS is an open-source intuitive Vue framework that allows us to build user interfaces, making web development simple and powerful. What is Nuxt? During the initial setup of this project, we selected the Nuxt content module. This module lets us use our codebase as a Git-based headless CMS to access markdown, JSON, YAML, XML, and even CSV files through an API-like interface. With this module , it will inject the instance globally in our project to access it anywhere in a project. What is Nuxt Content? @nuxt/content $content Cloudinary is a cloud-service image and video management tool for web and mobile applications. With Cloudinary, we can upload, create, and manage digital experiences across any browser and device. What is Cloudinary? Creating a Blog with Nuxt Before we create the content for the blog in markdown using Nuxt content, let’s first create the landing page for the blog that will include the navigation links and some text. In the , we can add our favorite font to the head section and use a particular font family as seen below: Add Font Style nuxt.config.js file The above code block will have no effect on the page until we write the CSS that will use the font. Now, add the following code to the which will include the navigation links and some text on the home page. Remove the component, . pages/index.vue <Tutorial /> <template> <section class =" showcase "> < header > < h2 class =" logo "> < nuxt - link to ="/"> ecosurf </ nuxt - link > </ h2 > < nav class =" nav desktop "> < ul > < li class =" nav__list "> < nuxt - link to ="/ blogs "> Stories </ nuxt - link > </ li > </ ul > </ nav > </ header > < video autoplay loop muted src =" https: // res . cloudinary . com / terieyenike / video / upload / v1651393236 / mixkit - tropical - island - landscape - view - 4692 - large_yanvml . mp4 "></ video > < div class =" overlay "></ div > < div class =" text "> < h2 data - type =" uppercase " class =" stroke "> Never Stop </ h2 > < h3 data - type =" uppercase "> Exploring The World </ h3 > < p > View of the tropical island landscape, from a hill with houses, palm trees and many trees, and in the distance the hills that surround the sea, on a sunny day . </ p > </ div > < ul class =" social "> < li > < a href =" https: // twitter . com / terieyenike " rel =" noopener noreferrer " target =" _blank ">< img alt =" twitter profile " src =" https: // i . ibb . co / Wnxq2Nq / twitter . png "/></ a > </ li > < li > < a href =" https: // instagram . com / terieyenike " rel =" noopener noreferrer " target =" _blank ">< img alt =" instagram profile " src =" https: // i . ibb . co / ySwtH4B / instagram . png "/></ a > </ li > </ ul > </ section > </ template > In the above code block, we included a with the source of the video stored in Cloudinary with attributes such as autoplay, loop, and muted that mute the video when it loads. To obtain the media stored in Cloudinary, we upload our desired video to the media library tab. Thereafter, copy the URL which will be attached to the of the . <video> src <video> Also, we referenced the links in the navigation header with the component to both the home and the routes which we will create to view all our blogs. To make sure our page is styled with CSS, create a folder at the root of the project, , and include the following from this . In the file, update the file to include the created CSS file with the following: nuxt-link / /blogs assets/styles/main.css gist nuxt.config.js ... ...
 } export default { css : [ '@/assets/styles/main.css' ], Here is what our page should look like: Creating the Blog Notes To build our blog site, we need to have content to display and render on the page. First, create a directory and then the blog directory that will contain all the markdown files. Writing all the content in markdown supports a lot of the markdown syntax standards such as the headings, links, and code blocks with syntax highlighting for different programming languages. PS: The Nuxt content utilizes the content folder to store all the files. Here’s an example of a markdown file in the content directory. Add the following to the file . /blogs content content/blogs/egghead.md title: Egghead author: Teri Eyenike
    description: All we need to do is open up our terminal and run the command npm install @nuxt/content. Once it's installed, you'll see that inside of our package.json, we see our Nuxt Content module. Next, to finalize the setup, let's go ahead and open up our nuxt.config.js, and let's go ahead and scroll down to the section that's labeled Modules.
    date: May 2, 2021
    publishOn: 2021-05-02T00:00:00
    tags: ["learning", "platform"]
 --- --- cover _image: https://res.cloudinary.com/terieyenike/image/upload/v1651446130/pexels-jeremy-bishop-8241100_ oklfpe.jpg [ Egghead ]( https://www.egghead.io ) is a great platform for developers to enhance their skills!  Markdown files have the ability to add metadata using the concept of front matter which is denoted with the triple-dash syntax at the start and stop of the front matter. The metadata, is what is displayed to readers like the time of publication and excerpt of the blog content, is what is displayed to readers. Other various properties can be included. PS: Inside of the front matter, it uses the YAML syntax. To fetch the posts for the blog page, let’s create a new route under . Create a folder, called blogs, and in there create file for the directory, blogs. Next, copy and add the following code to the file to display the rendered markdown files. Fetching the Posts pages index.vue pages/blogs/index.vue <template> </template> // pages/blogs/index.vue < main > < header > < h2 class = "logo" > < nuxt-link to = "/" > ecosurf </ nuxt-link > </ h2 > < nav class = "nav desktop" > < ul > < li class = "nav__list" > < nuxt-link to = "/blogs" > Stories </ nuxt-link > </ li > </ ul > </ nav > </ header > < div class = "container section" > < div class = "container__grid" > < div v-for = "blog in blogs" :key = "blog.slug + blog.createdAt" class = "card" > < img :src = "blog.cover_image" alt = "blog photographs" /> < div class = "pad__card" > < div class = "author" > < p class = "author__name" > {{ blog.author }} </ p > < span > | </ span > < p > {{ blog.date }} </ p > </ div > < h2 class = "title" > {{ blog.title }} </ h2 > < p > {{ blog.description.substring(0, 150) }}... </ p > < button > < nuxt-link :to = "`/blogs/${blog.slug}`" > Read More </ nuxt-link > </ button > </ div > </ div > </ div > </ div > </ main > < script > export default { async asyncData ( {$content} ) { const blogs = await $content( "blogs" ).sortBy( "publishOn" , "desc" ).fetch() return { blogs } }, head ( ) { return { title : "Read interesting stories as a nomad" , meta : [ { hid : 'description' , name : 'description' , content : 'Daily and juicy content as you learn, work, and relax. WFH' } ] } } } </ script > < style scoped > header { background : #111111 ; position : unset; } .container { width : 85% ; max-width : 75rem ; margin -inline: auto; } .section { padding : 3em 0 ; } .container__grid { display : grid; gap: 2em ; grid-template- columns : repeat (auto-fit, minmax ( 19rem , 1 fr)); } .card { background : #f0f7f4 ; box-shadow : 0px 4px 3px rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0.1 ); border-radius : 5px ; } .card img { object-fit : cover; border-top-left-radius : 5px ; border-top-right-radius : 5px ; width : 100% } .pad__card { padding : 2em ; } .author { display : flex; align-items : center; } .author , .title { margin-bottom : 1em ; } .author span { margin : 0 0.3em ; } .author__name { text-transform : capitalize; } button { border : unset; padding : 1em 2em ; margin-top : 2em ; background : #0D5159 ; font-weight : 700 ; cursor : pointer; } button a { color : #fff ; } </ style > The code block above does the following: : used to generate our page from Nuxt as it generates individual files statically to users. We pass in the method where the blog notes are stored, the function, and the method. asyncData $content sortBy() fetch : takes two parameters, (sort it by date) and the desc attributes on how you want the content to appear based on the most recent content published sortBy() publishOn To make each blog article dynamic, we will assign it to a URL, where it’s the blog slug on the Read more button using the component. /blogs/ <nuxt-link> The last step for viewing the snippet of the rendered posts from the content directory is to use the v-for directive and loop over the blogs and render each article in a card. Rendering the posts Here is what the blog page should look like now: Creating Dynamic Pages Now let’s create pages for each blog post to have dynamic URL routes. In Nuxt, to create dynamic pages, we append an underscore before the .vue file name so as not to make the URL hardcoded. We then create the file under the blogs directory and add the following code: _slug.vue <template> </template> // pages/blogs/_slug.vue < main > < header > < h2 class = "logo" > < nuxt-link to = "/" > ecosurf </ nuxt-link > </ h2 > < nav class = "nav desktop" > < ul > < li class = "nav__list" > < nuxt-link to = "/blogs" > Stories </ nuxt-link > </ li > </ ul > </ nav > </ header > < div class = "container" > < div class = "return" > < nuxt-link to = "/" > < img alt = "back to home" src = "/home.png" /> </ nuxt-link > < span > / </ span > < nuxt-link to = "/blogs" > Blog </ nuxt-link > < span > / </ span > < p > {{ note.title.substring(0, 15) }}... </ p > </ div > < section > < h1 > {{ note.title }} </ h1 > < nuxt-content :document = "note" cla /> </ section > </ div > </ main > < script > export default { async asyncData ( {$content, route} ) { const note = await $content( `blogs/ ${route.params.slug} ` ).fetch() return { note } } } </ script > < style scoped > header { background : #111111 ; position : unset; } .container { width : 85% ; max-width : 75rem ; margin -inline: auto; } section { padding-bottom : 2em ; } .return { display : flex; margin : 1.5em 0 ; } .return img { width : 20px ; height : 20px ; } .return span { margin : 0 1em ; } h1 { margin-bottom : 1em } </ style > This block of code does the following: : We use the content to fetch a specific file from the directory blogs using the route parameter and the slug which will map to our actual file name ${route.params.slug} To render the markdown as actual content defined in the markdown file, we use the nuxt-content component and pass the prop of the with the entire object document note : Defining the scoped to the style element make sure that the styling only applies to a specific page scoped Final Thoughts The creation of a blog is great when you want to share your thoughts with a wider audience and Nuxt has provided us with a way to do so in this article. 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In this article, we will focus on our CTO as a Service Podcast. The podcast is about the importance of CTO in IT companies. https://youtu.be/7HpSpD9sgUg Introduction Today, the high-tech market is developing exponentially, which attracts a lot of investment, and has begun to cause some problems. One of the most critical problems now is the lack of technical specialists with the necessary experience and expertise. The market for technical specialists is experiencing a severe hunger, which is why software development companies have started offering services such as dedicated team CTO as service. We will tell you about the last of these services today. Also, in the podcast, you can learn how to hire the right CTO and not lose resources by hiring a bad CTO. About our guest Matthew Cochran has 24 years of experience as a technical person. Right now, he is the CTO at TRUTHSHIELD and ARTNET, so Artnet connects the world’s art collectors, professionals, and institutions to business-critical data and information, and TRUTHSHIELD is for founders, professional leaders, and executives who run teams to build digital products. Truthshuild is his own company, he is the Founder and the CTO. When do you need a CTO? CTO is essential for companies developing products if they want to work effectively, not to do some things over and over again, constantly moving from one technology stack to another, CTO will help with the effective organization of development processes, management of the development team, and other aspects of your organization. So, for example, you cannot gather doctors in a circle and say that you are a hospital and send doctors to do something. You need a person who can effectively organize and control the work of specialists. Why has CTO as a service become more popular nowadays? This is all happening out of necessity; now we have a lot of companies, and the development market is experiencing a huge hunger for IT specialists and CTO. The software product development market is developing exponentially, and there are not enough necessary specialists to fill the needed positions. Partly, the market played a role, but many startups also realized that they needed help to organize some processes within the company to improve efficiency. CTO is a rather expensive resource, so it is often much cheaper and easier to hire CTO as a service to at least temporarily fill this position in your organization. Of course, you want to avoid all those mistakes that you can make at the beginning without an experienced specialist mentor in the person of CTO. In-house or Outsourced CaaS. When which is better? According to Matthew, most often CTO as service, that is, outsourcing CTO tasks, is the best solution if you want to find a person with certain expertise and if you need a person at the very beginning of your organization, for example, for a startup. But if your company is developing something peculiar, then maybe you’d better nurture your in-house CTO. Of course, it is most profitable to outsource a CTO since you can always hire him from anywhere in the world and pay him less than you could pay a CTO that is located in the USA or Europe. If you are not a technical person, then it is essential at the very beginning to have a person with a lot of technical experience, such as a CTO. Still, he is quite expensive, so in this case, CTO as a service is an excellent solution for you. But there is a problem with hiring an outsource CTO. As for the services provided, it is essential to understand as early as possible whether this specialist has the expertise and experience that he allegedly owns since anyone from the street can put on a sign and say that he is CTO. Conclusion In conclusion, CTO as a service has become an excellent solution for startups who do not want to make mistakes that startup companies can usually make; CTO will be able to help effectively set up development processes and team interactions, where technical specialists will not redo what has already been created over and over again. Also, CTO as a service is perfect for those who are not technically savvy people who want to develop their product, since CTO will take over the product’s technical development responsibilities. If you're going to reduce mistakes related to the technical part at the beginning of your company and product development, then the best solution for you will be CTO as a service. Also Published here

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Right in the Feels When it comes down to it, you have to love what you do. As software engineers, we spend a huge amount of time writing code. Granted, the further you progress in your career the less code you’ll actually write, but even for the more senior staff, it’s a significant part of the job. Personally, I find a huge difference in my programming stamina when I have great tools and themes in place. Having the right tools configured properly for your job can make a huge difference. Here are some of the tools/settings/styles that I’ve picked up along the way that I think will make your life more enjoyable. Sometimes all it takes is a fresh font to become inspired. Try something new! 1. Solid IDE and Theme If the main focus of your role is to produce high-quality code, you are probably using an IDE. It’s easy to just download whatever one is recommended to you, or that you’re the most familiar with, and stick with the same settings you’ve used for years. But sometimes change can be inspirational. I’m not saying my setup is better than anyone else’s but I find it simultaneously relaxing and invigorating, which makes writing code more enjoyable. : Editor Visual Studio Code Font: Cascadia Code Color scheme: Solarized Dark , , , Notable Extensions: Disable Ligatures Projects Indent Rainbow Prettier Settings for Font Ligatures: {
    "workbench.colorTheme": "Solarized Dark",
    "editor.tokenColorCustomizations": {
        "textMateRules": [
            {
                "scope": [
                    //following will be in italic (=FlottFlott)
                    "comment",
                    "entity.name.type.class", //class names
                    "keyword", //import, export, return…
                    "constant", //String, Number, Boolean…, this, super
                    "storage.modifier", //static keyword
                    "storage.type.class.js", //class keyword
                ],
                "settings": {
                    "fontStyle": "italic"
                }
            },
            {
                "scope": [
                    //following will be excluded from italics (VSCode has some defaults for italics)
                    "invalid",
                    "keyword.operator",
                    "constant.numeric.css",
                    "keyword.other.unit.px.css",
                    "constant.numeric.decimal.js",
                    "constant.numeric.json"
                ],
                "settings": {
                    "fontStyle": ""
                }
            }
        ]
    },
    "editor.fontFamily": "'Cascadia Code', Menlo, Monaco, 'Courier New', monospace",
    "editor.fontWeight": "350",
    "editor.fontLigatures": "'calt', 'ss01', 'ss02', 'ss03', 'ss04', 'ss05', 'ss06', 'zero', 'onum'",
    "disableLigatures.mode": "Line"
} VSCode provides a huge amount of flexibility without compromising simplicity. The Cascadia Code font with ligatures creates really nice cursive characters and other signage that makes the code more fun to read. Lastly, the extensive library of VSCode provides so much additional functionality that finding a few new extensions makes it feel like an entirely new editor. 2. Flexible Command Line Prompt There are a lot of options out there, depending on your platform. Personally, I develop on a MacBook so my suggestion here is iTerm2.  I’ve chosen this program for two major reasons. First is the saved-window-groups feature that allows you to split your terminal into multiple panes, then save that as a “window group” to quickly recreate it. The second is the ability to create profiles. Each profile has its own color scheme and you can auto-run the lines of code at the start of the terminal session (without having to edit your zsh/bash profile). Combined, this creates a really powerful environment. At the beginning of every day I open up iTerm, and it defaults to my favorite window group which has 3 panes. One auto-starts a sync that I have to have running all day. The second opens up some internal documentation that I’m constantly reviewing. The third updates all of my local packages then start in my local code directory, ready for work. Just by opening this app, I now have 3 simple (yet important) tasks completed and ready to go without another thought. Last, and yet probably just as important, these terminal profiles all have their own color scheme. This makes it easy to differentiate between the panels, makes them easy to look at, and is fun to use. 3. Configured Shell Environment Now that you’ve chosen and configured your terminal application, you’ll actually have to use it. For this, you’ll want to take some time to learn about the shell environment you have to work in. Again, I’m on a Mac so it defaults to zsh, which isn’t a terrible choice. For a long time, I would manually swap this for bash, but then I discovered and I never swapped again.  Whether you have a very in-depth bash file, or you use something like Oh-My-ZSH, the point here is that you want to make massive quality-of-life upgrades to your shell environment so that when you do have to work in it, it’s a dream. Oh-My-ZSH, .profile Aside from making your terminal look way cooler with some awesome themes, you can use plugins to add a ton of additional functionality that you didn’t know you needed. My favorite upgrade is one of the simplest ones, a theme that interfaces with git so you can tell exactly what repo and branch you’re in, at all times. 4. Non-GUI Text Editor While we’re on the topic of terminals, there’s one last point to consider. You’re going to need a text editor that you’re comfortable with. Again, you’re going to spend some time in here doing…who knows what, so it might as well be something functional, with lots of awesome features and customizable options. Personally, I like and have for a long time. Vim’s themes are really well done, and the UI is slim and non-intrusive making it easy to use, once you’re familiar with the keyboard shortcuts. But further, by finding a good .vimrc file (or making one yourself) so you can ensure the editing environment is customized to your needs. Vim Things like how far indented each nested line of code should be or whether it should be indented with tabs or spaces are highly customizable. There’s also a wealth of plugins to consider that can help with code completion and syntax highlighting. I usually start with this “ ” file and then customize it as needed. The Ultimate Vimrc 5. Browser Whether you’re a web developer and need a solid suite of testing tools or an iOS developer with testing and validation built right into your IDE, let’s just agree on one thing. We all need access to . No matter what you do, you need a good, trustworthy browser. In every role, I’ve had two major considerations to make when picking which browser will be my system default. First, what is the recommended browser by my organization (this does matter)? Second, what browser is going to best fit my needs? Stack Overflow Currently, the go-to is . Chrome has a large library of extensions that work really well with my other tools allowing me to debug with speed and agility. It also interfaces nicely with my organization’s policies and online platforms that I use daily. Google Chrome Once you choose a browser, make it work for you. Migrate your bookmarks, organize them, and take the time to browse the extensions or plugin libraries. Don’t forget that you’re likely to spend most of your day here, make sure it works for you. , , Notable extensions: Xdebug Helper React Developer Tools Redux DevTools 6. Productivity Tools At this point, you should have the tools you need to perform your daily tasks. So what’s left? Well, there are always little shortcuts that can help you be more productive. Github has a desktop application that you can use if you don’t love working on the command line. There’s a whole world out there of note-taking applications that can make your meetings a thing of wonder. There are database applications aplenty. Take some time to document all of your daily tasks and requirements and see what tools are out there that make your life easier. My favorite productivity tool is a lesser-known one named . Dash Dash has two major sections too, both very useful. First, it allows you to download a huge amount of document sets for offline viewing. If your job requires you to do any sort of traveling or, if you just like to work from not-home or not-office occasionally, this can be a huge life-saver. What do you do when you can’t visit stack overflow or jump over to your favorite framework’s documentation page? Open up dash and it’s all right there. Second, it allows you to store code snippets for re-use. I’ve used this for the complicated or detailed commands that I have to run consistently. You can even activate a “listener” that will auto-replace your text when you type. So instead of having to type docker-compose exec app bash Over and over, you can create a snippet titled dc-exec, and when Dash recognizes you're typing that out, it’ll auto-replace it with the required command. The best part is that these snippet files can be backed up and transferred so you don’t have to recreate them every time you set up a new machine. Go Conquer the World! Well, you have it there, folks. You’ve basically walked through a day in my life as a developer. With a good IDE, font, theme, and a solid set of helper tools at your disposal you can achieve absolutely anything.

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It’s the most prevalent issue faced by almost all Microsoft Outlook users. This is a file corruption issue in Microsoft Outlook including PST files (Personal Storage Files). This may be attributed to a sudden system shutdown or not closing MS Outlook properly. Whatever that might be, it only leads to corruption of outlook data and you will find that all your emails are gone when you try to open them. At this point in time, you'd need a tool that could recover your lost outlook data, preferably a quick and easy way out. Microsoft Outlook Corruption Issues: One of the most common issues with MS Outlook is "Corruption". Sometimes due to abrupt termination of MS Outlook during operation, it ends up saving corrupted data. In other cases, corruption of PST files occurs due to memory card failure or virus attacks during Outlook operations. Corruption can also happen if there is a problem with the header of your personal storage file (PST), which stores all the outlook data of Microsoft Outlook. At times, physical damage to PST file components such as headers and allocation tables may also result in PST corruption. Apart from this, several other technical issues might cause corruption of MS Outlook files including: Installation error Software malfunctioning A power surge or Shutting down your computer abruptly Once you realize that your MS Outlook has been corrupted then the first thing you need to do is not to panic and stop using your MS outlook immediately so as to prevent further damage to data. Now some points need to be noted - your MS Outlook profile and mailbox should be safe and you can access them using a new installation of MS Outlook i.e., you won't lose all your Personal Folders (PST files). Now, if corruption occurs during work, then the first thing you need to do is make an offline backup of your corrupted PST files or emails either in file format or by having another email client like EMLX where it shows a preview of these emails or even in Exchange Server mailboxes directly. .TXT If you are unable to do the above-mentioned things then you need to use a third-party utility, which is really helpful in getting back all your data including emails and other information. This tool will definitely recover your inaccessible outlook data and provide you with an option to save it to the desired location. Stellar Outlook PST Repair Software: Stellar Phoenix Outlook PST Repair software is one of the most effective software that restores corrupt MS Outlook files. It repairs corrupted Microsoft Outlook files ( ), (Offline Storage Table) and (Exchange 2000 Server or higher) format files proficiently and provides previews of recovered items such as Messages, Contacts, Calendar items, etc., before saving them at the user's desired location. .PST .OST .EDB The user can also choose whether he wants to save the output files as Unicode or ANSI (Default) and can also choose between RAW and Outlook mode while saving repaired PST file. Another good thing about this tool is that it recovers unreadable data from severely corrupt /damaged files, which cannot be repaired using Microsoft scanpst.exe utility, and renames the recovered items to their original state so that the user doesn't have to rename them manually. .PST This software provides read-only access to damaged PST files so you need not worry about corruption of your drive where you are trying to access your corrupted PST file due to a virus attack. The interface of the software is very easy such that all types of users will find it easy to work on it without any trouble. Stellar Outlook PST Repair Software offers different scanning options for users to choose from. The user can opt for Full Scan or any one of the following Quick Scan, Smart Quick Scan, or Custom Scans in order to repair their Outlook data files depending on the size and type of corruption in the PST file. The software is very fast when it comes to repairing PST files as it recovers 10 GB of data within a few minutes (depends upon size and level of corruption). Stellar Phoenix Outlook PST Repair Key Features: Recover permanently deleted emails along with email properties like cc , bcc , sent date, received date, etc., Repairs highly corrupt/damaged Microsoft Outlook (.PST) files. Recover password-protected files. Repairs files from encrypted file format. .PST Provided read-only access to the damaged PST file. Restore data in Unicode and ANSI formats. Allows saving recovered Outlook items in different formats such as DBX, MBOX, MSG, EML, EMLX, vCal, and vCard for all popular email , including MS Outlook 2016/2013/2010/2007/2003 & Windows Live Mail 2012/2011/2010. clients Conclusion: Outlook users can now very well recover their damaged PST files by using Stellar Outlook PST Repair Software. It provides previews of the recovered items and allows saving them in different formats such as DBX, MBOX, MSG, EML, EMLX, and vCal/vCard for all popular email clients including MS Outlook 2016/2013/2010/2007/2003 & Windows Live Mail 2012/2011/2010.

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In this article, we will discuss software testing and how you can start a challenging and progressive career in the field of Software Testing. Software Testing Definition Software testing aims to check whether the actual results of a product under development match the expected results and the person who is responsible for this is known as a software tester or QA (Quality Analyst). Types of Testers The types of testers are: Manual Testers Automation Testers Manual Testers: The manual tester is the person who creates the test scenarios and tests the product as an end-user. Manual testing is inclusive of the following tests Creating a Test Plan Writing Test Cases Assigning Test Cases to the team Generating reports Manual testing is a hefty and time-consuming process. Manual testing is processed without the help of any tools or test scripts. Automation Testers: Automation testers can automate the whole process of testing with the help of various automation tools. Automation testing came into the picture to help with manual testing and increase the efficiency of the overall testing process. Automation testing is not easy to learn as compared to manual testing one must have a good knowledge of programming languages so that they can understand the test scripts and identify any errors easily. What are the roles and responsibilities of a software tester? If you have stepped in as a software tester there will be various roles and responsibilities based on your profile and depending on the organization you join. Some of the common responsibilities you need to look upon areas: Creation of test cases and scenarios for the product under testing. Perform software testing in close coordination with the development team. Interaction with clients for requirements Analyzing the results and making a report based on the data. Till now we have you covered with the basic idea of what software testing is and what your would-be responsibilities are if you were going to pursue a career in the field of software testing. Let's go further and discuss how you could become a software tester. How to become a software tester? Landing in a software testing field seems to be a difficult task but believe me, it isn't. It's a role that perfectly suits everyone whether you are from a technical background i.e. Computer Science, IT branches, or from other core branches. i.e., Electrical, Mechanical, etc. Moving to a corporate sector requires a skill set of both technical as well as non-technical skills. Thus, you need to possess them both to excel in any field. Technical Skills: Landing in It field requires you to have at least a basic understanding of programming languages. Since you are going to work on the software, you must understand what the code means and what errors it has. Learn Programming Basics: You don't need to have any experience or a very high-end understanding of the database and SQL but you must know the basics because every software stores a large amount of data thus it's important to have a good understanding. Basics of Database and SQL: If you are from the technical field you must have learned the basics of software testing as syllabi of the year graduate program. Start preparing for different types of tests, what are the test scenarios, how to generate a report, and other related things. Learn about Software testing: Start looking up for internships you will get to learn various things and trust me the exposure hits different rather than your continuous learning you might be aware of the problem theoretically but solving it practically is not that easy. Look For An Internship: Getting a certification will add value to your resume and have a positive effect on the recruiters. Getting a certification: It seems hard as I said how to practice without knowing anything but trust me it's the easiest of the above mentioned. You must be using different apps and websites and may encounter inappropriate behavior. Practice Testing: Start paying attention to the details and if you find any error try to find a possible solution if you can and report the problem if you find any under the support contact for improvising it with the next update. Non-Technical Skills: Try to continuously update your profile with every course you do on LinkedIn. Make your profile look good and be open for jobs. Because several times the HR representatives make or post jobs on LinkedIn. Update Your Profiles: You shall be curious to learn with the advancement in technologies you need to develop your skills to be in the market. Online sources play a great role in learning these courses with the updated content. You can try various platforms like Udemy, Coursera, and even lectures available on YouTube. Passion to learn: Being a tester it's your responsibility to be in continuous touch with the development team to report any errors or bugs thus you need to have good communication skills. Communication Skills: As a tester, you need to be well planned because every product comes with a fleas date and to make it happen on time you must be efficient and well unplanned. Time Management Skills: Conclusion: Testing is indispensable. It's the lifeline of software. Quality is a thing that can uplift you from your competitors. No company wants to make its customers sad and unhappy. In every sector, there is a quality control team whose responsibility is to check the product under development. Thus the job of a software tester is very crucial and can't be undermined. Check out more details on software testing. About the Author: Rahul Singh is an engineering graduate of MITS Gwalior. He is a tech enthusiast and an avid learner. He likes to read and write about technology-related topics.

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How to Start a Career in Software Testing

It requires an ample amount of time, effort, and resources to produce great, user-friendly documentation. Good documentation is fundamental to the way engineers get started with a product and ultimately use it in the long run, which makes it essential to both user retention and growth. Building our documentation at was a task we therefore took very seriously. Courier We originally created our documentation for a very small, specific audience with specific uses for Courier. Over time, however, our user base, their use cases, and our product itself has grown dramatically. To cover our bases, we needed to improve and expand our documentation and this time, we wanted to make it scalable and with a focus on a great user experience. We decided to use to do so, which allowed our engineers to collaborate and update our documentation more efficiently. Here’s how we built our documentation and what we learned in the process that might be useful to you. Docusaurus Identifying challenges with our documentation process When we first started Courier, we just wanted that explained how to use Courier as a product. So, we found a tool that could help with that: ReadMe. documentation ReadMe gave us enough features to get started with our documentation. We could create and update our documentation when needed and without much effort, but we couldn’t collaborate as much as we needed and could only save one draft at a time. This was a major challenge because anyone could easily overwrite another’s work if they were working on the same file at the same time. ReadMe also had a flat file structure which was inconvenient to use. There was also no real integration into their CLI, so we had issues with document versioning and collaboration. Ultimately, this meant that docs were in the approval process for an unnecessary length of time and not everyone was able to make suggestions for improvement as they came up. Git So some years and a few significant product updates down the line, we knew that it was time for a major documentation update. ReadMe was easy to get started with and served us well for our first couple of years, but we needed something that addressed our more specific pain points. Prerequisites for a documentation tool So we knew we needed something new. The next step was to decide which solutions were necessary to address our pain points for the next version of our documentation. The team came up with a list of requirements for documentation tools we would use in the future. Limitless Collaboration A happy challenge with a growing company is the need to scale almost every aspect of it as the team and product grow. As Courier’s technical team grows, we have more subject matter experts to provide input on documentation, which is good news for the quality of docs. However, more SMEs mean that we need more people to be able to collaborate on a draft at a time. Since the team will only continue to grow from here, limitless collaboration was one of the basic necessities for our future docs tool(s). Versioning A growing company comes with the inevitability of a growing product. As new versions of the product are released, there will always be an overlap time when some of our users are using an older version of the product and some are on the newest version. Our documentation needs to cater to both of these groups of users, which means to make sure everyone has the correct information, versioning is an important docs feature. For example, we need to keep the documentation of our API 1.0.0 version separate from the one for API 2.0.0 and ensure that it is possible to update and switch between versions quickly and easily. Version was also important to allow for the option to separate and store drafts away from the official documentation so that the team would be comfortable working without the pressure of a breaking change. Link Validation One of the worst things that can happen to user experience in product documentation is for a user to click on a link and get a 404 error. It makes it more difficult to keep users in the docs and following instructions, which can ultimately affect how many users successfully get started with the product and/or are able to troubleshoot on their own. A docs tool that would include link validation for internal links would go a long way toward avoiding damaging errors and UX issues. Localization We have customers from different ethnic groups all around the world who speak a diverse set of languages. To cater to a global audience, users need to be able to read our documentation and get the help they need, regardless of the language they speak. Localizing our documentation like link validation, improves user retention and UX. Docusaurus matched our list With our list in place, we were able to begin researching to find the right new tool. After some research, we discovered that , which is built on React, allowed for limitless collaboration, versioning, link validation, and localization. Docusaurus With Docusaurus, we built our docs as markdowns and exported them as a static site. We created reusable custom components and now have complete control over how we build our documentation. The integration is also particularly useful, as it allows any JavaScript code to be embedded into the .md file. MDX With a few lines of code, we could tweak our theme to suit our brand colors or customize any part of our documentation by the components we wanted. We also could use plugins to extend the functionality we got from Docusaurus. An example is the plugin for our search feature that allows customers to find relevant documentation. swizzling I also built our custom API explorer myself, which enables developers to try out our API methods directly from our docs. I built it as an embedded React component placed in the MDX file. Because we host our documentation on , we could utilize Vercel Functions to proxy the API Explorer requests to the Courier API through our docs backend endpoint. Vercel With Docusaurus, we have been able to build our documentation quickly and easily. We can now make updates by simply cloning the repo on , branching off our main branch, implementing the changes, and creating a pull request (PR). Once someone has reviewed and approved the PR, it’s merged with the main branch, which deploys to Vercel and updates our site with the changes. GitHub All we need to contribute to our documentation is a GitHub account and an integrated development environment (IDE). This helps us keep track of every maintenance task for our documentation. What’s next for our documentation? There are a few more goals we have for our documentation. We have yet to utilize Docusaurus’s localization feature, so that’s in the works. We have also recently made our documentation to welcome external contributors. This way, the user can take ownership of the updates they want and help themselves and others who would benefit from their contribution. open-source Until then, learn to use Courier via our . We also content that’ll help you get . documentation and tutorials live stream started and continue with Courier Also Published here

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How We Built Our Software Documentation On Docusaurus

The PDF stands for Portable Document Format. The PDF provides flexibility, which means that it can be modified in any way the author desires. Today, we have access to many other great digital formats such as DOCX and PPTX. However, PDF is still widely popular due to its long history of success and wide compatibility with devices. Some people would argue that PDF is more convenient than these newer formats because it can be viewed on different devices without any conversion required. Sometimes the simplest of tasks can get complicated when it comes to PDFs, especially when we need to modify a PDF programmatically. In this article, we will cover common problems faced by developers and how to solve them. These are the common problems faced by developers while editing PDF documents programmatically in their applications. How do you customize or edit fonts on your printed documents with little or no effort? The proper way to print multiple pages on a single sheet. What features can be added or taken away from a PDF file? How do I create a PDF file that is not editable? One of the main problems with PDFs is that it's difficult to modify them. You need to know how it works to modify it and this makes the process complicated and time-consuming. Modifying PDF programmatically is not easy, but with the right tool, you can make the modification easier by reading the original file's metadata and extracting specific information from the source code of your system. So, in this article, I will talk about three PDF Generating libraries that developers must know for PDF modification purposes. 1. IronPDF: C# PDF Library IronPDF is a C# PDF library that allows for fast and efficient reading and writing of PDF files. It does not use external tools or SDKs for editing or interacting with the data. It can run with minimal memory usage and only requires .NET Framework 4.5 or higher and .NET Core 2.0 to function. It supports the latest version of the .NET Framework 7. When it comes to creating PDFs in the .NET core, there are plenty of libraries. However, when you have a complex project and need the best possible performance out of your PDF generation, IronPDF is an ideal choice. It's one of the most advanced and powerful PDF libraries available today. From encoding to security, IronPDF provides the same high-quality experience for developers as it does for end users. It is a standalone pdf component to use. IronPDF library can be used to create, edit and manipulate PDF files with just a few lines. It supports various kinds of operations for editing and manipulating PDF files including text extraction and text insertion in existing pdf files. The library has features that make it easier for developers to create secure, convenient, and customizable HTML to PDF conversions and modify pdf files. These features include pdf locks, editing restrictions, and pdf security. Developers also have access to an API for customizing the generated output without having to use any additional software or hardware. Some of its features include the ability to create responsive layouts; the creation of headers and footers; margins; and the conversion of images into PDFs. IronPDF also has tools for converting PDFs into XML, XPS, or JPG formats. You can also convert an HTML string or HTML file to a PDF document. IronPDF uses HTML strings to generate pdf documents. It makes PDF creation very easy. The main goal of IronPDF is to be a simple, yet powerful and flexible library for developers to use in creating PDF documents from images or other sources. Let's have a look at the code example of IronPDF. Code Example: HTML to pdf: using IronPdf;
 
var Renderer = new IronPdf.ChromePdfRenderer();
using var PDF = Renderer.RenderHtmlAsPdf("<h1>Html with CSS and Images</h1>")
PDF.SaveAs("pixel-perfect.pdf"); Images to PDF: // PM> Install-Package IronPdf
using IronPdf;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
 
// One or more images as IEnumerable.  This example selects all JPEG images in a specific folder.
var ImageFiles = System.IO.Directory.EnumerateFiles(@"C:\project\assets").Where(f => f.EndsWith(".jpg") || f.EndsWith(".jpeg"));
 
// Convert the images to a PDF and save it.
ImageToPdfConverter.ImageToPdf(ImageFiles).SaveAs(@"C:\project\composite.pdf"); Headers & Footers: // PM> Install-Package IronPdf
using IronPdf;
 
 
IronPdf.ChromePdfRenderer Renderer = new IronPdf.ChromePdfRenderer();
 
 
  // Build a footer using html to style the text
  // mergable fields are:
  // {page} {total-pages} {url} {date} {time} {html-title} & {pdf-title}
  Renderer.RenderingOptions.HtmlFooter = new HtmlHeaderFooter()
  {
 
      MaxHeight = 15, //millimeters
      HtmlFragment = "<center><i>{page} of {total-pages}<i></center>",
      DrawDividerLine = true
  }; You have seen that the usage of this library is very easy and simple. It allows installation easily using NUGET packages. We can modify the existing pdf documents. For more tutorials, you can visit this . link License The free version is available for development purposes. IronPDF has variations in its pricing plan for individuals and companies. Let's have a look at the pricing plan. 2. PDFTron PDFTron C# is a pdf library that provides a variety of utility functions for creating, editing, and manipulating pdf documents. PDFTron C offers many features that are important to an organization’s digital transformation. The library’s high performance, easy installation, and portability make it an invaluable tool for companies wanting to create PDF documents. The feature-rich environment also ensures that companies can utilize PDF as a document format to their fullest potential. PDFTron C# pdf library is a powerful and intuitive library, which allows developers to create, modify and extract text from PDF files. This library is designed to be modular and as such can be used in any kind of project, not just software development. You can convert pdf documents to other formats. You can arrange PDF pages too. The new library addresses significant scalability issues existing in traditionally primitive methods of creating, storing, and manipulating digital soft documents. It will store the metadata along with resultant files in the native format while embedding the content into XML or JSON formats if necessary. This feature allows users to explore dynamic content from within modern computing environments without having to download cumbersome packages such as ZIP or RAR files before conversion. Let's have a look at the code examples: Code Example Insert Pages: PDFDoc new_doc = new PDFDoc();
int page_num = 15;
for (int i = 1; i <= page_num; ++i)
{
    PDFDoc in_doc = new PDFDoc(filename + "_split_page_" + i + ".pdf");
    new_doc.InsertPages(i, in_doc, 1, in_doc.GetPageCount(), PDFDoc.InsertFlag.e_none);
}
new_doc.Save(output_filename + "_merge_pages.pdf", SDFDoc.SaveOptions.e_linearized); Blank PDF: // use the empty constructor to create a blank PDF
PDFDoc doc = new PDFDoc();

// optionally perform some document processing using read write operations 
// found under 'Editing Page Content' or 'Page Manipulation'

// save the document to the filesystem
doc.Save(output_filename, SDFDoc.SaveOptions.e_linearized);

// optionally save the document to a memory buffer
byte[] buf = doc.Save(SDFDoc.SaveOptions.e_linearized); In the above examples, we can see that it is easy to use in our programs. Somehow, the parameters are looking difficult to understand for the beginner. PDFTron uses some advanced concepts. So, for the beginner, it will be a difficult task to understand its functions. But overall, PDFTron has good performance and output. License If we talk about its license, then we don't have any information because we have to contact support to discuss its pricing plan. 3. QuestPDF QuestPDF is a cutting-edge library that will allow you to make PDFs in your .NET application by offering a high-level, user-friendly API in C#. It has documentation that shows how to manipulate PDFs. There are also a bunch of examples and design patterns there to get you up and running quickly! This library is created for professionals to use when designing document layouts and considering pagination. Alternative approaches, such as HTML-based converters, are not designed for this and so often produce unpredictable results. QuestPDF was built using SkiaSharp, an open-source graphics library. The PDFs created by QuestPDF are high quality, meaning you'll get an exceptional result with less effort. It has a well-optimized layout engine that can generate more than 1000 PDF files per minute per core. It is also thread-safe. Let's take a look at QuestPDF and how we can use QuestPDF in our program. Code Example using QuestPDF.Fluent;
using QuestPDF.Helpers;
using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;

// code in your main method
Document.Create(container =>
{
    container.Page(page =>
    {
        page.Size(PageSizes.A4);
        page.Margin(2, Unit.Centimetre);
        page.Background(Colors.White);
        page.DefaultTextStyle(x => x.FontSize(20));
        
        page.Header()
            .Text("Hello PDF!")
            .SemiBold().FontSize(36).FontColor(Colors.Blue.Medium);
        
        page.Content()
            .PaddingVertical(1, Unit.Centimetre)
            .Column(x =>
            {
                x.Spacing(20);
                
                x.Item().Text(Placeholders.LoremIpsum());
                x.Item().Image(Placeholders.Image(200, 100));
            });
        
        page.Footer()
            .AlignCenter()
            .Text(x =>
            {
                x.Span("Page ");
                x.CurrentPageNumber();
            });
    });
})
.GeneratePdf("hello.pdf"); Its syntax is very difficult to understand for the beginner. In the above example, we can see how complex its structure is in comparison to IronPDF and PDFTron. You have to write a lot of code lines to perform simple operations. But it is free for production. So, it is a plus point. License If we are talking about a license then its license comes under the MIT license. It is open source right now. So, developers can use it for free. But its features are limited. It has not a large variety of operations. It offers some basic operations. Conclusion In last words, I will compare the pricing plans of these libraries. IronPDF has 3 pricing plans from individual to company. It is free for development and has a 30-day free trial too. The prices are very reasonable. It starts from $499 only. PDFTron has a pricing plan too but it is not visible. You have to contact support to get any information about the price. So, there is a chance that they vary prices from person to person. QuestPDF is totally free but its functions are limited. It has no very complex functionalities. It offers only basic functionalities. Choosing the PDF library depends on you. You can buy it according to your needs. But IronPDF is the cheapest and fully functional library that I have used.

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The 3 C# PDF Libraries Every Developer Must Know

Thanks to the Internet we can perform almost all the tasks we need. The representation on the web has already become a must-to-do for each business. The next step is mobile-friendly interfaces in order to increase the audience's reach. In fact, due to smartphones’ availability with various features such as “access on the go” opportunities, having a mobile app has become a very important condition. The mobile market has already become powerful enough to compete with the desktop one. Smartphone availability enabled a lot of handy app features that enable access on the go and offline access. Moreover, mobile device capabilities are increasing annually. This is why smartphones can and must be perceived as full-fledged autonomous platforms. Mobile devices have their own specifics and requirements, that differ from desktop ones. This is why it is highly important for the companies that are represented online to create the most convenient user experience for all the users, especially to improve the mobile audience reach. Due to extensive experience working with desktop sites and the relatively new mobile market, the gap between these versions is sometimes enormous. There are a few ways how to make your product user-friendly for mobile users and reduce this gap, as well as increase the audience reach. Today we will talk about them and find out if it’s better to develop from scratch or to convert web app into mobile app. Comparison: Web Application vs Mobile App Of course, each of them is important and has its strength and weaknesses. Before talking about the conversions and choosing the side, we need to in general and all the pros and cons in particular. understand the difference between them Web Applications This type of app is web-oriented, meaning that it can be reached from the browser. The web application is available for each platform and can be opened on a laptop or smartphone, no matter which OS they are based on. Moreover, it is obviously much cheaper than supporting a variety of different apps for various platforms. As a nice bonus, web apps do not depend on mobile device capabilities. In fact, the information stored online creates possible problems with the response time. In other words, the more features it provides - the lower the response rate is. So, your web app’s performance will be low. Also, talking about web functionality we all must understand, that web applications can not compete with mobile apps, because they are created for a specific OS, so mobile apps can use all the possible mobile device capabilities. Certainly, web functionality is being updated all the time and can be reinforced with different APIs or Plugins, as well as various extensions. But all these add-ons cannot fully replace the features, provided by the mobile apps. Mobile Apps These applications are created and based on the mobile OS platform specifics. Mobile apps are created for smartphones in particular, which means that they can use most mobile device capabilities. This is why mobile app features have fewer limitations compared to web functionality. This enables more complete access on the go compared to web apps, as well as helps to provide high-performance thanks to easy-reachable resources, that are saved on the device. The user interface on mobile apps is more comfortable for the users. It is adjusted for mobile devices. it's not just about the screen resolution or additional features such as payment systems, but the possibility to modify the interfaces, for example, options provided by the touchscreen, etc. In fact, mobile apps have more customizable options than web functionality can ever be. So what are the reasons to convert one into another? Why Convert Web App into Mobile App Well, first of all, you need to understand exactly why you need a mobile app. At the first glance, the mobile app is more like an added bonus to the actual website. But in fact, there are a lot of advantages to having a mobile app. It is not only about better user experience and customization options. Because of smartphone availability and ‘access on the go’ features, the mobile market audience reach is increasing every day. So, the development of a mobile app will not only create more convenient conditions for the users but also will help to increase the audience reach. The offline access possibilities as well as smartphone availability enable great access on the go opportunities. Also, a mobile app can be a convenient additional tool not only for the representation of the company but also a great functionality extension tool. For example, you can divide functions and features between the web and mobile apps. As so, you can create a kind of an ecosystem, where both versions complement each other. Also, mobile apps are more secure and safe because, unlike websites, the code of an app can be hidden from visitors. Moreover, the app is present in official application stores such as AppStore or Play Market, which provide additional security, checking if the app is safe. As a great bonus, the presence in such markets provides additional advertising for your product. Mobile apps can be monetized in various ways, such as in-app purchases, advertisements, implementing subscription models, etc. Also, the existence of a mobile app is a great opportunity for the company and a reputational bonus as well. In fact, the foregoing list of features and advantages of having a mobile application is not final. There are a lot of small bonuses such as a better user interface and performance as well as customization functions, offline access, etc. So what are the steps to perform the conversion? How to Convert Web App into Mobile App? Actually, there are a few various ways to do it. You can . Each of them has its pros and cons to consider and can be a powerful tool if used in the correct case. choose between PWA, native, or hybrid apps You can also choose between converting an existing website or developing the app from scratch. There is a variety of various converters. Also, it is possible to use Google instruments to transform your web app into PWA. The creation of a hybrid or native application requires a development team. Of course, you can try development by yourself, but you probably would agree that it is better to trust professionals. But what can you do on your own instead? But what is better: to convert an existing website or develop an app from a scratch? Honestly, it is a tough question. On the one hand, developing an autonomous app allows one to be more creative and try some experiments, for example embodying various additional features. Of course, it is not an easy task to develop a totally new app. Moreover, the development of an app requires a lot of time and resources. On the other hand, the conversion of a website allows not only to adapt the already existing product for the mobile market, saving resources and time but can also expand the usage purposes of this product. For example, the mobile app can be used as a marketplace, while the website can be adjusted for the representation of the brand or company. This will help to reorganize the audience and to optimize the working processes, enabling the possibility to support both the website and app and the cooperation between them. Key Steps to Undertake Actually, before starting the developing process having so many various options to consider it is best to make some research and consult with the specialists. 1. Examine your website. Obviously, to make the right choice you need to understand your targeted audience. Talking about the examination we mean not only the questionnaire or feedback forms. You should also use the Customer Journey Map (CJM), which helps to analyze all the interactions of your customers with the site, as so to find out what features are of the most demand. The feedback forms can help you to understand what web functionality and options your product lack and to add them as future app features. 2. Explore your target audience. Demographic research is also important, even if it sounds not. You may be surprised at how such a study can make your life easier. It can help you to understand the possible needs of your customers. Or, for example, to find out what your product must include for their interest. Moreover, this information can prompt you not only the age or wishes of your clients but the region they live in, the language they speak, or even the device they are using. In fact, the audience of the mobile app can be very different from the web one. All of this data can help you to create a better user experience in order to improve the audience reach. 3. Consider the usage conditions and purposes. Also, it is better to understand the purposes and the conditions of using your app. If the purposes are an easy task, the condition’s definition requires more effort. For example, if your product is a taxi or maps application you have to make sure that the app will work no matter how bad the signal can be and will display the GPS marker of the client correctly. Or, let’s suppose your product is an online marketplace. In this case, your major issue is to provide security and make the best communication experience, etc. This can help you to consider the main features and to ensure they are working great. Also, at this stage, you have to decide what the usage purposes of the app will be. In other words, will it be a clone of the website but with additional features or an extension, that will provide functions, that are complementing the ones on the website. 4. Conduct market research. It is always a great idea to look up what your competitors are doing. This will help you to better orient the market and understand the features you should consider. Moreover, the analysis of competitive products can help you to find out additional features, that are not presented on the market at the moment. Looking at rivals is not a crime, it helps to balance the market and to produce a better product. 5. Begin the development. After all the previous stages are done - congratulations, you are ready to start the development. Mostly, at this level, all you need to do is to monitor the development process and voice your thoughts, as well as choose the . Nonetheless, it is still not the last point. right tech stack 6. Create a beta version and test. Do not reduce to upload the demo version of your product and to make sure everything works just fine. You will need beta testers, who will hunt and fix the bugs. Also, the QA team will make sure that all the features and the interface, work correctly as well. They will provide you with your first user experience, which will help you to make sure all the processes are active and correct. In case something is wrong - it is about time to take care of it. 7. Come “On air”. Finally, if you already passed all the previous procedures you can confidently publish your app in application stores. Of course, it will also take some time, so the app market team could ensure that your application is safe and is not violating the terms and conditions of this marketplace. Voila! You are a proud owner of a mobile application. 8. Provide continuous support. This is the last but not least point. Even after publishing the app, it is important to keep supporting it. Do not forget to update it, add new app features and improve existing ones, fix possible issues as well as monitor the ratings and read the feedback in order to keep making your application better. First published here

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Turn your Web App into a Mobile App 

At present, Python is the first choice to build web pages and applications for a wide range of industries that also comprise fintech and finance. The reason behind the increase in Python development services might be the modeling capabilities and easy syntax. It leads to the desired outcome for app and web solutions that are created to fulfill different objectives consisting of faster transactions, trading & analysis, and many more in the fintech industry. Most Fintech businesses are choosing Python as this general-purpose programming language is helpful to build a variety of software. They also prefer to hire a top-notch to get a scalable Fintech solution with advanced security features. On the other hand, Python also offers a broad range of impressive tools for data analytics, scientific computing, AI-based web apps, and projects. Python development company According to a report generated by PRNewswire about the vast market of the fintech industry, it was recorded at $127.66 billion in the year 2018. The same is predicted to evolve at $309.98 billion with a 24.8% CAGR in 2022. The upsurge in the adoption of Fintech solutions has made the banking & financial procedures way easier than before, it might be the reason behind the growth of the fintech sector. As the fintech industry grows, so many businesses are intensely looking to invest in it. While having Fintech app development services, employers proactively choose Python over any other language. There is nothing wrong with the fact that all the python-based fintech solutions are doing very well in the market. Reliability, security, confidentiality, etc. are some of the reasons why businesses prefer a Python app development company to build fintech apps. Let’s navigate to the reasons why Python application development services are significantly being selected by Fintech business. Also, we have mentioned the real-time use cases of Python in the finance sector along with popular fintech apps built with this programming language. Why Choose Python for Fintech App Development? Over the years, fintech businesses have considered choosing Python for app development. Do you know what are the advantages offered by Python that make it a great pick for the fintech and finance sector? Here we have penned down the most significant ones- 1. General-Purpose Language with Easy Coding Python has always been easy to understand, it is a well-suited programming language with simple coding. Python’s syntax is clear, and it is easy to read than any other programming language. The semantic structure of Python is straightforward and maintains the development speed. The adaptable & basic code of Python makes the developer's work effortless. In this way, the required features of finance apps and services can be easily integrated into the solutions. 2. Django Compatibility Various businesses hire a fintech app development company, they look for developers who have both Python and Django understanding to get a reliable solution. Django framework helps Python to create custom solutions. It provides various advantages such as data analysis, scientific computing, numerical computation, statistical analysis, and others. Using Python integrated with Django as a back-end solution along with the other mobile app technologies such as Swift, React Native, or Java can help the fintech industry to get innovative outcomes. 3. Fast MVP Development In this continuously changing financial and fintech sector, businesses need to be more active due to various threats and possibilities that are coming their way. They need to understand the customers' current requirements and thus, should have the solution accordingly as fast as they can to get a competitive advantage. This is the motive behind using Python as it provides flexible, scalable, and fast MVP development without putting the security in second place. Python enables developers to get a prototype first and turn it into an effective fintech app in no time. While getting mobile & web application development in Python, it would be preferable to hire knowledgeable developers to get the best result. 4. Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Both machine learning & artificial intelligence are data-centric technologies and Python analyses and monitors a large amount of data with the use of in-built systems. Hence, the compatibility of Python with AI and ML helps it to write the codes for chatbots and other smart apps. Along with it, the Python ML environment is unique and extremely efficient to cope with the Fintech algorithms. MI and AL both are used in fintech custom application development beneficial for the banking sector and financial institutions. 5. Extensive Tools, Libraries, and Ecosystems Python developers get access to various tools and libraries while working with this language. Be it a Python mobile app or Python web application development, it makes the tech integration easier and smooth. As we know that third-party integrations are significant in the fintech solutions to make them more secure, easily accessible, and fast working. Libraries integrated with Python help to provide a competitive advantage to the fintech solutions. Real World Use Cases of Python-Based Fintech Solutions Nowadays, businesses hire a leading fintech software development company to obtain feature-rich Python finance solutions. It is because they want to give tough competition to their opponents in terms of providing convenience and a better user experience to customers. Below we have mentioned some of the real-world use cases that are using Python efficiently in the finance industry: 1. Digital Wallet & Payment Fintech app development companies use Python/Django framework while building apps for transactions as digital wallets are getting recognition at a large level. Users always look for a secure and simple digital wallet or payment mechanism, hence Python is the most suitable language as it has the ability to fulfill all these requirements. 2. Banking Solutions Banks have started to take the help of a financial software development company that uses Python-based frameworks to deliver robust banking & financial solutions for different purposes. Whether it is adaptability, scalability, or ease to use, Python has the capability to vigorously help in leveraging the advantages of economies of scale. At present, banks are unifying their focus on creating a centralized system with the help of Python. They are also using Python for interconnected data exchange. 3. Financial Data Analysis Stock traders and investors are always in-search to filter the data due to their economical preferences. Therefore, while developing analytics devices, they can hire fintech developers to use Python as it strengthens dataset evaluation to get acumens for decision-making. There are two most used libraries, PyBrain and Scikit, used in creating Finance apps integrated with advanced data analytical improvements. These are also helpful in predictive analysis by using algorithms created with Python. The analytical systems built with these libraries are helpful to estimate the variations that are going to occur in investment instruments, any stock, and others. Banks are largely using these systems to create finance implementation models for ambiguous periods. 4. Digital Currency Python programming language is having its current developments in the domain of digital currency. Enterprises need to do evaluation and assessment to handle the digital currencies for profitable decision-making due to the volatility in the market. Organizations use Python to evaluate the digital currency along with creating the best trading plan via data insights. Top Apps Built with Python While getting guidance on how to build a Fintech app with Python, you must look at the applications that are doing great in the Fintech market. These all apps have their different goals with one common goal which is to fetch the attention of their target audiences. Zopa Robinhood Affirm Venmo Figo Stripe Final Words After the release of Python in 1991, it gradually started to gain popularity and at present, various fintech app development companies are including in it their technology stack. It has become their first choice when it comes to developing scalable and secure finance and fintech solutions. Python has the ability to manage large data sets and comes with extensive tools, libraries, and reliability. Above, we have written down the reasons why Python is a suitable option to develop perfect digital solutions for the fintech and financial industry. Python-based solutions can handle heavy traffic while managing high security. This programming language will surely grow with more advancements in digital solutions.

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Why you Should Build your Next Fintech App in Python

Back in 1991, former US Air Force pilot and noted strategist John Boyd after Operation Desert Storm. He noted that three basic elements were necessary to win wars - “People, ideas, machines — in that order!” called for U.S. Military reforms That order remains true even today, and not just in the context of military thinking but in business decision-making as well. Boyd knew that an existing technology alone cannot be responsible for the success of new technology; rather, it needs the alignment plus intersection of technology and the people, their ideas, as well as the organizational / business context. Our fascination with technology often leads us to solutions that are very good in theory like the F-111 or F-35, but not quite as effective on the battlefield, at least not like the F-16, which is still considered one of the most versatile fighter aircraft of all time. The rules aren’t any different for data science The past decade has seen data becoming the competitive differentiator for almost every industry, be it retail, real estate, finance, education, healthcare, entertainment, manufacturing, and more. This is, in part, due to data and technology becoming more accessible. As a result, companies have started investing in data infrastructure to maximize ROI on data science spend, build flexible data operations, and accelerate innovation. So much so, that on Machine Learning and Big Data tools, or what the industry calls the , which is an assembly of these cloud-native tools that reflect how data should flow through an organization for it to be useful, at scale and by multiple users. they spend over $200 billion Modern Data Stack However, according to Gartner, despite all these investments in maximizing ROI on ML spends, . only 53% of projects make it from prototypes to production Despite all the investment – money, time, resources, and valuable data science bandwidth– why is this number so low? Over the past few months, I’ve spoken to several practitioners and end consumers of data science (I’m refraining from calling this a survey because of the small sample size and the anecdotal approach to these conversations), and came back with several observations: Not only is data science today not actively involved in the business of moving the business outcomes, but some data scientists don't even see it as their job. As a result, the models, by the time they’re production-ready, are irrelevant to the business. What’s ironic is that the modern data stack, whose goal is to help organizations save time, effort, and money through better utilization and integration of data tools, is creating bottlenecks in the consumption of data. Data science is getting siloed. Many data science teams drive up solution complexity with their desire to emulate Big Tech. They see themselves as mini-Ubers, and reusing methods that are not fit for context. As a result, they end up spending a lot of time on building technology, which comes a little too late. Data science teams are building technology instead of solving problems. that allow it to be fit for context across the diversity of enterprises and objectives - small and large, high and low skill, accuracy vs cost, and other standard business considerations. Data science is missing ideas/strategies Understanding and fixing these is critical to the data science function’s impact. Business is Data Science’s Business Before there was  big data, it was generally accepted that different departments would create and manage their own data, and use it in meaningful ways to achieve their goals. However, as the complexity of data increased, we started seeing new big data tools emerging which needed specialized skills. Eventually, this meant data science becoming increasingly disconnected from the business functions or their day-to-day use case requirements. Beyond the tools, the cultural disconnect between data science teams and business has only grown. Not only are the skills of the staff involved different, but their approaches are remarkably different. While the business teams are focused on the day-to-day operations and identifying ways to improve processes to improve efficiency, profitability, and more, the data science teams typically have a more R&D flavor in their approach. We witnessed conflict between the business and data science teams around purpose, process, and outcomes in a number of organizations. This is not just a waste of time and resources but is also detrimental to the future of these organizations. Data science is a core business function, and teams need to be accountable for driving organizational and business outcomes. Once tied to the results, the success of this function will ensure a much higher success rate for all data science initiatives. Data Science Teams’ Choices Are Driving Up Complexity Shiny object syndrome or "SOS'' is a core part of human nature, where we tend to focus on what’s the latest and greatest - the latest tools and technology, being ahead of the curve in the adoption of the modern data stack. All the while disregarding how useful it may actually be. Unfortunately, the hierarchy proposed by John Boyd has been flipped on its head by most organizations, with technology taking precedence over ideas, and finally people. As a result, they tend to adopt new tools without thinking about the consequences, or how they would fit into their context. This becomes the single biggest roadblock. All the time goes towards experimenting with and maintaining complex technologies. There is little time spent in understanding impact, or exploring alternative approaches. There is a Gap in Ideas According to noted data scientist, , there are still a lot of  'ML at reasonable scale' or companies. He notes, “These companies stand to get their first wins with ML and generally have pretty low-hanging fruit to get those wins. They don’t even necessarily require these super-advanced sub-millisecond latency hyper-real-time pieces of infrastructure to start leveling up their machine learning.” Mihail Eric Sub-ML If I was to go back to the military analogy, think about the US Air Force and how they still use aircrafts such as F-16s – aircraft that aren’t the latest and greatest, but serve the purpose better for most requirements. One of the key reasons being that these were aircraft that were designed keeping the needs of the user (pilot) first. Building an ML model isn’t enough, it needs to deliver in the context of the end-user. Similarly, the decision regarding the tooling also needs to consider the requirements of the business and the end-users. (Fun fact: John Boyd’s ideas had an impact on the design and acquisition of other major weapons systems including the A10 Warthog and Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and also on Operation Desert Storm) Strategy First, Technology Later Every organization today is turning into a data company, but with data increasing in volume, depth, and accessibility across organizations — it has become the key to sustainable competitive advantage. However, more often than not, big data is not used well. Organizations are better at collecting data – product usage, customer data, competitor data, etc than designing the strategy around its usage. This brings us to another key element that Boyd spoke about - ideas. Data science being as dynamic as it is, requires ideas that benefit various stakeholders and functions within the organization. This will not only eliminate the siloed nature of data and decision sciences today but also help teams understand the nature and complexity of the problems, as well as the effort required to solve them. This is the key to scaling, and making sure everyone in the organization is aligned on the value that data science brings. I’ve already started seeing some of these examples at play - for example, Scribble Data’s (the company that I co-founded) feature store was used at a Fortune 100 company by their People Analytics team to improve the way a number of key decisions were taken. Data scientists, business managers, and HR specialists worked together to improve the employee experience, incentive alignment, and churn modeling to help retain the best talent within the company. These impacted multiple areas such as hiring, performance management, and employee engagement, all of which fall in the top right corner of the urgent/important matrix, given the Great Resignation. Data Science, by its very nature, is evolving and uncertain project - almost like a university project where all you have is either a fuzzy idea of the goal, or a clearly defined goal that doesn’t offer much value to the business. It’s important to think of clear, realistic ideas along with key stakeholders to define the priorities for the data science team in order to see more success in projects, and buy-in from the leadership team. The ML Stack Should be Fit for Purpose Every year, billions of dollars are spent on data science tools that are overengineered and don’t serve the purpose of 90% of the organizations or their use cases. As a result, the incremental cost of complexity is much more than the incremental value of these tools. Here are a few points to consider when you’re building your data stack: Fit business constraints: Make your tooling investment decisions based on their expected outcome, which can be measured on a regular basis Right complexity: Identify tools that are fit for purpose, which will not only make the lives of the people using them easier but will also make data deeply relevant to individuals in the value chain Take things slow: Avoid making decisions based on what’s new and trending, or would look good on paper. For example, an engineer I recently interviewed discussed how his former organization spent an inordinate amount of resources building real-time infrastructure whereas it provided only the smallest uptake, and was applicable to only 1% of their use cases. Most importantly, the goal of the data stack is to eliminate data silos within the organization, which is why they all need to fit together. Better integration between these tools will make the data stack more verticalized and fit for purpose, offering significantly more value to organizations and stakeholders.

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Data Science Teams are Doing it Wrong: Putting Technology Ahead of People

As startups increasingly invest in data to drive decision-making and power their digital products, data leaders are tasked with scaling their teams – and fast. From knowing which roles to hire for (and when) to setting , today’s data leaders are responsible for – quite literally – keeping their companies insight-informed at each stage of the journey. SLAs for data Regardless of where you are in this marathon, one of the biggest challenges is determining the proper reporting structure for your data team. As data needs increase, so too do the bottlenecks imposed by centralized data teams – and the duplication and complexity introduced by decentralized ones. And just when you think you’ve figured out the *perfect* paradigm (i.e., a central data engineering team, distributed data analysts, and a few analytics engineers to bridge the gaps! OR a handful of data analysts reporting to the COO with data engineers working under the CTO!), your entire strategy gets turned on its head when priorities shift. So, what does a data leader to do? To better understand how some of the best teams are tackling this problem, I sat down with VP of Data Infrastructure at , a new public provider of point of sale software for restaurants, to discuss the evolution of his company’s data team and share his experiences navigating the never-ending tug of ways between these centralized and decentralized structures. , Greg Waldman Toast Over the last five years, Greg led the Toast data team as it grew from one analyst (Greg himself) to a 20+ person organization, and has evolved from a centralized to a hybrid-decentralized model—and back again. Read on to learn how Greg’s team lets business needs drive the data team structure, how he knew when it was necessary to make those changes, and the crucial role he wishes he had hired much sooner. In the beginning: when a small team struggles to meet data demands When Greg joined Toast in 2016, the company already had 200 employees—but no dedicated analytics staff. Despite this shortage of specialized talent, the company had always prioritized using data to make decisions. “Our founding team was just really sharp,” Greg said. “They ran the company on Excel documents, but eventually when they got to 200 people, they knew that approach wasn’t going to scale. When I came on, the ask was basically, ‘​​We have too many meetings where one person thinks the number’s five and the other person thinks the number’s four, and then they just bicker about that the whole time. So, make that stop happening.’” Immediately, Greg dug in and began building out tools, processes, and a basic data program. Over the first year, the Toast data team tripled—they now had three people. The company continued to use the data to drive its culture and decision-making. “Everybody says they have a data-driven culture, but I’ve worked at enough places to know the difference, and I see the juxtaposition compared to Toast,” said Greg. “Our people throughout the company—especially our leadership—really look for data before they make big decisions.” But while the small data team tripled, Toast itself doubled. By 2017, the company had 400 employees. The centralized data team couldn’t keep up with the demands of the entire fast-growing, data-obsessed organization. “We had lines out the door,” said Greg. “There was just an appetite for more data than we were able to provide. I think that was a bit of an inflection point for us. Because if you don’t figure out a way to serve that need, then the business might start operating in a different way—and be less data-driven if you can’t get them the necessary data.” Supporting hypergrowth as a decentralized data operation The shift to a began to take shape organically as departments began finding ways to meet their own data needs. decentralized structure “Eventually small pockets of analytics opened up in other parts of the company, like sales and customer success,” Greg said. “Mostly because our small team just couldn’t meet the needs of the growing business. And so they started their own teams, and that kind of worked!” In 2018, this decentralized team of 10 data professionals worked within business units, meeting data needs and supporting Toast’s head-spinning trajectory as the company nearly doubled again, growing to 750 employees. Greg and his team also rebuilt their data tech stack, migrating from an end-to-end data platform to a modern distributed stack including s3, Airflow, Snowflake, Stitch, and Looker. working in their business units still maintained a close connection with Greg’s core analytics team, giving Toast a hybrid between a fully centralized and fully decentralized data team structure. But as the organization continued to scale—reaching a headcount of 1,250 employees in 2019, with 15 data analysts, data scientists, and data engineers—problems began to arise from this hybrid model. Dedicated analysts Data consistency was one concern. “There were various degrees of rigor across the organization when it comes to what constitutes good data. When you’re small, you’re scrappy, you’re growing, and any data is better than no data. But eventually, we reached a scale where we knew that inaccurate data could be harmful.” And even with technically accurate data, Greg knew that strong communication between analysts, technical leaders, and downstream stakeholders was critical when it came to establishing a standard of and trust across the entire company. data observability “As the business gets bigger and more complicated, you need analysts to start seeing the whole business,” said Greg. “Even in a decentralized model, you need to ensure analysts work in close collaboration with other analysts and technical leaders when it comes to setting the standards around performance and operability.” Regrouping, re-centralizing, and refocusing on data trust Toast brought analysts who had been working under their respective Customer Success and Go-To-Market teams back under the analytics umbrella. “We ended up centralizing and a discussed but underrated benefit has been just how much folks on the team have learned from one another,” said Greg. The team is now part of the Finance & Strategy department. But he knows the centralized structure may not be the long-term solution for Toast. “The way I think about data teams, in a nutshell, is that you want everyone to add as much business value as possible,” said Greg. “We’ve been very open to change and trying different things and understanding that what works with 200 people versus 500 people versus a thousand versus two thousand is not the same answer, and that’s okay. It can be somewhat obvious when you’ve reached those inflection points and need to try something new.” At the end of the day, it’s all about meeting the needs of the business – no matter what it means for your team’s reporting structure – while ensuring that technical leads are enablers and not bottlenecks for analysts. 4 things to keep in mind when scaling your startup’s data team Greg has some hard-won advice for data leaders facing —but every tactic goes back to his principle of focusing on what approach best meets the business needs of your company, which will likely change over time. similar challenges at hypergrowth companies In short, he suggests, leaders should stay nimble and teams should be willing to adapt to the needs of the business. Here’s how. Hire data generalists, not specialists—with one exception According to Greg, the first specialist you should hire is a data engineer. “Early on, we basically just hired data athletes who could do a little bit of everything,” said Greg. “We had those athletes playing analyst/data engineer. I had a senior manager role open and a data engineer apply, but she didn’t have any interest in managing. When I talked to her, it became obvious how badly we needed a dedicated data engineering skillset for the team. And in retrospect, I should have been looking for someone like that a year earlier given our growth trajectory.” All too often, data teams are hamstrung by the lack of technical support needed to build and maintain ETL pipelines, as well as ensure that the data infrastructure underlying them can scale with the analytics needs of the company. “So while I still believe in hiring data athletes who can do a bit of everything, data engineers are the one exception. After you hire a few analysts, your first data engineer should follow close behind.” Prioritize building a diverse data team from day one This goes without saying, but when it comes to setting up your team for long-term success, you need to invest (early) in candidates with . Homogeneity is a nonstarter for innovation and prevents data analysts and engineers from understanding the perspectives and needs of all data consumers. diverse experiences and backgrounds When you’re moving quickly at scale, however, it can be hard to remember this – unless you put in place a set of clear hiring and growth KPIs that reflect this goal. “Think about diversity early on,” said Greg. “Because especially in these small data teams, if you’re not careful, you’ll just end up with a bunch of like-minded people from similar backgrounds. And you don’t want a bunch of the same people—you need different perspectives.” It’s one thing to say, “we need to build a diverse team,” but something else entirely to do it. So, how should data leaders get started? Here are a few tips: Partner with executives and your People team to write job descriptions that are inclusive of different experiences and backgrounds (i.e., avoiding excessively masculine language in favor of gender-neutral ones) Put together diverse hiring panels (even if they’re not pulled from the data team) to embody the team you’re striving to build Cast a wide network to recruit candidates who may not have traditional data titles or roles; it’s a constantly evolving space! Implement a gender or race-blind application process that screens based on qualifications and experiences “It’s much harder to build a diverse team later in the startup journey because people from different backgrounds want to join a team that has people from different backgrounds. And if you don’t think about that right out of the gate, it can be much more challenging.” Overcommunication is key to change management This point is even more relevant in our remote-first world, in which many teams work from home, and overcommunicating over email, Slack, and carrier pigeon (just kidding!) is a necessary part of any job. According to Tomasz Tunguz, Managing Director at Redpoint Ventures, (i.e., their core value propositions) with customers consistently, even if it seems unnecessary. The same goes for data leaders when it comes to communicating their work and any team changes with data stakeholders. companies should repeat themselves For instance, if your decentralized customer success analyst is migrating to report up to the Head of Analytics after 3 months of working under the Head of Customer Success, not only should you communicate that this change is happening, but also reiterate that this adjustment doesn’t change the nature of your team’s output. Stakeholders can still expect accurate, timely analysis that maps to core business objectives, even if the team is no longer distributed. While structural changes inevitably impact the nature of the relationship between stakeholder (the functional team) and service provider (the data team), codifying, communicating, and repeating how this shift will not impact your team’s KPIs will restore goodwill and help cross-functional groups overcome change. “If you have analysts reporting into business leaders, make sure that they’re empowered to push back based on the data they are seeing,” said Greg. “Otherwise it can be a tricky dynamic where they are encouraged to show data that backs anecdotal hypotheses. When you bring those teams back under an analytics umbrella, your analysts are going to learn from one another, but influencing other departments can be challenging.” Most recently, Toast has been running a largely centralized analytics model, which has performed well and met the needs of the business for the last year and a half. Don’t overvalue a “single source of truth” The concept of a “single source of truth” or golden data, is a powerful one – for good reason. Striving for metrics alignment and consistent clean data can help companies trust that their data is pointing them in the right direction. Still, as a data leader at a hypergrowth startup, you’ll be pulled in to work on lots of experiments and projects at any given time – as long as you have directional (i.e., is this table up to date? May I know who owns this data set? Why did 50 rows turn into 500?), the need for a “single source of truth” isn’t as pressing. observability into data trust “I always tell people not to overvalue the whole single source of truth concept,” said Greg. “As a perfectionist, it took a long time for me to learn this. There are times when you need to be 100% correct, and then there are a lot of times when you don’t. Often, directional accuracy is fine, and you’ll just waste resources trying to be perfect. The 80/20 rule is key.” Data is always messy and rarely perfect. You’ll get more done if you prioritize having an end-to-end view of data health and accuracy over more granular control. Greg’s final piece of advice for data leaders? “Hire good people with strong communication skills and everything else becomes a lot easier. Good people will lead you to other great people, and you can hire the smartest people in the world, but if they can’t communicate their analysis to less technical folks they simply won’t be successful.” Also published . here

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How to Setup Your Organisation's Data Team for Success

About this Article Hello, folks. My name is Sho Ogihara. I am Tech Lead of . We're famous for being the , and also famous for . I have 7+ years of experience in this company, but will leave soon to become a freelance. Today I’d like to write about my experience of Mercari US with my gratitude. Mercari US Microservices Platform first startup unicorn in Japan Superbowl Ad in US We started the business in 2013, and when I joined at the end of 2014, our backend was a traditional PHP and MySQL (LAMP) stack. But now we do the microservices architecture by kubernetes, istio, gRPC, golang, Prometheus, and so on. If you're interested in our current tech stack, please visit our engineering blog. There are many fantastic posts. How could we modernize our backend system? I’ll tell you the story but . This post may include many mistakes. Even so, I hope this experience will be helpful for other engineers. please remember this is NOT the official one and more like my perspective and experience Mockup (<=2014) I heard our app was originally created by Ruby on Rails for the mockup. However, it was rewritten fully in PHP. This sounds crazy because RoR was one of the most popular frameworks at that time, around 2014. Actually this makes sense to me because our CEO had good connections with many senior PHP engineers. He recruited members through social media like Facebook and Twitter at first. For startups, it’s very important to ship the product, and it’s best to work on it with your friends. The current trend is not the only reason to select certain technology. Old fashioned LAMP (2014~2015) Our app was released using the PHP framework named , which is inspired by CakePHP but is thinner and easier to learn. It's designed to enable newbies to develop the new API endpoint from the very first day when they join. dietcake In this phase, it was unique that the API endpoints were designed specifically for iOS and Android screens. For example, please assume an endpoint GET /items/:id. In the general REST design, this endpoint would return an object like this: {
    "id": "m1000",
    "name": "iPhone 13 pro max",
    "price": "1000",
    "status": "sold",
    "buyer_id": 12345,
} However, our API response was designed like this on purpose: {
    "item": {
        "id": "m1000",
        "name": "iPhone 13 pro max",
        "price": "1000",
        "status": "sold"
    },
    "buyer": {
        "id": 12345,
        "name": "buyer-12345",
        "icon": "https://icon-url"
    },
    "youMayAlsoLike": [
        {
            "name": "iPhone 12",
            "price": 900,
            "status": "onSale"
        }
    ]
} As you can see, all the related objects are included in a single response. So, for example, the clients don’t have to call another API to get the details of information. This design might be different from the well-known best practice of REST. Actually, we can see a similar idea to GraphQL today. buyer I would not say REST is wrong and the GraphQL approach is better. My point is, that this design was the evidence that the mental model of backend developers was close to the mobile app screen. Regardless of the position, we discussed the app spec well. It might be longer than discussing the design of the backend system. At that time we were driven by the design of the app itself. And I think it’s very important, especially for startups. Anyways the tech stack was chosen from the startup perspective, carefully and consciously. Many engineers tend to be satisfied with just being capable of using the technology. But engineering skill is to achieve the goal, not the goal itself. I think the first engineering leaders were aware of it. Many tries, got more complex (2015~2017) Though our app was originally started in Japan, we desired to challenge the global market early. The US version was released very quickly, it was only 1 year after the JP version. The reason why we could release so quickly is we didn’t add too many localizations except for the shipping, payment, and i18n messaging. I think it was on purpose because we were confident with the product. Facebook and Twitter don't change the app by region, right? Our idea was something like it. Also, the speed was the most important as we experienced. We should release the app and see the reaction of the market as soon as possible, rather than spending too long on the investigation. So the backend API code was shared in JP and US. However, the market was not easy as we expected. We do the e-commerce app, so it was critical that the shipping is very different from Japan. In addition, it’s not easy to start a new team as always. Especially when it’s in other countries, and if the members start a new life there. Actually, I was one of them. Now Mercari is quite a global company and . But it was not so from the beginning. has many supports Eventually, the company decided to spend all the product members' resources for the US version for a while. Because many members suddenly started to contribute to the US version, as a result, many "if region == US" were created in the code. We knew this practice was not good, but there were no other options because the spec was literally to solve the problems in the US. No matter what coding technique we use, it's impossible to avoid it completely. Actually "if region == US" was not the only thing. To adapt to the new market, we tried many features. It’s absolutely good to run the sprint many times rapidly, trial and error. But by the time we noticed, half of the endpoints were not being used in the production environment. I feel like our development agility was degraded in this era. Start Microservices (2017~2018) We needed something for the breakthrough. One day after Thanksgiving, our CPO announced to start project ‘double’, which came from the goal that we’ll make the retention rate double. The highlight of this project was building a completely different app from scratch. Even the app theme color was changed to purple from red, and the logo was also changed. It was literally from zero, and decided to rewrite everything on iOS and Android. Unlike clients, the backend couldn’t be fully scratched because it’s too challenging to discard the existing users and items. Instead, we decided to put a new gateway before the previous backend. In this gateway, we used new technologies like Kubernetes, gRPC, golang, and more. And we decided to implement the new features as microservices in the new gateway world. The architecture overview looked like this. However, for me, it was NOT the most important that we started the new tech stack. It was most important that we got the chance to rethink our app spec. And the new gateway became the filter to distinguish what is really necessary for us. When we find the problems for the code, there are two approaches to solve, refactoring or rewriting. Refactoring is to fix the code without changing the behavior. It is a good approach if the problem is ‘how to write’. But, at that time, our problem was ‘what to write’. Our code was getting exhausted because of many challenges. We should rethink what was really needed for our app. If we need to change the behavior of the code, it is not refactoring but rewriting. Usually, it’s hard for the backend to do this because the backend API has to take care of the compatibility. Luckily, we got the rare chance to do it. If you’re the backend architect and considering the refactoring, I would like to suggest involving product managers in the project and reconsidering the spec. It is the most powerful to clean up the spec in order to clean up the code. The spec tends to be the worst debt in many cases. Regarding this, the project went smoothly because CPO was on our side. After working hard for 3 months, we finally released the new version. The current purple Mercari was started here. Though it didn’t mean everything was solved, we got the starting point here. Start Microservices Platform (2018~2021) We just got a new place to write microservices. The next step was how to accelerate this architecture. We worked on many solutions for this. Let me introduce some of them. The first was to analyze the most used PHP classes in the previous monolith codebase and then implement them as microservices. The classes such as User, Item, Payment, etc are the basics of our app. It’s hard to implement any features without these classes. Otherwise, we had to continue implementing most of the features in the legacy codebase. Also, we could get knowledge of microservice development by implementing such kinds of core object microservices. Though we had the policy to separate Kubernetes namespaces by microservices, other than this, we didn’t have so many ideas for the code design, monitoring, networking, and so on. These microservices became good experiments to think of our practices. By the way, this is off-topic but it took about one week to finish the static analytics for the legacy PHP codebase, even though I used the machine we usually use for machine learning. The generated SVG file of the dependency graph could never be opened in the web browser. I learned how impossible to understand our codebase through the recognition of human beings. After we got knowledge from some microservices, we made a tool named starter-kit, which is the terraform module and the microservices template. Actually, this is developed by the JP team and, not by us, the idea is described in this . This tool is shared in both JP and US microservices. presentation I think one of the most important ideas of starter kit is to clarify the owners of the microservices. Actually, to me, microservices are not only the way to design software, but also to design human organizations. When we think of the bottleneck of development, it tends to be communication with others. The more stakeholders the developers have, the more frustration they feel. Microservices abstract the communication to the API interface, and abstract the problems to the success rate and latency. The only thing we should do is to speak the same protocol (we use gRPC). When we design such communication of teams, it is the most important prerequisite to clarify who are the owners. Another big challenge after the starter kit was to move the legacy PHP to the Kubernetes environment. I know some people have an allergy to PHP. For them, it seems PHP is immediately evil and it must be erased as soon as possible. But IMO the genuine evil is the complexity of the code. It happens no matter the programming languages we use. Moreover, it happens no matter whether microservice or not. Whatever my point is we’ll have to get along with the previous PHP monolith for a long time. We have to admit that the things written in the monolith are correct to some extent. At least it is NOT legacy in my definition, because there are maintainers. As long as the development is active, it is not a legacy. In that case, the problem was the development tools were very different between microservices and the previous monolith. Because we created the microservices as a brand new place, the practices such as how to develop, how to deploy, and how to monitor, were not the same. The team was going to be separated by microservices development or not. However, the development tools are definitely NOT the essence of development. We must use the practices but must not be used by the practice. The teams must be designed by goals, never by tools or tech stack. Then we started the project to migrate the monolith which was running on VMs, to the Kubernetes. It started with containerizing and took about 1 year to finish all the processes. The details of this project are written . Please check it out. here Wrap up Actually, in addition to the above project, there were many interesting projects, like integrating istio, scoring microservices, and recreating our cluster to VPC native. Unfortunately, I cannot write everything but it’ll be published in our company blog. Through over 7 years of experience in this company, one of the most important lessons for me was that we should regard the software as the human body. Because things cannot be perfect from birth, we should let the software circulate like the body replaces the cell every day. I believe one of the reasons why we could become the best e-commerce company in JP is because we updated our app rapidly. Though we had some difficulties due to this, we could get over it by shifting microservices. I love the words of Charles Darwin: It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change. Also, another important lesson is we should sometimes follow our intuition. By shifting microservices architecture, we got many benefits such as observability, a brand new machine learning approach, and more. But we didn’t really aim for all the benefits from the beginning. These are kind of side effects of our curiosity. If we pursue only the small and certain wins, we are likely to be conservative and lose the benefit in the long term. So if I’m asked why microservices, I will answer “one of the reasons is just for fun” with confidence. At last, as stated in the beginning, I’ll become a freelance from next month. Please feel free to contact if you’re interested in me. gon.gong.gone@gmail

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How a Unicorn Startup in Japan Leveraged the Power of Microservices

The Kubernetes team has done a commendable job by recently launching the Kubernetes version 1.19. The new Kubernetes 1.19 was a bit delayed, but that was expected when the world is reeling under the global pandemic . Earlier this year, the team had released Kubernetes 1.18 which consisted of 38 enhancements. Fifteen of these have been stabilized, 11 are in the beta testing phase while the remaining 12 are in the alpha phase. The Kubernetes team has worked diligently to improve the stable and beta features ensuring a better user experience. The Topology Manager feature of Kubernetes 1.18 allows NUMA alignment of the CPU and other devices that giving a great experience. The new Kubernetes 1.19 comes with 34 enhancements. Out of these, 10 have progressed to stable, 15 are in the beta stage, and 9 in the alpha. Here are some key features of the new Kubernetes 1.19: Support window extension With its Kubernetes 1.19 release, the support window has been extended to 1 year from 9 months. The decision was taken after a 2019 study revealed that a large number of end-users, for whatever reasons, could not upgrade within the current support period of 9-months. The suggestion provided was that if there were an extension of 12 to 14 months, 30% of users would be able to keep their deployments on the supported version. With the extension of the support window, 80% of the users are expected to be on the supported versions instead of the current 50% to 60%. Storage capacity tracking Storage capacity tracking is a new feature, albeit in the alpha stage, in the Kubernetes 1.19. This feature gathers capacity information and then stores it in the API server, making it available to the scheduler. This enhancement was introduced to prevent pods from being scheduled on nodes connected to CSI volumes without enough available free space. Generic ephemeral volumes Ephemeral volumes are volumes that are created for specific pods and are deleted once the pod terminates. Generic ephemeral volumes are a new alpha feature in the Kubernetes 1.19. It allows any of the current storage drivers that support dynamic provisioning to be used as ephemeral volume. The new enhancement provides scratch storage and supports all StorageClass parameters for provisioning volume. It supports all features that were earlier supported by PersistentVolumeClaims like storage capacity tracking, volume resizing, and snapshots and restore. CSI Volume Health Monitoring This is a new alpha feature that kicks in if there is any abnormal volume condition in the underlying storage. It allows the CSI Drivers to pass on the information to Kubernetes. This information is then used to report such conditions on Pods or PVCs. This enhancement is a step in the direction of programmatic detection to monitor volume health problems and provide a quick resolution. Ingress graduates to GA In Kubernetes 1.19, Ingress is added to the systems administration V1 APIs and graduates to general accessibility. As a part of this enhancement, there are some key differences in V1 Ingress objects, including mapping and approval changes. Structured logging Earlier, the control plane in Kubernetes did not have a uniform structure. That changes with the new Kubernetes 1.19. Without a structure, developers and administrators had to rely on impromptu solutions, which made parsing, processing, storing, querying, and analyzing logs very difficult. New additions to the klog library The new Kubernetes 1.19 provides more structure to the interface to format log messages and introduces several new methods to the klog library. With the new approach, structured logging can be gradually adopted without the need for conversion of all of Kubernetes to a new API all at once. Kubelet Client TLS Certificate Rotation This feature was in beta in the Kubernetes 1.8 version, and with the new Kubernetes 1.19, it has finally reached the general availability stage. This enhancement obtains the kubelet certificate and rotates it as it nears its expiration date. Kubelet uses this certificate to authenticate against the Kube-apiserver. Other updates The new Kubernetes 1.19 organization includes the EndpointSlice API , Ingress rendition 1, AppProtocol in administrations and endpoints, and SCTP for administrators. The Kubernetes 1.19 will allow clients to set a hostname for each unit in a hub. Some other changes that have been included in the new Kubernetes 1.19 are: Node topology manager New Endpoint API Run multiple Scheduling Profiles CertificateSigningRequest API Immutable Secrets and ConfigMaps Release Notes For more information on the new Kubernetes 1.19, you may refer to the release notes . here Availability You can now download the new Kubernetes version 1.19 from GitHub. You may also install Kubernetes 1.19 quite easily through . kubeadm Release logo 2020 cannot be called anything less than a tumultuous year. The COVID19 pandemic, the Black Lives Matter movement, and other global events have changed the world as we knew it. Despite the difficult times, the Kubernetes team maintained a positive outlook. The new release logo represents the positive or rather Pawsitive mindset of the team and the world in general. As people are adjusting their lives to the new normal, it shows that no matter what, we humans always look for the positive, the silver lining. What to expect from Kubernetes 1.20? The Kubernetes team has been working diligently year after year to deliver new releases. The Kubernetes version 1.20 is already in the pipeline. Here is what you can expect from the new Kubernetes 1.20: Include RunAsGroup feature for Containers in a Pod Add IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack support RuntimeClass SCTP support for Services, Endpoint, Pod, and NetworkPolicy Scheduling Framework Support Out-of-Tree Azure Cloud Provider Kubelet Resource Metrics Endpoint Pid Limiting Support CRI-ContainerD on Windows Moving kubectl package code to staging Deprecate and remove SelfLink Provide OIDC discovery Container Resource-based Pod Autoscaling Support to size memory backed volumes Built-in API Types Defaults Conclusion The Kubernetes team has introduced several significant enhancements in the latest version 1.19. The enhanced version continues to widen the functionality of Kubernetes as well as its security posture. New features like Storage capacity tracking, Generic ephemeral volumes, CSI Volume Health Monitoring, and new additions to the klog library are definitely going to enhance the functionality of Kubernetes. Plus, the support window has been extended to 1 year which is more in line with the annual planning cycles of its users. References: Kubernetes 1.18: Fit & Finish Kubernetes 1.19: Accentuate the Paw-sitive Kubernetes 1.20 Enhancements Tracking

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Breaking Down What is New in Kubernetes 1.19

The massive growth of data capacity in the cloud and big data era poses new challenges for data storage and protection, shifting from traditional familiar IT architecture to cloud architecture, virtualization, and hyper-convergence as representative technology upgrade iterations, accelerating the technical means of data protection. Cyber-attacks have become more common in recent years. According to the SonicWALL , ransomware attacks have surged by 232% since 2019. Here are a few examples of severe data breaches caused by ransomware. 2022 Cyber Threat Report Accenture Accenture left at least four AWS S3 storage buckets insecure in 2017, according to UpGuard, the world's first cyber resiliency startup, which discovered this in its cyber risk analysis. Unrestricted authentication details, private API data, digital certificates, decryption keys, user data, and meta information were all exposed in the hack. According to UpGuard's security investigation, the public had access to 137GB of data. As a result, cybercriminals exploited this information to defame people and extort money. Some of the stolen data were also made public on the dark web. Accenture was hit by the LockBit ransomware once more in August 2021. This time, the company was aware of the infiltration during an audit in the fourth quarter of 2021. As a result of the 2021 data breach, Accenture suspected a series of attacks on client networks, including misconceptions of vital systems, unintended leaks, and subsequent malware infections. The perpetrators, the LockBit ransomware, claim to have stolen 6 gigabytes of data from the attack and are holding it for a $50 million ransom. Verizon Due to an AWS S3 configuration issue, Verizon's third-party queue NiceSystems inadvertently disclosed user PPI in 2017. Because of Nice's blunder, the attacker was able to obtain more consumer call data. Verizon recorded 29,207 security incidents in 2020, with 5,200 of them confirmed as intrusions. DDoS attacks targeted the telecom behemoth; social engineering and client-side web application infections drove each attack, exposing server-side systems. Kaseya Kaseya, based in Miami, made a statement on July 2, 2021, stating that their Kaseya VSA software is vulnerable and has been compromised by the REvil hacker ransom organization and that it has shut down its SaaS servers and advised all clients to take down their VSA servers. Kaseya provides remote management software services for Managed Service Providers (MSPs), and this incident is widespread due to the global reach of MSP providers' customers, with Coop, one of Sweden's largest supermarket chains, being forced to shut down services at more than 800 stores nationwide as a result of the supply chain ransom attack. In February 2019, the Gandcrab ransomware organization exploited a vulnerability in the Kaseya plugin for ConnectWise Manage software to spread malware on MSP's customer network, marking the third time Kaseya products have been utilized in a ransomware deployment event. The REvil ransomware organization used an open RDP service to launch an attack against MSPs using the Webroot SecureAnywhere and Kaseya VSA solutions to distribute malware to their customers' networks in June 2019. Cognyte Cognyte, a cybersecurity analytics company, committed a mistake in May 2021 that rendered their database unprotected without authentication protocols. This blunder allowed cybercriminals to access 5 billion user records. Customers were notified of the third-party data breach by the comparative data provided by Cognyte's database. User credentials such as names, email addresses, passwords, and susceptible data points in the system were among the information disclosed. Raychat Raychat, an Iranian chat program, has managed to withstand a huge cyberattack. Nearly 267 million usernames, emails, passwords, information, and encrypted chat logs were exposed as a result of a database configuration breach. All of the company's data was destroyed by a targeted bot attack. According to Gizmodo, data was made public due to a MongoDB misconfiguration, allowing cyber attackers to manage the chat application's private data at any time. It demonstrates that bots may easily target NoSQL databases. Enterprises have long been concerned about , and they have gone to tremendous lengths to ensure that essential data is preserved. Every business does not take data backup and disaster recovery of crucial information lightly. The loss of key data spells the end for the company. When data is damaged by irresistible natural forces or human factors, it not only causes significant difficulties in the running of the business but also damages the company's reputation and puts it at a competitive disadvantage, resulting in incalculable losses. data backup and disaster recovery Documents, contacts, contracts, letters, and account numbers are essential for the great majority of enterprises. While contemporary technology aids businesses in managing critical data, it may also allow data to vanish in the blink of an eye. For most businesses, losing data means pausing operations, which will undoubtedly result in a loss of revenue, reputational damage, and the cost of recovery. Statistics show that the average financial loss suffered by small businesses in data loss cases amounts to $120,000, and $1.23 million for large enterprises. We therefore recommend: n Choose an affordable and reliable backup solution that meets your company's demands, and budget for data protection. n Back up at the very least the most crucial data, and better yet, all of it. n Backing up data on a frequent basis and automating it as much as possible; otherwise, it's easy to become engrossed in day-to-day duties and forget to back it up. n Back up your data in two copies, one on physical media and retained on-site, and the other in cloud storage.

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2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Cybersecurity

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Nominated for 2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Cybersecurity

Top 5 Cloud Data Breaches of Recent Years

Cyber security is a trending topic around the globe and protecting user data has become a cornerstone of good business practice. There are many cyber security service providers in the market but choosing the best option could be a tricky task as there is much to consider. This blog will help you with what to look for in an excellent cyber security service: Good Reputation When you pay a good amount of money for a service, you cannot take any risks and want the best possible option. Therefore, it is essential to find out about the company's reputation. Go for a survey in the market and gauge common perceptions about the business. Ask previous clients about their experience as they are the ones who can give you the most honest and unbiased review. Experience amongst clients may differ, so it is essential not to rely on only one source to make up your mind. Get feedback from several clients and then gauge the more popular opinion. Wide Scope The scope of service tells a lot about the capability of a company. You should check whether your service provider covers all areas of cyber security—for example, Threat Prevention, Threat Collection, Penetration Testing, Dissemination, etc. Availing a service with a broad scope is an excellent choice as it offers you many options in one package. It helps you cover every aspect of your security needs without leaving any loopholes. Service with a wide scope is also essential for sustainability. You might need only assistance with one area right now, but your requirements may scale according to your circumstances. Therefore, it is best to have a provider that can offer you services that are future-proof. Vast Experience Experience is a critical factor in proving the credibility of a company. It is essential to know how long a business has been in the cyber security industry. A vast experience means that a company is time-tested and has survived challenges since its inception. It means that you can rely on it for any difficulty that you might face during service delivery. Highly experienced professionals can analyze problems effectively and provide apt solutions throughout the service period. Efficient Customer Service Efficient customer support is an essential factor to look for in a service. Many cyber security consulting firms offer round-the-clock services to cater to clients’ queries. It is crucial to have a skilled support team to identify and rectify issues immediately. Make sure that you get feedback from previous clients about the quality of customer support. It will help you in making the right choice. Integration Before selecting any cyber security solution, make sure it fits your already existing network infrastructure. If you have to change your setup for integrating a cyber security solution, it cannot be deemed a good choice. Select a solution that integrates with your previous security structure seamlessly. Due to growing demand, many providers have emerged, offering a diverse range of services. However, you have to consider many things to select the best solution. The information mentioned above will help you adopt the right approach when choosing a cyber security solution. cyber security service

2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Cyber Threats

2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Data Security

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Nominated for 2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Cyber Threats

Nominated for 2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Data Security

Nominated for 2022 - HackerNoon Contributor of the Year - Information Security

Cyber Security: A Guide on Choosing a Reliable Service 

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Photo by on Abi Schreider Unsplash Take-Two Interactive has sued several programmers and enthusiasts said to be behind the popular re3 and reVC Grand Theft Auto fan projects. The lawsuit says that after the company filed a DMCA takedown notice to remove the projects from Github, the defendants filed a bad faith counter notice to have the content reinstated, thus triggering this copyright infringement lawsuit. Earlier this year a group of programmers and Grand Theft Auto enthusiasts ‘re3’ and ‘reVC’, a pair of reverse engineered releases of GTA 3 and Vice City. released The code meant that these old but well-loved games could be enjoyed with significant improvements but the fun wasn’t to last for long. In response to the projects, Take-Two and Rockstar Games filed a DMCA notice at Github where the code was stored, of the ‘re3’ and ‘reVC’ repositories. requesting the removal Initially, project leader “aap” questioned the authenticity of the takedown. “It’s not impossible it’s just a troll. Hard to tell. But better to assume it’s real,” he told Eurogamer. As per legal requirements, Github complied with the takedown demand but, as TF , the team behind the projects had the option of filing a DMCA counter-notice if it was confident that its work is permitted under copyright law. noted at the time After assessing its options, that’s , leaving Take-Two just a couple of weeks to file a lawsuit to prevent the content reappearing on Github. When that time expired, the coding platform ‘re3’ and ‘reVC’, as per the law. exactly what the team did restored “We claim that our project falls under fair use: our goal is clearly not piracy or anything as you still need the original game. Rather we want to care for the game by fixing and improving it and bringing it to new platforms,” project leader ‘aap’ informed TF at the time. “This has caused many people to buy or re-buy the game from Take-Two, so it’s not like they’re losing money, quite the opposite.” While Take-Two didn’t act quickly enough to prevent the restoration of ‘re3’ and ‘reVC’ to Github, the company has now followed up with a full-blown lawsuit targeting their developers. Copyright Infringement Complaint Filed in a California court a few hours ago, Take-Two’s lawsuit lists Angelo Papenhoff (aap), Theo Morra, Eray Orçunus, and Adrian Graber as named defendants, plus Doe 1 ‘Ash R / Ash/735’ and nine other unnamed Does. “Defendants’ source code projects, known as re3 and reVC, purport to have created a set of software files (which Defendants claim they ‘reverse engineered’ from the original Game software) that allow members of the public to play the Games on various hardware devices, but with so-called ‘enhancements’ and ‘modifications’ added by Defendants,” the complaint reads. “Perhaps most notably, Defendants claim that their derivative GTA source code enables players to install and run the Games on multiple game platforms, including those on which the Games never have been released, such as the PlayStation Vita and Nintendo Switch.” According to Take-Two, the defendants’ conduct is willful and deliberate since they are well aware that they do not have the necessary rights to copy, adapt or distribute derivative GTA source code or the audiovisual elements of the games. The gaming giant adds that Papenhoff publicly expressed concern that Take-Two would find out about the ‘re3’ and ‘reVC’ projects. Defendants Created Repositories on Github According to the complaint, the defendants uploaded their projects to Github and, over time, refined and updated these repositories until a “full set” of derivative files for the games GTA 3 and Vice City had been created. “These source code files not only contain the derivative software code that enables the Games to run on a player’s computer, but also contain Take-Two’s original digital content such as text, character dialog, and certain game assets. Additionally, the re3 GitHub Repositories include links to locations where members of the public can download a complete, installable build of the re3 and reVC software,” Take-Two adds. The company says the derivative versions of the games are “virtually identical” to the originals in function, appearance and gameplay (except for the modifications added by the defendants) and allow players to experience the “exact same sights, sounds, story, setting, dialog, and other creative content” present in the originals. Defendants Intended to Create and Distribute Pirated Games Take-Two’s lawsuit claims that the defendants have made public statements that show their intent to create and distribute pirated Grand Theft Auto games by using Twitter and Discord to solicit help with the projects. The gaming company also insists that the defendants have admitted that the source code is not original but intended to be copies of the originals. “[D]efendants slavishly recreated the original code to play the Games by ‘decompiling’ the Games’ object (or ‘machine’) code and then working with that material to create a game experience that is identical to the original Games,” its lawsuit adds. Addressing DMCA Notices Sent to Github As previously noted, Take-Two submitted a DMCA takedown notice to Github in February requesting the disabling and/or removal of the allegedly infringing repositories. The company says that the counter notices sent by the defendants in response were not legitimate. “In at least three separate instances between April and June of 2021, Defendants Orçunus, Morra, and Graber submitted sworn counter notifications to GitHub claiming the takedown of the repositories was mistaken or otherwise not legitimate,” the lawsuit reads. “Take-Two is informed and believes, and on that basis alleges, that these counter notifications were made in bad faith, and knowingly and deliberately misrepresented to GitHub the contents of the re3 GitHub Repositories.” Furthermore, it’s alleged that the reverse-engineering team expected a Take-Two response, noting on Discord it was a matter of “WHEN and not IF” the company would “strike back”. Copyright Infringement Claims Take-Two says that by willfully and maliciously copying, adapting and distributing its source code and other content, all of the defendants have infringed its exclusive rights under copyright law. As a result, the company is entitled to damages in amounts to be determined at trial or, alternatively, a maximum statutory damages award of $150,000 for each infringed work. Additionally, the gaming company says that by submitting bad faith DMCA counternotices to have the projects restored to Github, three of the defendants made misrepresentations under . U.S.C. § 512(f) “Accordingly, Defendant Orçunus, Morra, and Graber are liable for damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, incurred by Take-Two,” the complaint adds. Finally, Take-Two is seeking temporary, preliminary, and permanent injunctive relief to restrain the defendants from continuing their allegedly infringing activities. The company wants all infringing source code and games removed from the Internet and wants the defendants to hand over all materials that infringe its rights. Take-Two also wants a full accounting of “any and all sales or downloads of products or services” that infringe its rights. Take-Two’s copyright infringement complaint can be found (pdf) here First published here.

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What Do You Do When a Fan Infringes on Your Copyright? 

Moby-Dick; or The Whale, by Herman Melville is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Chapter 11: Nightgown here CHAPTER 11. Nightgown. We had lain thus in bed, chatting and napping at short intervals, and Queequeg now and then affectionately throwing his brown tattooed legs over mine, and then drawing them back; so entirely sociable and free and easy were we; when, at last, by reason of our confabulations, what little nappishness remained in us altogether departed, and we felt like getting up again, though day-break was yet some way down the future. Yes, we became very wakeful; so much so that our recumbent position began to grow wearisome, and by little and little we found ourselves sitting up; the clothes well tucked around us, leaning against the head-board with our four knees drawn up close together, and our two noses bending over them, as if our kneepans were warming-pans. We felt very nice and snug, the more so since it was so chilly out of doors; indeed out of bed-clothes too, seeing that there was no fire in the room. The more so, I say, because truly to enjoy bodily warmth, some small part of you must be cold, for there is no quality in this world that is not what it is merely by contrast. Nothing exists in itself. If you flatter yourself that you are all over comfortable, and have been so a long time, then you cannot be said to be comfortable any more. But if, like Queequeg and me in the bed, the tip of your nose or the crown of your head be slightly chilled, why then, indeed, in the general consciousness you feel most delightfully and unmistakably warm. For this reason a sleeping apartment should never be furnished with a fire, which is one of the luxurious discomforts of the rich. For the height of this sort of deliciousness is to have nothing but the blanket between you and your snugness and the cold of the outer air. Then there you lie like the one warm spark in the heart of an arctic crystal. We had been sitting in this crouching manner for some time, when all at once I thought I would open my eyes; for when between sheets, whether by day or by night, and whether asleep or awake, I have a way of always keeping my eyes shut, in order the more to concentrate the snugness of being in bed. Because no man can ever feel his own identity aright except his eyes be closed; as if darkness were indeed the proper element of our essences, though light be more congenial to our clayey part. Upon opening my eyes then, and coming out of my own pleasant and self-created darkness into the imposed and coarse outer gloom of the unilluminated twelve-o’clock-at-night, I experienced a disagreeable revulsion. Nor did I at all object to the hint from Queequeg that perhaps it were best to strike a light, seeing that we were so wide awake; and besides he felt a strong desire to have a few quiet puffs from his Tomahawk. Be it said, that though I had felt such a strong repugnance to his smoking in the bed the night before, yet see how elastic our stiff prejudices grow when love once comes to bend them. For now I liked nothing better than to have Queequeg smoking by me, even in bed, because he seemed to be full of such serene household joy then. I no more felt unduly concerned for the landlord’s policy of insurance. I was only alive to the condensed confidential comfortableness of sharing a pipe and a blanket with a real friend. With our shaggy jackets drawn about our shoulders, we now passed the Tomahawk from one to the other, till slowly there grew over us a blue hanging tester of smoke, illuminated by the flame of the new-lit lamp. Whether it was that this undulating tester rolled the savage away to far distant scenes, I know not, but he now spoke of his native island; and, eager to hear his history, I begged him to go on and tell it. He gladly complied. Though at the time I but ill comprehended not a few of his words, yet subsequent disclosures, when I had become more familiar with his broken phraseology, now enable me to present the whole story such as it may prove in the mere skeleton I give. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Melville, Herman,2001. Moby-Dick: or The Whale. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2701/2701-h/2701-h.htm#link2HCH0011 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Moby-Dick; or The Whale: Chapter 11 - Nightgown

Photo by on David M. Chambers Unsplash Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . here CHAPTER VII. “Git up! What you ’bout?” I opened my eyes and looked around, trying to make out where I was. It was after sun-up, and I had been sound asleep. Pap was standing over me looking sour and sick, too. He says: “What you doin’ with this gun?” I judged he didn’t know nothing about what he had been doing, so I says: “Somebody tried to get in, so I was laying for him.” “Why didn’t you roust me out?” “Well, I tried to, but I couldn’t; I couldn’t budge you.” “Well, all right. Don’t stand there palavering all day, but out with you and see if there’s a fish on the lines for breakfast. I’ll be along in a minute.” He unlocked the door, and I cleared out up the river-bank. I noticed some pieces of limbs and such things floating down, and a sprinkling of bark; so I knowed the river had begun to rise. I reckoned I would have great times now if I was over at the town. The June rise used to be always luck for me; because as soon as that rise begins here comes cordwood floating down, and pieces of log rafts—sometimes a dozen logs together; so all you have to do is to catch them and sell them to the wood-yards and the sawmill. I went along up the bank with one eye out for pap and t’other one out for what the rise might fetch along. Well, all at once here comes a canoe; just a beauty, too, about thirteen or fourteen foot long, riding high like a duck. I shot head-first off of the bank like a frog, clothes and all on, and struck out for the canoe. I just expected there’d be somebody laying down in it, because people often done that to fool folks, and when a chap had pulled a skiff out most to it they’d raise up and laugh at him. But it warn’t so this time. It was a drift-canoe sure enough, and I clumb in and paddled her ashore. Thinks I, the old man will be glad when he sees this—she’s worth ten dollars. But when I got to shore pap wasn’t in sight yet, and as I was running her into a little creek like a gully, all hung over with vines and willows, I struck another idea: I judged I’d hide her good, and then, ’stead of taking to the woods when I run off, I’d go down the river about fifty mile and camp in one place for good, and not have such a rough time tramping on foot. It was pretty close to the shanty, and I thought I heard the old man coming all the time; but I got her hid; and then I out and looked around a bunch of willows, and there was the old man down the path a piece just drawing a bead on a bird with his gun. So he hadn’t seen anything. When he got along I was hard at it taking up a “trot” line. He abused me a little for being so slow; but I told him I fell in the river, and that was what made me so long. I knowed he would see I was wet, and then he would be asking questions. We got five catfish off the lines and went home. While we laid off after breakfast to sleep up, both of us being about wore out, I got to thinking that if I could fix up some way to keep pap and the widow from trying to follow me, it would be a certainer thing than trusting to luck to get far enough off before they missed me; you see, all kinds of things might happen. Well, I didn’t see no way for a while, but by and by pap raised up a minute to drink another barrel of water, and he says: “Another time a man comes a-prowling round here you roust me out, you hear? That man warn’t here for no good. I’d a shot him. Next time you roust me out, you hear?” Then he dropped down and went to sleep again; but what he had been saying give me the very idea I wanted. I says to myself, I can fix it now so nobody won’t think of following me. About twelve o’clock we turned out and went along up the bank. The river was coming up pretty fast, and lots of driftwood going by on the rise. By and by along comes part of a log raft—nine logs fast together. We went out with the skiff and towed it ashore. Then we had dinner. Anybody but pap would a waited and seen the day through, so as to catch more stuff; but that warn’t pap’s style. Nine logs was enough for one time; he must shove right over to town and sell. So he locked me in and took the skiff, and started off towing the raft about half-past three. I judged he wouldn’t come back that night. I waited till I reckoned he had got a good start; then I out with my saw, and went to work on that log again. Before he was t’other side of the river I was out of the hole; him and his raft was just a speck on the water away off yonder. I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hid, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon; then the whisky-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; I took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skillet and the coffee-pot. I took fish-lines and matches and other things—everything that was worth a cent. I cleaned out the place. I wanted an axe, but there wasn’t any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun, and now I was done. I had wore the ground a good deal crawling out of the hole and dragging out so many things. So I fixed that as good as I could from the outside by scattering dust on the place, which covered up the smoothness and the sawdust. Then I fixed the piece of log back into its place, and put two rocks under it and one against it to hold it there, for it was bent up at that place and didn’t quite touch ground. If you stood four or five foot away and didn’t know it was sawed, you wouldn’t never notice it; and besides, this was the back of the cabin, and it warn’t likely anybody would go fooling around there. It was all grass clear to the canoe, so I hadn’t left a track. I followed around to see. I stood on the bank and looked out over the river. All safe. So I took the gun and went up a piece into the woods, and was hunting around for some birds when I see a wild pig; hogs soon went wild in them bottoms after they had got away from the prairie farms. I shot this fellow and took him into camp. I took the axe and smashed in the door. I beat it and hacked it considerable a-doing it. I fetched the pig in, and took him back nearly to the table and hacked into his throat with the axe, and laid him down on the ground to bleed; I say ground because it was ground—hard packed, and no boards. Well, next I took an old sack and put a lot of big rocks in it—all I could drag—and I started it from the pig, and dragged it to the door and through the woods down to the river and dumped it in, and down it sunk, out of sight. You could easy see that something had been dragged over the ground. I did wish Tom Sawyer was there; I knowed he would take an interest in this kind of business, and throw in the fancy touches. Nobody could spread himself like Tom Sawyer in such a thing as that. Well, last I pulled out some of my hair, and blooded the axe good, and stuck it on the back side, and slung the axe in the corner. Then I took up the pig and held him to my breast with my jacket (so he couldn’t drip) till I got a good piece below the house and then dumped him into the river. Now I thought of something else. So I went and got the bag of meal and my old saw out of the canoe, and fetched them to the house. I took the bag to where it used to stand, and ripped a hole in the bottom of it with the saw, for there warn’t no knives and forks on the place—pap done everything with his clasp-knife about the cooking. Then I carried the sack about a hundred yards across the grass and through the willows east of the house, to a shallow lake that was five mile wide and full of rushes—and ducks too, you might say, in the season. There was a slough or a creek leading out of it on the other side that went miles away, I don’t know where, but it didn’t go to the river. The meal sifted out and made a little track all the way to the lake. I dropped pap’s whetstone there too, so as to look like it had been done by accident. Then I tied up the rip in the meal sack with a string, so it wouldn’t leak no more, and took it and my saw to the canoe again. It was about dark now; so I dropped the canoe down the river under some willows that hung over the bank, and waited for the moon to rise. I made fast to a willow; then I took a bite to eat, and by and by laid down in the canoe to smoke a pipe and lay out a plan. I says to myself, they’ll follow the track of that sackful of rocks to the shore and then drag the river for me. And they’ll follow that meal track to the lake and go browsing down the creek that leads out of it to find the robbers that killed me and took the things. They won’t ever hunt the river for anything but my dead carcass. They’ll soon get tired of that, and won’t bother no more about me. All right; I can stop anywhere I want to. Jackson’s Island is good enough for me; I know that island pretty well, and nobody ever comes there. And then I can paddle over to town nights, and slink around and pick up things I want. Jackson’s Island’s the place. I was pretty tired, and the first thing I knowed I was asleep. When I woke up I didn’t know where I was for a minute. I set up and looked around, a little scared. Then I remembered. The river looked miles and miles across. The moon was so bright I could a counted the drift logs that went a-slipping along, black and still, hundreds of yards out from shore. Everything was dead quiet, and it looked late, and smelt late. You know what I mean—I don’t know the words to put it in. I took a good gap and a stretch, and was just going to unhitch and start when I heard a sound away over the water. I listened. Pretty soon I made it out. It was that dull kind of a regular sound that comes from oars working in rowlocks when it’s a still night. I peeped out through the willow branches, and there it was—a skiff, away across the water. I couldn’t tell how many was in it. It kept a-coming, and when it was abreast of me I see there warn’t but one man in it. Think’s I, maybe it’s pap, though I warn’t expecting him. He dropped below me with the current, and by and by he came a-swinging up shore in the easy water, and he went by so close I could a reached out the gun and touched him. Well, it was pap, sure enough—and sober, too, by the way he laid his oars. I didn’t lose no time. The next minute I was a-spinning down stream soft but quick in the shade of the bank. I made two mile and a half, and then struck out a quarter of a mile or more towards the middle of the river, because pretty soon I would be passing the ferry landing, and people might see me and hail me. I got out amongst the driftwood, and then laid down in the bottom of the canoe and let her float. I laid there, and had a good rest and a smoke out of my pipe, looking away into the sky; not a cloud in it. The sky looks ever so deep when you lay down on your back in the moonshine; I never knowed it before. And how far a body can hear on the water such nights! I heard people talking at the ferry landing. I heard what they said, too—every word of it. One man said it was getting towards the long days and the short nights now. T’other one said this warn’t one of the short ones, he reckoned—and then they laughed, and he said it over again, and they laughed again; then they waked up another fellow and told him, and laughed, but he didn’t laugh; he ripped out something brisk, and said let him alone. The first fellow said he ’lowed to tell it to his old woman—she would think it was pretty good; but he said that warn’t nothing to some things he had said in his time. I heard one man say it was nearly three o’clock, and he hoped daylight wouldn’t wait more than about a week longer. After that the talk got further and further away, and I couldn’t make out the words any more; but I could hear the mumble, and now and then a laugh, too, but it seemed a long ways off. I was away below the ferry now. I rose up, and there was Jackson’s Island, about two mile and a half down stream, heavy timbered and standing up out of the middle of the river, big and dark and solid, like a steamboat without any lights. There warn’t any signs of the bar at the head—it was all under water now. It didn’t take me long to get there. I shot past the head at a ripping rate, the current was so swift, and then I got into the dead water and landed on the side towards the Illinois shore. I run the canoe into a deep dent in the bank that I knowed about; I had to part the willow branches to get in; and when I made fast nobody could a seen the canoe from the outside. I went up and set down on a log at the head of the island, and looked out on the big river and the black driftwood and away over to the town, three mile away, where there was three or four lights twinkling. A monstrous big lumber-raft was about a mile up stream, coming along down, with a lantern in the middle of it. I watched it come creeping down, and when it was most abreast of where I stood I heard a man say, “Stern oars, there! heave her head to stabboard!” I heard that just as plain as if the man was by my side. There was a little gray in the sky now; so I stepped into the woods, and laid down for a nap before breakfast. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022 from Twain, Mark,1993. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/76/76-h/76-h.htm#c7 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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