Amend vs Reset: 4 Simple Ways to Reverse a Git Commit

I'm quite sure all of these happened to you at least once: You committed a change with the wrong message (typo, wrong tense, etc.) You committed a change with the wrong files (something missing, too many files, etc.) You committed a change too early (the 3feature isn't complete yet) You committed a change you didn't want to (wrong code, just needs to be deleted) Sure, you can just add a new commit, but in the long run, this will mess up your git history (unless you're closing PRs with ). squash If you want to keep your history clean and make your mistake disappear, let me show you 4 different ways to undo a commit. They're similar but not exactly the same, so you can apply the best one for your situation. : I'll also show you how to restore hard-deleted changes. Bonus content What does that mean? I'll get into that later. As usual, there's a live demo waiting for you on my YouTube channel where I show you all the content of this article plus some extra words and scenarios. If you're just here for the commands, you can skip the video and go straight to the article. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukx24CtWhms?embedable=true Table of Contents 1. Amend no-edit 2. Amend & Change Message 3. Reset (soft) 4. Reset (hard) Bonus: Restore Hard Deleted Changes 1. Amend no-edit Let's start with the easiest situation, you already did a commit but you forgot to add some files. Instead of creating an extra commit on top, you can run . As a result, the last commit will be updated with the new files. git commit --amend --no-edit git add . git commit --amend --no-edit No additional actions are required, you're done! 2. Amend & Change Message Similar situation to the previous one, but you also want to change the commit message. git add . git commit --amend This will open your default editor and you can change the commit message. Once you're done, save and close the editor. The commit will be updated with the new message. Actually, is not required if all you wanted to do is change the commit message. You can just run . git add . git commit --amend 3. Reset (soft) This is the case where you want to undo a commit, but you want to keep the changes so that you can make a new commit at a later time. is kind of a time travel, really powerful but also dangerous. The most common use case is probably to undo a commit but keep in mind that you can do much more. git reset The full command we need is . git reset --soft HEAD~1 means that the changes will be kept. --soft means the current commit you're on. HEAD means the last commit, but you can also use to undo the last 2 commits. HEAD~1 HEAD~2 A shortcut for is , so would be the same as . HEAD @ @~1 HEAD~1 After running this command, you'll see that the last commit is gone but the files still have your changes applied. You can now keep working and whenever you're ready you can do a new commit. 4. Reset (hard) This is the case where you want to undo a commit and you don't want to keep the changes. If you want to delete the changes, you need to add the flag while running . --hard git reset : this will also delete any uncommitted changes you have. Warning The full command we need this time is that it will delete the last commit and the changes. Forever. git reset --hard HEAD~1 Or is it? Bonus: Restore Hard Deleted Changes If you run and you're not happy with the result, you can still restore the changes. git reset --hard HEAD~1 As we've just seen, is our time travel machine, but we need to tell it to go. In this case, we entirely removed a commit and there's no trace in the git history, so we cannot say anymore. git reset where HEAD~number Luckily, git keeps a log of all the commits that have been removed. You can see this log by running . git reflog You want to look at a log like this one: 1b2c3d4 HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to HEAD~1 This means that you were at commit 1b2c3d4 and you did a reset to the previous commit. You can now use this commit ID to restore the changes. git reset --hard 1b2c3d4 What are we doing here? We're telling git to go back to the commit and to get rid of all the changes we did (in this case, the change was deleting the commit). Undoing a delete operation actually means restoring the deleted commit. 1b2c3d4 Conclusion I hope you found this article useful and learned something new. If you have any questions or suggestions, feel free to leave a comment below. I know there are at least a dozen different ways of moving around in git. I selected these 4 for simplicity but if you want to expand and add more in the comment section, let's do it! Let me recommend once more to also watch the live demo and leave a like in this article (and to the video) to support my work. Thanks! Also published here. I recently launched my Discord server to talk about Open Source and Web Development, feel free to join here.