If you've been running automation testing with JavaScript, Node, or some other programming language, you'll realize how much easier it is with Python. The sheer amount of libraries Python offers, its simplicity, and its large-scale use make it one of the best programming languages for test automation. I've worked on Python test automation projects long enough to know some tips and tricks for the best results. I'll share seven tips and practices you can depend on for efficient Python test automation. 1. Choose the right test automation framework based on your project specifications. Python comes with its built-in test automation framework, Unittest. But it's best for small projects. If you want a test automation framework that allows you to work on small—to large-scale projects, Pytest is a better option. Pytest provides a structured and efficient way to write test cases for more manageable and scalable test automation. It also has the simplest syntax and the most comprehensive plugin ecosystem. For example, you can use pytest-xdist for parallel test execution. In addition, you can run test cases you've written in Unittest or Nose 2 on Pytest. If you do more robot process automation (RPA), the robot framework is the better option. The syntax is primarily human language, so it's really easy to work with. For web testing, you can also integrate it with other Python test frameworks, like Selenium. If you work on a team that practices Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), Behave is the best framework. Writing test cases in Behave that non-technical stakeholders can understand is super easy. I'd advise you to choose a framework that matches the tech stack your team uses to avoid any communication barriers. But if you're working solo, Pytest is the most versatile and commonly used framework. 2. Use WebDriverWait in Selenium to beat timing issues. I mentioned that you can integrate Pytest with Selenium for web testing. While Pytest is great for functional testing, Selenium takes web automation to a whole new level. Selenium has powerful browser automation capabilities, especially with its WebDriver library. When you run tests on Selenium, you have to wait some defined amount of time as the system works on locating elements. Once that time elapses, say 10 seconds, the driver quits. The issue with implicit wait, as it's called, is that different elements need different wait times. So, instead of relying on implicit waits, use WebDriverWait in conjunction with expected_conditions to create certain conditions that must be met before elements become interactive. from selenium import webdriver from Selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from Selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from Selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC driver = webdriver.Chrome() driver.get("https://example.com") # Wait for the element to be clickable wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10) element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "clickableElementId"))) element.click() # Perform action after the element is ready driver.quit() If your tests constantly fail, it may not necessarily mean the web app has any issues. It could simply be because of some changes in the app's code or UI. To avoid excessive debugging from test failures, ensure you use unique IDs to identify web elements accurately. 3. Use Pytest parameterized testing to avoid duplicating test functions. I can't stress enough how time-saving Pytest parameterized testing features are. Test automation sometimes requires testing the same functionality in an app with different sets of data. Instead of duplicating the test functions, you can simply run a single test function using pytest.mark.parametrize, and it'll be duplicated multiple times with different parameters. Here's what that looks like: import pytest @pytest.mark.parametrize("input, expected", [(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)]) def test_square(input, expected): assert input ** 2 == expected If you're wondering if you can run parameterized testing with Python's built-in test automation framework, the answer is yes—under certain conditions. Unittest does not natively support parameterized testing, but you can add a module for that purpose. Here's how to do that: import unittest from parameterized import parameterized class TestMathOperations(unittest.TestCase): @parameterized.expand([ ("square of 2", 2, 4), ("square of 3", 3, 9), ("square of 4", 4, 16), ]) def test_square(self, name, input, expected): self.assertEqual(input ** 2, expected) 4. Speed up test execution with parallel testing. The more APIs, test cases, databases, and third-party systems in your testing suite, the more execution lags, which can slow down development. Thankfully, there's a way to deal with that without tampering with your test suite. Python allows for parallel testing with frameworks like Pytest. You can run several tests in parallel using multiple CPUs. Here's how to execute parallel testing with Pytest: pip install pytest-xdist pytest -n 4 # Run tests on 4 CPUs You can also increase the number of CPUs handling the load, but there's only so much local infrastructure that can handle it. If your CPUs aren't powerful enough to handle your test suite, I recommend using cloud platforms like Lambda to test how the app will behave on different browsers and OSes. 5. Automate your test automation into CI/CD pipelines. Trust me; you won't catch a break if you're working with fast-paced development cycles, and you have to manually adjust code every time something changes in software. You can automate Python tests into your CI/CD pipeline to execute them automatically whenever the code changes. This allows you to quickly identify bugs and release the improved app version back for use. To integrate Python testing automation into your CI/CD pipelines. Add pytest-cov to your project and use a Pytest command to automatically execute your tests and flag any issues. Steps: - name: Install dependencies run: pip install pytest pytest-cov - name: Run tests run: pytest --cov=my_project If you work on larger test suites, you'd have to add a robot framework to CI tools like Jenkins. For Unittest, coverage allows you to integrate your test into a pipeline like this; Test: script: - Python -m coverage run -m unittest discover - Python -m coverage report 6. Run tests in isolation. One of the common issues you may encounter with Python test automation is test breakage due to interdependencies. Basically, your test fails because your one test relies on the data or environment condition of other tests. So, if one test gets modified, other tests fail as a result of the chain reaction the change causes. To solve this, isolate all the tests so that each starts unconnected to the others. This way, you can debug without dealing with its ripple effect on other tests. Here's how to ensure test isolation using setup and teardown logic on Pytest; import pytest @pytest.fixture def clean_environment(): # Setup: Prepare a clean state print("Setting up a clean environment.") yield # Teardown: Reset environment print("Cleaning up after the test.") def test_example(clean_environment): assert 2 + 2 == 4 Note that the Pytest fixture ensures that the resources you use are cleaned up after each test. This allows you to restore the environment to its original state after the test has been executed. 7. Stick to the best test automation practices. I'll highlight a couple of best practices to become more efficient in Python test automation; Before you start test automation, set test metrics for your test suite. Test metrics like code coverage, number of test cases executed, passed or failed, and test execution time will help you track testing and identify bottlenecks to tackle. To a very large extent, everyone on your team should know how to write an end-to-end (E2E) test. This way, quality isn't just an afterthought but is ingrained into the development process from the start. Don't test third-party dependencies like links to external sites or servers that you can't control. It could potentially slow down your test, and there could be cookie banners or some other element that may cause your test to fail. Use assertions to verify that your test results match the expected results. Keep your test automation tools up to date to test your app on the latest browser versions and catch bugs before it makes it to the public. Conclusion Automation testing can be challenging, especially when dealing with a series of seemingly unsolvable errors. I've discovered that test automation is less buggy when using the testing pyramid. Here, you focus on unit and integration tests before E2E tests. With the tips and practices I've highlighted, you can efficiently run continuous regression testing in a CI/CD environment and get immediate feedback before you deploy a code. If you've been running automation testing with JavaScript, Node, or some other programming language, you'll realize how much easier it is with Python. The sheer amount of libraries Python offers, its simplicity, and its large-scale use make it one of the best programming languages for test automation. automation testing automation testing I've worked on Python test automation projects long enough to know some tips and tricks for the best results. I'll share seven tips and practices you can depend on for efficient Python test automation. 1. Choose the right test automation framework based on your project specifications. 1. Choose the right test automation framework based on your project specifications. Python comes with its built-in test automation framework, Unittest. But it's best for small projects. If you want a test automation framework that allows you to work on small—to large-scale projects, Pytest is a better option. Pytest provides a structured and efficient way to write test cases for more manageable and scalable test automation. It also has the simplest syntax and the most comprehensive plugin ecosystem. For example, you can use pytest-xdist for parallel test execution. In addition, you can run test cases you've written in Unittest or Nose 2 on Pytest. If you do more robot process automation ( RPA ), the robot framework is the better option. The syntax is primarily human language, so it's really easy to work with. For web testing, you can also integrate it with other Python test frameworks, like Selenium. RPA RPA If you work on a team that practices Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), Behave is the best framework. Writing test cases in Behave that non-technical stakeholders can understand is super easy. I'd advise you to choose a framework that matches the tech stack your team uses to avoid any communication barriers. But if you're working solo, Pytest is the most versatile and commonly used framework. 2. Use WebDriverWait in Selenium to beat timing issues. I mentioned that you can integrate Pytest with Selenium for web testing. While Pytest is great for functional testing, Selenium takes web automation to a whole new level. Selenium has powerful browser automation capabilities, especially with its WebDriver library. When you run tests on Selenium, you have to wait some defined amount of time as the system works on locating elements. Once that time elapses, say 10 seconds, the driver quits. The issue with implicit wait, as it's called, is that different elements need different wait times. So, instead of relying on implicit waits, use WebDriverWait in conjunction with expected_conditions to create certain conditions that must be met before elements become interactive. from selenium import webdriver from Selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from Selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from Selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC driver = webdriver.Chrome() driver.get("https://example.com") # Wait for the element to be clickable wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10) element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "clickableElementId"))) element.click() # Perform action after the element is ready driver.quit() from selenium import webdriver from Selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from Selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from Selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC driver = webdriver.Chrome() driver.get("https://example.com") # Wait for the element to be clickable wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10) element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "clickableElementId"))) element.click() # Perform action after the element is ready driver.quit() If your tests constantly fail, it may not necessarily mean the web app has any issues. It could simply be because of some changes in the app's code or UI. To avoid excessive debugging from test failures, ensure you use unique IDs to identify web elements accurately. 3. Use Pytest parameterized testing to avoid duplicating test functions. I can't stress enough how time-saving Pytest parameterized testing features are. Test automation sometimes requires testing the same functionality in an app with different sets of data. Instead of duplicating the test functions, you can simply run a single test function using pytest.mark.parametrize , and it'll be duplicated multiple times with different parameters. Here's what that looks like: pytest.mark.parametrize import pytest import pytest @pytest.mark.parametrize("input, expected", [(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)]) @pytest.mark.parametrize("input, expected", [(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)]) def test_square(input, expected): def test_square(input, expected): assert input ** 2 == expected assert input ** 2 == expected If you're wondering if you can run parameterized testing with Python's built-in test automation framework, the answer is yes—under certain conditions. Unittest does not natively support parameterized testing, but you can add a module for that purpose. Here's how to do that: import unittest import unittest from parameterized import parameterized from parameterized import parameterized class TestMathOperations(unittest.TestCase): class TestMathOperations(unittest.TestCase): @parameterized.expand([ @parameterized.expand([ ("square of 2", 2, 4), ("square of 2", 2, 4), ("square of 3", 3, 9), ("square of 3", 3, 9), ("square of 4", 4, 16), ("square of 4", 4, 16), ]) ]) def test_square(self, name, input, expected): def test_square(self, name, input, expected): self.assertEqual(input ** 2, expected) self.assertEqual(input ** 2, expected) 4. Speed up test execution with parallel testing. The more APIs, test cases, databases, and third-party systems in your testing suite, the more execution lags, which can slow down development. Thankfully, there's a way to deal with that without tampering with your test suite. Python allows for parallel testing with frameworks like Pytest. You can run several tests in parallel using multiple CPUs. Here's how to execute parallel testing with Pytest: pip install pytest-xdist pip install pytest-xdist pytest -n 4 # Run tests on 4 CPUs pytest -n 4 # Run tests on 4 CPUs You can also increase the number of CPUs handling the load, but there's only so much local infrastructure that can handle it. If your CPUs aren't powerful enough to handle your test suite, I recommend using cloud platforms like Lambda to test how the app will behave on different browsers and OSes. that 5. Automate your test automation into CI/CD pipelines. Trust me; you won't catch a break if you're working with fast-paced development cycles, and you have to manually adjust code every time something changes in software. You can automate Python tests into your CI/CD pipeline to execute them automatically whenever the code changes. This allows you to quickly identify bugs and release the improved app version back for use. To integrate Python testing automation into your CI/CD pipelines. Add pytest-cov to your project and use a Pytest command to automatically execute your tests and flag any issues. pytest-cov Steps: - name: Install dependencies - name: Install dependencies run: pip install pytest pytest-cov run: pip install pytest pytest-cov - name: Run tests - name: Run tests run: pytest --cov=my_project run: pytest --cov=my_project If you work on larger test suites, you'd have to add a robot framework to CI tools like Jenkins. For Unittest, coverage allows you to integrate your test into a pipeline like this; Test: script: script: - Python -m coverage run -m unittest discover - Python -m coverage run -m unittest discover - Python -m coverage report - Python -m coverage report 6. Run tests in isolation. One of the common issues you may encounter with Python test automation is test breakage due to interdependencies. Basically, your test fails because your one test relies on the data or environment condition of other tests. So, if one test gets modified, other tests fail as a result of the chain reaction the change causes. To solve this, isolate all the tests so that each starts unconnected to the others. This way, you can debug without dealing with its ripple effect on other tests. Here's how to ensure test isolation using setup and teardown logic on Pytest; import pytest import pytest @pytest.fixture @pytest.fixture def clean_environment(): def clean_environment(): # Setup: Prepare a clean state # Setup: Prepare a clean state print("Setting up a clean environment.") print("Setting up a clean environment.") yield yield # Teardown: Reset environment # Teardown: Reset environment print("Cleaning up after the test.") print("Cleaning up after the test.") def test_example(clean_environment): def test_example(clean_environment): assert 2 + 2 == 4 assert 2 + 2 == 4 Note that the Pytest fixture ensures that the resources you use are cleaned up after each test. This allows you to restore the environment to its original state after the test has been executed. 7. Stick to the best test automation practices. I'll highlight a couple of best practices to become more efficient in Python test automation; Before you start test automation, set test metrics for your test suite. Test metrics like code coverage, number of test cases executed, passed or failed, and test execution time will help you track testing and identify bottlenecks to tackle. To a very large extent, everyone on your team should know how to write an end-to-end (E2E) test. This way, quality isn't just an afterthought but is ingrained into the development process from the start. Don't test third-party dependencies like links to external sites or servers that you can't control. It could potentially slow down your test, and there could be cookie banners or some other element that may cause your test to fail. Use assertions to verify that your test results match the expected results. Keep your test automation tools up to date to test your app on the latest browser versions and catch bugs before it makes it to the public. Before you start test automation, set test metrics for your test suite. Test metrics like code coverage, number of test cases executed, passed or failed, and test execution time will help you track testing and identify bottlenecks to tackle. To a very large extent, everyone on your team should know how to write an end-to-end (E2E) test. This way, quality isn't just an afterthought but is ingrained into the development process from the start. Don't test third-party dependencies like links to external sites or servers that you can't control. It could potentially slow down your test, and there could be cookie banners or some other element that may cause your test to fail. Use assertions to verify that your test results match the expected results. assertions assertions Keep your test automation tools up to date to test your app on the latest browser versions and catch bugs before it makes it to the public. Conclusion Automation testing can be challenging, especially when dealing with a series of seemingly unsolvable errors. I've discovered that test automation is less buggy when using the testing pyramid. Here, you focus on unit and integration tests before E2E tests. With the tips and practices I've highlighted, you can efficiently run continuous regression testing in a CI/CD environment and get immediate feedback before you deploy a code.
