Java bits: 0xFF and 0xFFL

Some Random Binaries I wrote a method to read a long typed number from an InputStream. The code is as follows: public static long readLong(final ByteArrayInputStream inputStream) {long n = 0L;n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 0);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 8);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 16);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 24);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 32);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 40);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 48);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFF) << 56);return n;} It returns wrong results and I was scratching my head around what went wrong. After digging into it, I found that the method java.io.InputStream#read() returns an int type. When a very big left bit shift(like << 32)is performed on an int, the bits will go over bound and the high bits will be discarded. The solution is to use a long type 0xFFL when we are the & operation on an int while hoping to get a long type as the result of such operations: performing i & 0xFFL The will perform a on i and keep all the bits. programme sign extension _Sign extension is the operation, in computer arithmetic, of increasing the number of bits of a binary number while…_en.wikipedia.org Sign extension - Wikipedia So the correct code should look as follows: public static long readLong(final ByteArrayInputStream inputStream) {long n = 0L;n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 0);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 8);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 16);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 24);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 32);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 40);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 48);n |= ((inputStream.read() & 0xFFL) << 56);return n;}