What's in Store for the Future of Arabic Web Design and Usability

This is Part 7 of a 7-part series of the research paper “Towards Usability Guidelines for the Design of Effective Arabic Websites”. Use the table of links below to navigate to the other parts. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Previous Works III. Research Methodology IV. Font and Image Inspection Studies V. Results VI. Discussion VII. Conclusions, Future Research Directions, and References VII. CONCLUSIONS The 73 top viewed Arabic websites from local and international service providers, covering a wide range of areas in Saudi Arabia such as government, news, and e-commerce, were carefully inspected with a focus on the fonts applied to format the Arabic text and images incorporated to improve the overall site attractiveness. The Arabic websites suffered from inconsistency for they mixed font types on the same web pages. The added value of such practice is ambiguous and invites the designers of Arabic websites to pay more attention to the application of fonts more consistently within and across pages. Droid Arabic Kufi was dominant in formatting the titles and menus of the Arabic sites. This font type reflects the specific characteristics of the Arabic writing, especially that related to calligraphy. Nevertheless, Tahoma and Helvetica were also used frequently to style the titles and menus. Surprisingly, however, the analysis showed that famous fonts used to style English text, such as Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial and Times New Roman, are used to format the Arabic paragraphs. Nonetheless, a myriad of other font types was used to style the Arabic text, which shows that the Arabic websites still do not favor a particular font type to improve text legibility or attractiveness. Instead, web designers of Arabic websites seem to trust what international websites frequently use such as Helvetica and Arial. This might not be necessarily efficient for reading the Arabic characters and language. Arabic content on the web is still yet to find its appropriate font type and font size. Images were extensively used in the Arabic websites, which may indeed increase user engagement and visual appeal. However, the high number of images resulted in lower website loading speed, which is a key quality factor in web design. The use of images in the Arabic websites revealed three main characteristics, masculinity, collectivism and conservatism. These characteristics are in agreement with the Saudi culture and its religious identity. Despite the insights highlighted by the results, there are several qualifying limitations that have to be enumerated here. The aforementioned studies describe the current design practices pertaining to font and image usage within the Arabic websites and do not shed light on the rationale for their use nor do they test real users' perception and judgment towards these practices. In other words, usability inspection studies do not allow obtaining a deep understanding of the effects of certain design decisions on user judgment and satisfaction. Follow-up studies are recommended to gauge user views and acceptability towards font and image usage in the Arabic websites. The inspection raised several interesting observations, but more statistical analysis is needed to assert differences between website categories. VIII. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The herewith research provides a detailed outlook on the general practices of local and international websites in relation to the application of font and images in Arabic web design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the use of font and images in Arabic websites extensively. Indeed, there is an overarching necessity to undertake more organized research focusing on these two important design elements. As part of a long-term agenda, we have already started to conduct a series controlled experiments in order to identify the most efficient Arabic font type and size to use in e-commerce websites as well as users‟ perception towards conservative and non-conservative images within fashion online stores and study how these images could influence customers‟ buying decisions. Researchers into the impact of typography on Arabic web usability should consider using eye-tracking to collect objective measures about Arabic reading performance and mental load. However, for the use of images, more user testing is required to judge users‟ attitudes and acceptance towards the shift in using less conservative images, especially in Arabic e-commerce websites, where buying decisions are greatly driven by the display of products such as clothes. Other interactive media such as animations and videos and their effect on user judgment and website performance would also need to be examined in the future. REFERENCES [1] E. Deborah, E-P. Rosen, "Website design: Viewing the web as a cognitive landscape", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 787-794, 2004. [2] G. Lindgaard, G. Fernandes, & C. Dudek, J. M. Brown, "Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression!", Behaviour and Information Technology Journal, vol. 25 no. 2, pp. 115- 126, 2006 [3] R. Sinha, M. Hearst, M. Ivory, and M. Draisin. "Content or graphics? an empirical analysis of criteria for award-winning websites", in Proc. Human Factors and the Web, 7th conference , Madison, WI, June 2001. [4] A A Abubaker, J Lu ," The optimum font size and type for students aged 9-12 reading Arabic characters on screen: A case study", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2012, available at: https://iopscience. iop. org/article/10. 1088/1742-6596/364/1/012115/meta [5] M. Bernard, "Criteria for optimal web design (designing for usability)", available at:http://psychology. wichita. edu/optimalweb/structure. htm, 8. 7. 2004. [6] J. Nielsen, "Usability 101: Introduction to Usability, Available at:http://www. nngroup. com/articles/usability-101-introduction-tousability/ ,2012. [7] M. Y. Ivory, M. A. Hearst, "Improving website design",University of California, Berkeley, Vol. 01, Page no. 7, 2002. [8] H. Holden, R. Rada, "Understanding the Influence of Perceived Usability and Technology Self-Efficacy on Teachers' Technology Acceptance", Journal Of Research On Technology In Education, (International Society For Technology In Education), vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 343-367, 2011. [9] A. Seffah, M. Donyaee, K. R. B Kline, H. K. Padda, "Usability measurement and metrics: A consolidated model". Software Quality Journal. Vol. 14. pp. 159-178. Jun 2006. [10] M. Bernard, B. Lida ,S. Riley, T. Hackler, K. Janzen, "A comparison of popular online fonts: which size and type is best?", Usability News. 2002 Jan;Vol. 4(No. 1) Online journal [11] J. W. Palmer, "Web site usability, design, and performance metrics", Information Systems Research"; vol. 13, no. 2; pg. 15, Jun 2002. [12] C. Flavian, R. Gurrea, C. Orus, "Web design: A key factor for the website success", J. Systems and IT. pp. 168-184. 2009. [13] J. Hu, K. Shima, R. Oehlmann, J. Zhao, Y. Takemura, KI. Matsumoto, “An empirical study of audience impressions of B2C web pages in Japan, China and the UK”, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. , vol. 3, no. 2, pp 176-89 Jun. 2004. [14] H. Shahizan, L. Feng, "Evaluating the Usability and Content Usefulness of Web Sites: A Benchmarking approach," Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, vol. 3, no. 2, pg. 46, Apr-Jun 2005. [15] D. Beymer, D. Russell,, P. Orton, " An eye tracking study of how font size and type influence online reading", Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual Conference on HCI 2008: People and Computers XXII: Culture, Creativity, Interaction Vol. 2, pp. 15-18. Sept 2008. [16] M. Gasser, J. Boeke,M. Haffernan,R. Tan, "The Influence of Font Type on Information Recall", North Am J Psychol, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 181-188, 2005. [17] A. Z. Alotaibi, "The effect of font size and type on reading performance with Arabic words in normally sighted and simulated cataract subjects", Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 203-206, 2007. [18] M. A. Zamzuri, A, Mohamad, W. Rahani, S. Khairulanuar, Z. I. Muhammad, " Reading on the Computer Screen: Does Font Type has Effects on Web Text Readability?", International Education Studies; Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 26-35; 2013. [19] N. Hojjati, B. Muniandy, "The Effects of Font Type and Spacing of Text for Online Readability and Performance ", Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 5, no. 2,pp. 161-174, 2014 [20] A. Sears, J. A. Jacko, E. M. Dubach, "International Aspects of World Wide Web Usability and the Role of High-End Graphical Enhancements", Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interaction, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 241-261, 2000. [21] D. Cyr, H. Larios, M. Head, B. Pan, "Exploring human images in website design: a multi-method approach", MIS Quarterly Vol. 33 No. 3, September 2009. [22] S. A. Becker and F. E. Mottay, "A global perspective on Web site usability," in IEEE Software, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 54-61, Jan. -Feb. 2001. [23] N. Bevan, L. Spinhof, "Are guidelines and standards for web usability comprehensive?", Proceedings HCI International 07, Springer, pp. 407- 419, July 2007. [24] N. Bevan, " Guidelines and Standards for Web Usability", Proceedings of HCI International, Lawrence Erlbaum, The Management of Information: E-Business, the Web, and Mobile Computing, vol. 2, July 2005 [25] Mohamed Benaida and Abdallah Namoun, “Technical and Perceived Usability Issues in Arabic Educational Websites” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), vol. 9, no. 5, 2018. [26] S. H. Mustafa, L. F. Al-Zoua‟bi, "Usability of the Academic Websites of Jordan's Universities, An Evaluation Study", 9th International Arab Conference for Information Technology(ACIT'2008). [27] A. Fernandez, E. Insfran,S. AbrahÃao, "Usability evaluation methods for the web: A systematic mapping study". Information & Software Technology. Vol 53, pp. 789-817, Aug 2011. [28] T. Conte, J. Massolar, E. Mendes, GH. Travassos, “Web usability inspection technique based on design perspectives”, IET software. Apr, vol3 no. 2, pp. 106-23. Apr. 2009. [29] R. Otaiza, C. Rusu, S. Roncagliolo, “Evaluating the usability of transactional web sites”, In 2010 Third International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp. 32-37, Feb. 2010. K-S. Kang, B. Corbitt, "Effectiveness of Graphical Components in Web Site E-commerce Application-A Cultural Perspective", EJISDC, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-6. 2001. [30] “Top Sites in Saudi Arabia”, available online at: https://www. alexa.com/topsites/countries/SA, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. [31] “Fontface Ninja”, available online at: https://fontface. ninja/, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. [32] “Website Speed Test Image Analysis Tool”, available online at: https://webspeedtest. cloudinary. com/, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. [33] S. Mentes,, A. h. Turan, "Assessing the usability of university websites: An empirical study on Namik Kemal University". Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. Vol. 11, pp 61-69, Jul 2012. [34] A. El-Sawy, M. Loey and H. El-Bakry, "Arabic Handwritten Characters Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network,"WSEAS Transactions on Computer Research ,vol. 5, pp. 11-19, 2017. [35] S. Steinau, O. Díaz, JJ. Rodríguez, F. Ibáñez, “A Tool for Assessing the Consistency of Websites”, InICEIS (pp. 691-698). 2002. [36] E. Shawgi, N. A. Noureldien, “Usability measurement model (umm): a new model for measuring websites usability”, International Journal of Information Science, vol. 5. no. 1, pp. 5-13, 2015. [37] T. Rabinowitz, “Exploring typography”, Cengage Learning; 2015. [38] J. Banerjee, D. Majumdar, D. Majumdar, "Readability, Subjective Preference and Mental Workload Studies on Young Indian Adults for Selection of Optimum Font Type and Size during Onscreen Reading", Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences. 4,pp. 131-143, Jan. 2011. [39] M. Bernard, M. Mills, "So, What Size and Type of Font Should I Use on My Website?", usability news, , Vol. 2, no. 2, July 2000. [40] Y. -C. Lin, C. Yehb, C. Wei, " How will the use of graphics affect visual aesthetics? A user-centered approach for web page design , "et al. / Int. J. Human-Computer Studies vol. 71, pp. 217–227, 2013. [41] D. Willis," Effects of using enhancing visual elements in Web site design", American Communication Journal,vol 3, no. 1, 1999, avalibale at: http://ac-journal. org/journal/vol3/Iss1/articles/Willis. htm. [42] N. Tsikriktsis, " Does Culture Influence Web Site Quality Expectations? An Empirical Study", Journal of Service Research. Vol 5, no. 2, Nov 2002. [43] R. Fletcher, "The impact of culture on web site content, design, and structure: An international and a multicultural perspective". Journal of Communication Management, vol. 10, no. 3, Jul. 2006. [44] A. Marcus, E-W. Gould. “Crosscurrents: cultural dimensions and global Web user-interface design. ” ACM Interactions, pp 32-46, vol. 7, no. 4, Jul. 2000. [45] “Hofstede Insights”, available online at: https://www.hofstedeinsights.com/, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. [46] J. Janbi, "Classifying Digital Arabic Fonts Based on Design Characteristics", 2018 21st Saudi Computer Society National Computer Conference (NCC), Riyadh, pp. 1-6. April 2018. [47] Y. Huang, J. W. Wenjie Shi, "The impact of font choice on web pages: Relationship with willingness to pay and tourism motivation",Tourism Management, vol. 66, pp. 191-199, June 2018. [48] M. A. Ababtain, A. R. Khan, "Towards a Framework for Usability of Arabic-English Websites", Procedia Computer Science, vol. 109, pp. 1010-1015, 2017. [49] C. Yang, T. S. T. Huang, D. R. Shanks, "Perceptual fluency affects judgments of learning: The font size effect", Journal of Memory and Language, vol. 99, pp. 99-110, April 2018. [50] J. Grobelny, R. Michalski, “The role of background color, interletter spacing, and font size on preferences in the digital presentation of a product”, Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 43, pp.85-100, 2015. Authors: (1) Abdallah Namoun, Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; (2) Ahmad B. Alkhodre, Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This is Part 7 of a 7-part series of the research paper “Towards Usability Guidelines for the Design of Effective Arabic Websites”. Use the table of links below to navigate to the other parts. This is Part 7 of a 7-part series of the research paper “ Towards Usability Guidelines for the Design of Effective Arabic Websites ”. Use the table of links below to navigate to the other parts. Part 7 Towards Usability Guidelines for the Design of Effective Arabic Websites Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Previous Works II. Previous Works III. Research Methodology III. Research Methodology IV. Font and Image Inspection Studies IV. Font and Image Inspection Studies V. Results V. Results VI. Discussion VI. Discussion VII. Conclusions, Future Research Directions, and References VII. Conclusions, Future Research Directions, and References VII. CONCLUSIONS The 73 top viewed Arabic websites from local and international service providers, covering a wide range of areas in Saudi Arabia such as government, news, and e-commerce, were carefully inspected with a focus on the fonts applied to format the Arabic text and images incorporated to improve the overall site attractiveness. The Arabic websites suffered from inconsistency for they mixed font types on the same web pages. The added value of such practice is ambiguous and invites the designers of Arabic websites to pay more attention to the application of fonts more consistently within and across pages. Droid Arabic Kufi was dominant in formatting the titles and menus of the Arabic sites. This font type reflects the specific characteristics of the Arabic writing, especially that related to calligraphy. Nevertheless, Tahoma and Helvetica were also used frequently to style the titles and menus. Surprisingly, however, the analysis showed that famous fonts used to style English text, such as Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial and Times New Roman, are used to format the Arabic paragraphs. Nonetheless, a myriad of other font types was used to style the Arabic text, which shows that the Arabic websites still do not favor a particular font type to improve text legibility or attractiveness. Instead, web designers of Arabic websites seem to trust what international websites frequently use such as Helvetica and Arial. This might not be necessarily efficient for reading the Arabic characters and language. Arabic content on the web is still yet to find its appropriate font type and font size. Images were extensively used in the Arabic websites, which may indeed increase user engagement and visual appeal. However, the high number of images resulted in lower website loading speed, which is a key quality factor in web design. The use of images in the Arabic websites revealed three main characteristics, masculinity, collectivism and conservatism. These characteristics are in agreement with the Saudi culture and its religious identity. Despite the insights highlighted by the results, there are several qualifying limitations that have to be enumerated here. The aforementioned studies describe the current design practices pertaining to font and image usage within the Arabic websites and do not shed light on the rationale for their use nor do they test real users' perception and judgment towards these practices. In other words, usability inspection studies do not allow obtaining a deep understanding of the effects of certain design decisions on user judgment and satisfaction. Follow-up studies are recommended to gauge user views and acceptability towards font and image usage in the Arabic websites. The inspection raised several interesting observations, but more statistical analysis is needed to assert differences between website categories. VIII. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The herewith research provides a detailed outlook on the general practices of local and international websites in relation to the application of font and images in Arabic web design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the use of font and images in Arabic websites extensively. Indeed, there is an overarching necessity to undertake more organized research focusing on these two important design elements. As part of a long-term agenda, we have already started to conduct a series controlled experiments in order to identify the most efficient Arabic font type and size to use in e-commerce websites as well as users‟ perception towards conservative and non-conservative images within fashion online stores and study how these images could influence customers‟ buying decisions. Researchers into the impact of typography on Arabic web usability should consider using eye-tracking to collect objective measures about Arabic reading performance and mental load. However, for the use of images, more user testing is required to judge users‟ attitudes and acceptance towards the shift in using less conservative images, especially in Arabic e-commerce websites, where buying decisions are greatly driven by the display of products such as clothes. Other interactive media such as animations and videos and their effect on user judgment and website performance would also need to be examined in the future. REFERENCES [1] E. Deborah, E-P. Rosen, "Website design: Viewing the web as a cognitive landscape", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 787-794, 2004. [2] G. Lindgaard, G. Fernandes, & C. Dudek, J. M. Brown, "Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression!", Behaviour and Information Technology Journal, vol. 25 no. 2, pp. 115- 126, 2006 [3] R. Sinha, M. Hearst, M. Ivory, and M. Draisin. "Content or graphics? an empirical analysis of criteria for award-winning websites", in Proc. Human Factors and the Web, 7th conference , Madison, WI, June 2001. [4] A A Abubaker, J Lu ," The optimum font size and type for students aged 9-12 reading Arabic characters on screen: A case study", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2012, available at: https://iopscience. iop. org/article/10. 1088/1742-6596/364/1/012115/meta [5] M. Bernard, "Criteria for optimal web design (designing for usability)", available at:http://psychology. wichita. edu/optimalweb/structure. htm, 8. 7. 2004. [6] J. Nielsen, "Usability 101: Introduction to Usability, Available at:http://www. nngroup. com/articles/usability-101-introduction-tousability/ ,2012. [7] M. Y. Ivory, M. A. Hearst, "Improving website design",University of California, Berkeley, Vol. 01, Page no. 7, 2002. [8] H. Holden, R. Rada, "Understanding the Influence of Perceived Usability and Technology Self-Efficacy on Teachers' Technology Acceptance", Journal Of Research On Technology In Education, (International Society For Technology In Education), vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 343-367, 2011. [9] A. Seffah, M. Donyaee, K. R. B Kline, H. K. Padda, "Usability measurement and metrics: A consolidated model". Software Quality Journal. Vol. 14. pp. 159-178. Jun 2006. [10] M. Bernard, B. Lida ,S. Riley, T. Hackler, K. Janzen, "A comparison of popular online fonts: which size and type is best?", Usability News. 2002 Jan;Vol. 4(No. 1) Online journal [11] J. W. Palmer, "Web site usability, design, and performance metrics", Information Systems Research"; vol. 13, no. 2; pg. 15, Jun 2002. [12] C. Flavian, R. Gurrea, C. Orus, "Web design: A key factor for the website success", J. Systems and IT. pp. 168-184. 2009. [13] J. Hu, K. Shima, R. Oehlmann, J. Zhao, Y. Takemura, KI. Matsumoto, “An empirical study of audience impressions of B2C web pages in Japan, China and the UK”, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. , vol. 3, no. 2, pp 176-89 Jun. 2004. [14] H. Shahizan, L. Feng, "Evaluating the Usability and Content Usefulness of Web Sites: A Benchmarking approach," Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, vol. 3, no. 2, pg. 46, Apr-Jun 2005. [15] D. Beymer, D. Russell,, P. Orton, " An eye tracking study of how font size and type influence online reading", Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual Conference on HCI 2008: People and Computers XXII: Culture, Creativity, Interaction Vol. 2, pp. 15-18. Sept 2008. [16] M. Gasser, J. Boeke,M. Haffernan,R. Tan, "The Influence of Font Type on Information Recall", North Am J Psychol, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 181-188, 2005. [17] A. Z. Alotaibi, "The effect of font size and type on reading performance with Arabic words in normally sighted and simulated cataract subjects", Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 203-206, 2007. [18] M. A. Zamzuri, A, Mohamad, W. Rahani, S. Khairulanuar, Z. I. Muhammad, " Reading on the Computer Screen: Does Font Type has Effects on Web Text Readability?", International Education Studies; Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 26-35; 2013. [19] N. Hojjati, B. Muniandy, "The Effects of Font Type and Spacing of Text for Online Readability and Performance ", Contemporary Educational Technology, vol. 5, no. 2,pp. 161-174, 2014 [20] A. Sears, J. A. Jacko, E. M. Dubach, "International Aspects of World Wide Web Usability and the Role of High-End Graphical Enhancements", Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interaction, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 241-261, 2000. [21] D. Cyr, H. Larios, M. Head, B. Pan, "Exploring human images in website design: a multi-method approach", MIS Quarterly Vol. 33 No. 3, September 2009. [22] S. A. Becker and F. E. Mottay, "A global perspective on Web site usability," in IEEE Software, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 54-61, Jan. -Feb. 2001. [23] N. Bevan, L. Spinhof, "Are guidelines and standards for web usability comprehensive?", Proceedings HCI International 07, Springer, pp. 407- 419, July 2007. [24] N. Bevan, " Guidelines and Standards for Web Usability", Proceedings of HCI International, Lawrence Erlbaum, The Management of Information: E-Business, the Web, and Mobile Computing, vol. 2, July 2005 [25] Mohamed Benaida and Abdallah Namoun, “Technical and Perceived Usability Issues in Arabic Educational Websites” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), vol. 9, no. 5, 2018. [26] S. H. Mustafa, L. F. Al-Zoua‟bi, "Usability of the Academic Websites of Jordan's Universities, An Evaluation Study", 9th International Arab Conference for Information Technology(ACIT'2008). [27] A. Fernandez, E. Insfran,S. AbrahÃao, "Usability evaluation methods for the web: A systematic mapping study". Information & Software Technology. Vol 53, pp. 789-817, Aug 2011. [28] T. Conte, J. Massolar, E. Mendes, GH. Travassos, “Web usability inspection technique based on design perspectives”, IET software. Apr, vol3 no. 2, pp. 106-23. Apr. 2009. [29] R. Otaiza, C. Rusu, S. Roncagliolo, “Evaluating the usability of transactional web sites”, In 2010 Third International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp. 32-37, Feb. 2010. K-S. Kang, B. Corbitt, "Effectiveness of Graphical Components in Web Site E-commerce Application-A Cultural Perspective", EJISDC, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-6. 2001. [30] “Top Sites in Saudi Arabia”, available online at: https://www . alexa.com/topsites/countries/SA, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. https://www [31] “Fontface Ninja”, available online at: https://fontface . ninja/, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. [32] “Website Speed Test Image Analysis Tool”, available online at: https://webspeedtest . cloudinary. com/, last visit: 30. 3. 2019. https://fontface https://webspeedtest [33] S. Mentes,, A. h. Turan, "Assessing the usability of university websites: An empirical study on Namik Kemal University". Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. Vol. 11, pp 61-69, Jul 2012. [34] A. El-Sawy, M. Loey and H. El-Bakry, "Arabic Handwritten Characters Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network,"WSEAS Transactions on Computer Research ,vol. 5, pp. 11-19, 2017. [35] S. Steinau, O. Díaz, JJ. Rodríguez, F. Ibáñez, “A Tool for Assessing the Consistency of Websites”, InICEIS (pp. 691-698). 2002. [36] E. Shawgi, N. A. Noureldien, “Usability measurement model (umm): a new model for measuring websites usability”, International Journal of Information Science, vol. 5. no. 1, pp. 5-13, 2015. [37] T. Rabinowitz, “Exploring typography”, Cengage Learning; 2015. [38] J. Banerjee, D. Majumdar, D. Majumdar, "Readability, Subjective Preference and Mental Workload Studies on Young Indian Adults for Selection of Optimum Font Type and Size during Onscreen Reading", Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences. 4,pp. 131-143, Jan. 2011. [39] M. Bernard, M. Mills, "So, What Size and Type of Font Should I Use on My Website?", usability news, , Vol. 2, no. 2, July 2000. [40] Y. -C. Lin, C. Yehb, C. Wei, " How will the use of graphics affect visual aesthetics? A user-centered approach for web page design , "et al. / Int. J. Human-Computer Studies vol. 71, pp. 217–227, 2013. [41] D. Willis," Effects of using enhancing visual elements in Web site design", American Communication Journal,vol 3, no. 1, 1999, avalibale at: http://ac-journal . org/journal/vol3/Iss1/articles/Willis. htm. http://ac-journal [42] N. Tsikriktsis, " Does Culture Influence Web Site Quality Expectations? An Empirical Study", Journal of Service Research. Vol 5, no. 2, Nov 2002. [43] R. Fletcher, "The impact of culture on web site content, design, and structure: An international and a multicultural perspective". Journal of Communication Management, vol. 10, no. 3, Jul. 2006. [44] A. Marcus, E-W. Gould. “Crosscurrents: cultural dimensions and global Web user-interface design. ” ACM Interactions, pp 32-46, vol. 7, no. 4, Jul. 2000. [45] “Hofstede Insights”, available online at: https://www.hofstedeinsights.com/ , last visit: 30. 3. 2019. https://www.hofstedeinsights.com/ [46] J. Janbi, "Classifying Digital Arabic Fonts Based on Design Characteristics", 2018 21st Saudi Computer Society National Computer Conference (NCC), Riyadh, pp. 1-6. April 2018. [47] Y. Huang, J. W. Wenjie Shi, "The impact of font choice on web pages: Relationship with willingness to pay and tourism motivation",Tourism Management, vol. 66, pp. 191-199, June 2018. [48] M. A. Ababtain, A. R. Khan, "Towards a Framework for Usability of Arabic-English Websites", Procedia Computer Science, vol. 109, pp. 1010-1015, 2017. [49] C. Yang, T. S. T. Huang, D. R. Shanks, "Perceptual fluency affects judgments of learning: The font size effect", Journal of Memory and Language, vol. 99, pp. 99-110, April 2018. [50] J. Grobelny, R. Michalski, “The role of background color, interletter spacing, and font size on preferences in the digital presentation of a product”, Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 43, pp.85-100, 2015. Authors: (1) Abdallah Namoun, Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; (2) Ahmad B. Alkhodre, Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Authors : Authors (1) Abdallah Namoun, Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; (2) Ahmad B. Alkhodre, Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv