Table of Links Abstract and I. Motivation Abstract and I. Motivation II. Local Currencies II. Local Currencies III. Unique Pop Ceremonies III. Unique Pop Ceremonies IV. Monetary Policy IV. Monetary Policy V. Purchasing-Power Adjusted Transaction Fees V. Purchasing-Power Adjusted Transaction Fees VI. Architecture VI. Architecture VII. Trusted Execution Environment Security VII. Trusted Execution Environment Security VIII. Encointer Association VIII. Encointer Association IX. Known Limitations IX. Known Limitations X. Conclusion and References X. Conclusion and References VI. ARCHITECTURE In this section we describe the system architecture for Encointer as a Polkadot parachain (or parathread) using the SubstraTEE framework. Explaining these technologies is beyond the scope of this paper and the reader shall refer to [9] and [17]. Figure 3 shows the entire stack of the Encointer platform. A. Relay Chain A. Relay Chain At the lowest level, we have the Polkadot relay chain as a NPoS-validated root-of-trust. The relay chain’s native token is the DOT and the block time is 6s. Parachains need to bond DOTs in order to get a slot B. Parachain B. Parachain The Encointer parachain enjoys the security of the underlying relay chain and serves the following purposes: • registry for remote-attested TEEs who provide sidechain validation • finality for sidechain blocks • global scheduling of ceremonies • registry of community currencies and their parameters There is no need for the parachain to have its own native token, therefore it will use DOT for fee payments. Sidechain validators will have to pay parachain fees in DOT to have their TEE attested and their blocks finalized. Users will not usually interact with the parachain directly but fees for registering a new currency have to be paid in DOT as well. Parachain fees are expected to be marginal as they only serve the purpose of spam-prevention. There are no validators that need to be incentivized. While collators are needed for availability to produce blocks which are then validated by relay-chain validators, their role is not security critical. Encointer communities will have a strong intrinsic incentive to run collators without much compensation. It should be said that there is no guarantee that Encointer can become a parachain as the slots are limited. Auctions where DOT holders can bond their DOTs for parachain candidates will determine slot allocations. Should Encointer not win a slot, it could still run as a parathread where DOTs have to be paid for each validated block. The confirmation time for finality will be much longer in that case, but sidechains would not be affected much. C. Sidechains C. Sidechains The Encointer sidechains maintain the community currency balance ledger and perform the Encointer protocol for uPoP (See III). Each community has its own shard holding its confidential state. The sidechain validators are run in TEEs to get both integrity and confidentiality. As TEEs are considered to be trusted, there is no need for a consensus protocol for sidechain blocks. This simplifies the design significantly and allows for sub-second block times due to a low communication overhead. Sidechain validators can only operate a limited number of shards per machine. Therefore we expect local communities to take care of their own sidechain validator infrastructure. Running sidechain validators for any shard is unpermissioned. Every remote-attested TEE will be provisioned with the necessary keys to participate in block-production. All sidechain validators run the same code which is asserted by remote attestation. Author:
(1) Alain Brenzikofer (alain@encointer.org). Author: Author: (1) Alain Brenzikofer (alain@encointer.org). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Part of HackerNoon's growing list of open-source research papers, promoting free access to academic material.

Polkadot

Every

Inside Trusted Execution Environments: How Secure Are Your Crypto Transactions?

A New Way to Design Universal Basic Income in Token Economies

EScholar Technologies

Too Long; Didn't Read

Download free Tech Leaders Productivity Report!

What If Your Money Expired Every Month?

About Author

Comments

TOPICS

THIS ARTICLE WAS FEATURED IN

Related Stories

Untitled Story

15 Common Types of Unethical Behavior Found in Open-Source Projects

A Necessary Evolution of Privacy and Data Protection on Blockchain Networks

How Ola Recognizes the Urgent Need for Robust Privacy Across the Blockchain Space

My Take on Decentralized Government on the Aleo Blockchain

Remaining Anonymous on the Blockchain

15 Common Types of Unethical Behavior Found in Open-Source Projects

A Necessary Evolution of Privacy and Data Protection on Blockchain Networks

How Ola Recognizes the Urgent Need for Robust Privacy Across the Blockchain Space

My Take on Decentralized Government on the Aleo Blockchain

Remaining Anonymous on the Blockchain

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps