Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction 1.1 Printing Press in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan 1.1 Printing Press in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan 1.2 Challenges in Historical Documents 1.2 Challenges in Historical Documents 1.3 Kurdish Language 1.3 Kurdish Language Related work and 2.1 Arabic/Persian
2.2 Chinese/Japanese and 2.3 Coptic
2.4 Greek
2.5 Latin
2.6 Tamizhi


Method and 3.1 Data Collection
3.2 Data Preparation and 3.3 Preprocessing
3.4 Environment Setup, 3.5 Dataset Preparation, and 3.6 Evaluation


Experiments, Results, and Discussion and 4.1 Processed Data
4.2 Dataset and 4.3 Experiments
4.4 Results and Evaluation
4.5 Discussion


Conclusion
5.1 Challenges and Limitations
Online Resources, Acknowledgments, and References Related work and 2.1 Arabic/Persian
2.2 Chinese/Japanese and 2.3 Coptic
2.4 Greek
2.5 Latin
2.6 Tamizhi Related work and 2.1 Arabic/Persian Related work and 2.1 Arabic/Persian 2.2 Chinese/Japanese and 2.3 Coptic 2.2 Chinese/Japanese and 2.3 Coptic 2.4 Greek 2.4 Greek 2.5 Latin 2.5 Latin 2.6 Tamizhi 2.6 Tamizhi Method and 3.1 Data Collection
3.2 Data Preparation and 3.3 Preprocessing
3.4 Environment Setup, 3.5 Dataset Preparation, and 3.6 Evaluation Method and 3.1 Data Collection Method and 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Preparation and 3.3 Preprocessing 3.2 Data Preparation and 3.3 Preprocessing 3.4 Environment Setup, 3.5 Dataset Preparation, and 3.6 Evaluation 3.4 Environment Setup, 3.5 Dataset Preparation, and 3.6 Evaluation Experiments, Results, and Discussion and 4.1 Processed Data
4.2 Dataset and 4.3 Experiments
4.4 Results and Evaluation
4.5 Discussion Experiments, Results, and Discussion and 4.1 Processed Data Experiments, Results, and Discussion and 4.1 Processed Data 4.2 Dataset and 4.3 Experiments 4.2 Dataset and 4.3 Experiments 4.4 Results and Evaluation 4.4 Results and Evaluation 4.5 Discussion 4.5 Discussion Conclusion
5.1 Challenges and Limitations
Online Resources, Acknowledgments, and References Conclusion Conclusion 5.1 Challenges and Limitations 5.1 Challenges and Limitations Online Resources, Acknowledgments, and References Online Resources, Acknowledgments, and References 4 Experiments, Results, and Discussion Initially, we collected some historical publications from the Zaytoon Public Library in Erbil. However, due to the fragile condition of the documents, it was not easy to transfer them into digital format. Then, via the internet, we found the Zheen Center for Documentation and Research in Sulaymaniyahn https://zheen.org, a facility specializing in scanning and archiving historical documents using unique technologies explicitly designed for that function. After visiting them and explaining our project, they agreed to provide us with digital copies of the earliest Kurdish publications they had in their collection. 4.1 Processed Data To handle image processing tasks, we utilized a dedicated batch processing tool that was freely available. With this tool, we loaded the images and applied a de-skewing process to correct any skew present in the images. We also performed automatic cropping and converted the images to binary format, saving them in the specified destination directory. 4.2 Dataset After receiving the historical documents from Zheen Center for Documentation and Research in a digital format, we converted the pages into single-line images with respected transcription for the line. We used an Image Processing application to crop lines and saved them in TIFF format. After converting the pages into image lines (See Figure 16), we created transcription files for each image line using a text editing program by manually typing what is written in the images. We named the transcription files the same name as the image line with (.gt.txt) postfix (See Figure 17). This way, the dataset for training Tesseract was created, which resulted in 1233 files. Half are the image lines, and the other is the transcription files (See Table 1). 4.3 Experiments In this section, we provide details of the steps taken to prepare our environment, the training process of the model, and other relevant aspects. 4.3.1 Environment Setup 4.3.1 Environment Setup For this training environment, we used Ubuntu 22.04.2 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish). We cloned the tesstrain from https://github.com/tesseract-ocr/tesstrain and we trained the model using our prepared dataset. Authors:
(1) Blnd Yaseen, University of Kurdistan Howler, Kurdistan Region - Iraq (blnd.yaseen@ukh.edu.krd);
(2) Hossein Hassani University of Kurdistan Howler Kurdistan Region - Iraq (hosseinh@ukh.edu.krd). Authors: Authors: (1) Blnd Yaseen, University of Kurdistan Howler, Kurdistan Region - Iraq (blnd.yaseen@ukh.edu.krd); (2) Hossein Hassani University of Kurdistan Howler Kurdistan Region - Iraq (hosseinh@ukh.edu.krd). This paper is available on arxiv under ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-NODERIVS 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license. This paper is available on arxiv under ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-NODERIVS 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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Training Tesseract OCR on Kurdish Historical Documents

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