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DOM updates that are triggered by the model change is the key feature of all modern front-end frameworks and the Angular is no exception. We just specify the expression like this:

    <span>Hello {{name}}</span>

or a binding like this:

    <span [textContent]="'Hello ' + name"></span>

and Angular magically updates the DOM whenever the name property changes. It’s seems so easy on the outside but it’s actually a pretty complicated process on the inside. DOM updates is part of Angular’s [change detection mechanism](https://hackernoon.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-change-detection-in-angular-8006c51d206f) which mostly consists of three major operations:

*   DOM updates
*   child components Input bindings updates
*   query list updates

This article explores how the rendering part of change detection works. If you every wondered how that is accomplished read on and achieve enlightenment ☺.

When referencing sources I assume that the application is running in production mode. Let’s start.

### Internal representation of the components

Before we can begin exploring angular DOM updating functionality we need to first understand how Angular represents components under the hood. Let’s briefly review that.

#### View

As you may know [from my other articles](https://hackernoon.com/here-is-what-you-need-to-know-about-dynamic-components-in-angular-ac1e96167f9e) for each component that is used in the application Angular compiler generates a **factory**. When Angular creates a component from a factory, for example, like this:

    const factory = r.resolveComponentFactory(AComponent);
    factory.create(injector);

Angular uses this factory to instantiate [View Definition](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L48) which in turn is used to [create component View](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/view.ts#L217). **Under the hood Angular represents an application as a tree of views**. There is only one instance of a view definition per component type which acts as a template for all views. But for each component instance Angular creates a separate view.

#### Factory

A component factory mostly consists of the view nodes generated by the compiler as a result of template parsing. Suppose you define a component’s template like this:

    <span>I am {{name}}</span>

Using this data the compiler generates the following component factory:

    function View_AComponent_0(l) {
        return jit_viewDef1(0,
            [
              jit_elementDef2(0,null,null,1,'span',...),
              jit_textDef3(null,['I am ',...])
            ], 
            null,
            function(_ck,_v) {
                var _co = _v.component;
                var currVal_0 = _co.name;
                _ck(_v,1,0,currVal_0);

It describes the structure of a component view and is used when instantiating the component. The jit\_viewDef1 is the reference to the [viewDef](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/view.ts#L23) function that creates a view definition.

View definition receives [view definition nodes](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L105) as parameters which resemble the structure of the html but also contain many angular specific details. In the example above the first node jit\_elementDef2 is element definition and the second jit\_textDef3 is a text definition. Angular compiler generates many different node definitions but for the purposes of this article we are only interested in the above two. Let’s review them briefly.

#### Element definition

[Element definition](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L235) is a node that Angular generates for every html element. This kind of element is also generated for custom components since a component is also a valid [custom html element](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components/Custom_Elements). Element nodes can contain other element nodes and text definition nodes as children which is reflected in the childCount property.

All element definitions are generated by the [elementDef](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/element.ts#L56) function so jit\_elementDef2 used in the factory references this function. The element definition takes some generic parameters:

    +------------------+-----------------------------------+
    |       Name       |            Description            |
    +------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | childCount       | specifies how many children       |
    |                  | the current element have          |
    | namespaceAndName | the name of the html element      |
    | fixedAttrs       | attributes defined on the element |
    +------------------+-----------------------------------+

And others that are specific to the particular Angular functionality:

    +----------------------+------------------------------------------+
    |         Name         |                Description               |
    +----------------------+------------------------------------------+
    | matchedQueriesDsl    | used when querying child nodes           |
    | ngContentIndex       | used for node projection                 |
    | bindings             | used for dom and bound properties update |
    | outputs, handleEvent | used for event propagation               |
    +----------------------+------------------------------------------+

For the purposes of this article we’re only interested in the bindings parameters.

#### Text definition

[Text definition](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L290) is a node definition that Angular compiler generates for every [text node](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/API/Node/nodeType#Constants). Usually these are the child nodes of the element definition nodes as is the case in our example. This is a very simple node definition that is generated by the [textDef](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/text.ts#L12) function. It receives parsed expressions in the form of constants as a second parameter. For example, the following text:

    <h1>Hello {{name}} and another {{prop}}</h1>

will be parsed as an array:

    ["Hello ", " and another ", ""]

which is then used to generate correct bindings:

    {
      text: 'Hello',
      bindings: [
        {
          name: 'name',
          suffix: ' and another '
        },
        {
          name: 'prop',
          suffix: ''
        }
      ]
    }

and evaluated like this during dirty checking:

    text
    + context[bindings[0][property] + context[bindings[0][suffix]
    + context[bindings[1][property] + context[bindings[2][suffix]

#### Bindings

Angular uses [bindings](http://BindingDef) to define dependencies of each node on the component class properties. During change detection each binding defines the type of operation used to reflect changes in a component in the DOM. This type of operation is determined by [binding flags](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L205) and constitute the following list:

    +-----------------------+--------------------------+
    |         Name          | Construction in template |
    +-----------------------+--------------------------+
    | TypeElementAttribute  | attr.name                |
    | TypeElementClass      | class.name               |
    | TypeElementStyle      | style.name               |
    +-----------------------+--------------------------+

Element and text definitions create these bindings internally based on the bindings flags identified by the compiler. Each node type has different logic specific to bindings generation.

### Update renderer

What interests us the most is the function listed at the end of the factory View\_AComponent\_0 generated by the compiler:

    function(_ck,_v) {
        var _co = _v.component;
        var currVal_0 = _co.name;
        _ck(_v,1,0,currVal_0);

This function is called updateRenderer. It takes two parameters \_ck and v. The \_ck is short for check and references the function p[rodCheckAndUpdate](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/services.ts#L262). The other parameter is a component’s view with nodes. The updateRenderer function is executed each time [when Angular performs change detection for a component](https://hackernoon.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-change-detection-in-angular-8006c51d206f#bbd8) and the parameters to the function are supplied by the change detection mechanism.

The main task of the updateRenderer function is to retrieve the current value of the bound property from component instance and call the \_ck function passing the view, node index and the retrieved value. What’s important to understand is that Angular performs DOM updates for each view node separately — that’s why node index is required. You can clearly see it when checking the parameters list of the function referenced by \_ck:

    function prodCheckAndUpdateNode(
        view: ViewData, 
        nodeIndex: number, 
        argStyle: ArgumentType, 
        v0?: any, 
        v1?: any, 
        v2?: any,

The nodeIndex is the index of the view node for which the change detection should be performed. If you have multiple expressions in your template:

    <h1>Hello {{name}}</h1>
    <h1>Hello {{age}}</h1>

the compiler will generate the following body for the updateRenderer function:

    var _co = _v.component;
    
    // here node index is 1 and property is `name`
    var currVal_0 = _co.name;
    _ck(_v,1,0,currVal_0);
    
    // here node index is 4 and bound property is `age`
    var currVal_1 = _co.age;
    _ck(_v,4,0,currVal_1);

### Updating the DOM

Now that we know all the specific objects that Angular compiler generates we can explore how the actual DOM update is performed using these objects.

We learnt above that updateRenderer function is passed \_ck function during change detection and this parameter references p[rodCheckAndUpdate](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/services.ts#L262). This is a short generic function that makes a bunch of calls that eventually execute [checkAndUpdateNodeInline](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/view.ts#L400) function. There’s a [variation of that function](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/6b79ab5abec8b5a4b43d563ce65f032990b3e3bc/packages/core/src/view/view.ts#L386) for the cases when expressions count exceed 10.

The checkAndUpdateNode function is just a router that differentiates between the following types of view nodes and delegates check and update to the respective functions:

    case NodeFlags.TypeElement   -> checkAndUpdateElementInline
    case NodeFlags.TypeText      -> checkAndUpdateTextInline
    case NodeFlags.TypeDirective -> checkAndUpdateDirectiveInline

Now let’s see what those functions do.

#### _Type Element_

It uses the function [CheckAndUpdateElement](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/element.ts#L229). The function basically checks whether the binding is of the angular special form \[attr.name, class.name, style.some\] or some node specific property.

    case BindingFlags.TypeElementAttribute -> setElementAttribute
    case BindingFlags.TypeElementClass     -> setElementClass
    case BindingFlags.TypeElementStyle     -> setElementStyle
    case BindingFlags.TypeProperty         -> setElementProperty;

The respective function simply uses the corresponding method of the renderer to perform the required action on the node.

#### Type Text

It uses the function [CheckAndUpdateText](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/15090a8ad4a23dbe947ec48b581f1bf6a2da411e/packages/core/src/view/text.ts#L62) in both variations. Here is the gist of the function:

    if (checkAndUpdateBinding(view, nodeDef, bindingIndex, newValue)) {
        value = text + _addInterpolationPart(...);
        view.renderer.setValue(DOMNode, value);
    }

It basically takes the current value passed from the updateRenderer function and compares it to the value from the previous change detection. A View holds old values in the [oldValues](https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/6b79ab5abec8b5a4b43d563ce65f032990b3e3bc/packages/core/src/view/types.ts#L318) property. If the value changed Angular uses the updated value to compose a string and update the DOM using a renderer.

### Conclusion

I’m sure that’s insurmountable amount of information to take in. But by understanding it you’ll be better off when designing an application or debugging DOM update related issue. I suggest you also use a debugger and follow the executing logic explained in the article.

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