Spring Data JPA allows you to build scalable backend applications backed by any relational database. It is a great choice allowing you to speed up your development and and focus on the business logic. In this article, you are going to learn the following: What is Sring Data JPA Connect to real database not in the memory DB How to map classes to tables Hibernate entity life cycle Queries Paging and sorting 1 to 1 relationships 1 to many relationships Many to many relationships Transactions Here, in this article, you will learn how to this Application Database Design using Spring Data JPA. What Is Spring Data JPA? Spring Data JPA is a framework that abstracts all of the complexity needed for you to interact with your databases. JPA (Java Persistent API) is the sun specification for persisting objects in the enterprise application. It is currently used as a replacement for complex entity beans. It is a specification for accessing persisting and managing data between Java objects. Hibernate is one implementation of the Spring Data JPA interface. It tackles any Java object. Spring Data JPA gives a lot of queries and we can access our database without having to write any single line of SQL and that happens through repositories. It makes the relationship between Spring Data JPA and Spring Boot much easier without having to configure a lot of things. For this tutorial, I’m gonna be using IntellijIDEA. There are two versions, the community one which is free, and the ultimate edition. For this I am using the ultimate edition since I am going to do lots of database work, it gives us the database functionality right within IntelliJ. By so doing, we can see the tables, and indexes, and can perform queries. Behold that the ultimate edition is not free, but it has a free trial for a month. If you don’t have IntelliJ download it here. You can start your app from the cloned repository or start from scratch. This article assumes you already know how to clone or start a Spring Boot application. Configuration is the most important part, so I’m gonna show you how to do it here. To start the application, open the application properties, and add the following configurations: spring.application.name=demo spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mercy spring.datasource.username= spring.datasource.password= spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop spring.jpa.show-sql=true spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.dialect.PostgresSQLDialect spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.format_sql=true Demo is the name of the application. Following the connection URL for our database username and password. I am using a Mac so I don’t have to specify the username and password, but if you are on Windows, you have to specify. The create-drop means create a schema and before the app shuts down drop everything. Set show-sql to true so that you can see the SQL statements that Hibernate will be generated. Specify the dialect and also configure SQL to be formatted. You can use commands to create databases like CREATE DATABASE anesu; this will create a new database called anesu. If successful, you will see CREATE DATABASE. After creating the database, you can connect to it using: \c anesu You can also connect to the database inside the IntellijIDEA by clicking the database icon on the top right corner, clicking the plus button, hovering over the data source, and it will display data sources you can use to connect to your database. Choose the one of your choice, but in this article, we will be using PostgreSQL. Set Up the pom.xml Then, open pom.xml, and add these dependencies: <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId> <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> Define Data Model package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model; // import javax.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 2 import jakarta.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 3 @Entity @Table(name = "tutorials") public class Tutorial { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) private long id; @Column(name = "title") private String title; @Column(name = "description") private String description; @Column(name = "published") private boolean published; public Tutorial() { } public Tutorial(String title, String description, boolean published) { this.title = title; this.description = description; this.published = published; } public long getId() { return id; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; } public String getDescription() { return description; } public void setDescription(String description) { this.description = description; } public boolean isPublished() { return published; } public void setPublished(boolean isPublished) { this.published = isPublished; } @Override public String toString() { return "Tutorial [id=" + id + ", title=" + title + ", desc=" + description + ", published=" + published + "]"; } } – @Entityannotation indicates that the class is a persistent Java class. –@Tableannotation provides the table that maps this entity. –@Idannotation is for the primary key. –@GeneratedValue annotation is used to define the generation strategy for the primary key. GenerationType.AUTOmeans Auto Increment field. –@Column annotation is used to define the column in the database that maps the annotated field. Create Repository Interface Let’s create a repository to interact with Tutorials from the database. In the repository package, create TutorialRepository an interface that extends JpaRepository. repository/TutorialRepository.java package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.repository; import java.util.List; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model.Tutorial; public interface TutorialRepository extends JpaRepository<Tutorial, Long> { List<Tutorial> findByPublished(boolean published); List<Tutorial> findByTitleContaining(String title); } Now, we can use JpaRepository’s methods: save(), findOne(), findById(), findAll(), count(), delete(), deleteById()… without implementing these methods. We also define custom finder methods:–findByPublished(): returns all Tutorials with published having value as input published.–findByTitleContaining(): returns all Tutorials whose title contains input title. The implementation is plugged in by Spring Data JPA automatically. More Derived queries at:JPA Repository query example in Spring Boot Custom query with @Queryannotation:Spring JPA @Query example: Custom query in Spring Boot You can modify this Repository:– to work with Pagination, the instructions can be found at:Spring Boot Pagination & Filter example | Spring JPA, Pageable– or to sort/order by multiple fields with the tutorial:Spring Data JPA Sort/Order by multiple Columns | Spring Boot You also find a way to write a Unit Test for this JPA Repository at:Spring Boot Unit Test for JPA Repository with @DataJpaTest Or: Spring Boot Unit Test for Rest Controller Unfortunately for this, I am not going to give out all code files considering this post is for people who know how to use Spring Boot. Create Spring Rest APIs Controller Finally, we create a controller that provides APIs for creating, retrieving, updating, deleting, and finding Tutorials. Spring Data JPA allows you to build scalable backend applications backed by any relational database. It is a great choice allowing you to speed up your development and and focus on the business logic. In this article, you are going to learn the following: In this article, you are going to learn the following: What is Sring Data JPA Connect to real database not in the memory DB How to map classes to tables Hibernate entity life cycle Queries Paging and sorting 1 to 1 relationships 1 to many relationships Many to many relationships Transactions Here, in this article, you will learn how to this Application Database Design using Spring Data JPA. What Is Spring Data JPA? What Is Spring Data JPA? Spring Data JPA is a framework that abstracts all of the complexity needed for you to interact with your databases. JPA (Java Persistent API) is the sun specification for persisting objects in the enterprise application. It is currently used as a replacement for complex entity beans. It is a specification for accessing persisting and managing data between Java objects. Hibernate is one implementation of the Spring Data JPA interface. It tackles any Java object. Spring Data JPA gives a lot of queries and we can access our database without having to write any single line of SQL and that happens through repositories. It makes the relationship between Spring Data JPA and Spring Boot much easier without having to configure a lot of things. For this tutorial, I’m gonna be using IntellijIDEA . There are two versions, the community one which is free, and the ultimate edition. For this I am using the ultimate edition since I am going to do lots of database work, it gives us the database functionality right within IntelliJ. By so doing, we can see the tables, and indexes, and can perform queries. IntellijIDEA Behold that the ultimate edition is not free, but it has a free trial for a month. If you don’t have IntelliJ download it here . download it here You can start your app from the cloned repository or start from scratch. This article assumes you already know how to clone or start a Spring Boot application. Configuration is the most important part, so I’m gonna show you how to do it here. To start the application, open the application properties, and add the following configurations: spring.application.name=demo spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mercy spring.datasource.username= spring.datasource.password= spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop spring.jpa.show-sql=true spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.dialect.PostgresSQLDialect spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.format_sql=true spring.application.name=demo spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mercy spring.datasource.username= spring.datasource.password= spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create-drop spring.jpa.show-sql=true spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.dialect.PostgresSQLDialect spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.format_sql=true Demo is the name of the application. Following the connection URL for our database username and password. I am using a Mac so I don’t have to specify the username and password, but if you are on Windows, you have to specify. The create-drop means create a schema and before the app shuts down drop everything. Set show-sql to true so that you can see the SQL statements that Hibernate will be generated. Specify the dialect and also configure SQL to be formatted. create-drop show-sql true Hibernate SQL You can use commands to create databases like CREATE DATABASE anesu; this will create a new database called anesu . If successful, you will see CREATE DATABASE . After creating the database, you can connect to it using: \c anesu CREATE DATABASE anesu; anesu CREATE DATABASE \c anesu You can also connect to the database inside the IntellijIDEA by clicking the database icon on the top right corner, clicking the plus button, hovering over the data source, and it will display data sources you can use to connect to your database. Choose the one of your choice, but in this article, we will be using PostgreSQL. Set Up the pom.xml Then, open pom.xml, and add these dependencies: pom.xml, <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId> <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId> <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> </dependency> Define Data Model package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model; // import javax.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 2 import jakarta.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 3 @Entity @Table(name = "tutorials") public class Tutorial { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) private long id; @Column(name = "title") private String title; @Column(name = "description") private String description; @Column(name = "published") private boolean published; public Tutorial() { } public Tutorial(String title, String description, boolean published) { this.title = title; this.description = description; this.published = published; } public long getId() { return id; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; } public String getDescription() { return description; } public void setDescription(String description) { this.description = description; } public boolean isPublished() { return published; } public void setPublished(boolean isPublished) { this.published = isPublished; } @Override public String toString() { return "Tutorial [id=" + id + ", title=" + title + ", desc=" + description + ", published=" + published + "]"; } } package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model; // import javax.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 2 import jakarta.persistence.*; // for Spring Boot 3 @Entity @Table(name = "tutorials") public class Tutorial { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) private long id; @Column(name = "title") private String title; @Column(name = "description") private String description; @Column(name = "published") private boolean published; public Tutorial() { } public Tutorial(String title, String description, boolean published) { this.title = title; this.description = description; this.published = published; } public long getId() { return id; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; } public String getDescription() { return description; } public void setDescription(String description) { this.description = description; } public boolean isPublished() { return published; } public void setPublished(boolean isPublished) { this.published = isPublished; } @Override public String toString() { return "Tutorial [id=" + id + ", title=" + title + ", desc=" + description + ", published=" + published + "]"; } } – @Entity annotation indicates that the class is a persistent Java class. @Entity – @Table annotation provides the table that maps this entity. @Table – @Id annotation is for the primary key. @Id – @GeneratedValue annotation is used to define the generation strategy for the primary key. GenerationType.AUTO means Auto Increment field. @GeneratedValue GenerationType.AUTO – @Column annotation is used to define the column in the database that maps the annotated field. @Column Create Repository Interface Create Repository Interface Let’s create a repository to interact with Tutorials from the database. In the repository package, create TutorialRepository an interface that extends JpaRepository . repository TutorialRepository JpaRepository repository/TutorialRepository.java repository/TutorialRepository.java package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.repository; import java.util.List; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model.Tutorial; public interface TutorialRepository extends JpaRepository<Tutorial, Long> { List<Tutorial> findByPublished(boolean published); List<Tutorial> findByTitleContaining(String title); } package com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.repository; import java.util.List; import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository; import com.bezkoder.spring.jpa.postgresql.model.Tutorial; public interface TutorialRepository extends JpaRepository<Tutorial, Long> { List<Tutorial> findByPublished(boolean published); List<Tutorial> findByTitleContaining(String title); } Now, we can use JpaRepository’s methods: save() , findOne() , findById() , findAll() , count() , delete() , deleteById() … without implementing these methods. save() findOne() findById() findAll() count() delete() deleteById() We also define custom finder methods: – findByPublished() : returns all Tutorials with published having value as input published . – findByTitleContaining() : returns all Tutorials whose title contains input title . findByPublished() published published findByTitleContaining() title The implementation is plugged in by Spring Data JPA automatically. Spring Data JPA More Derived queries at: JPA Repository query example in Spring Boot JPA Repository query example in Spring Boot Custom query with @Query annotation: Spring JPA @Query example: Custom query in Spring Boot @Query Spring JPA @Query example: Custom query in Spring Boot You can modify this Repository: – to work with Pagination, the instructions can be found at: Spring Boot Pagination & Filter example | Spring JPA, Pageable – or to sort/order by multiple fields with the tutorial: Spring Data JPA Sort/Order by multiple Columns | Spring Boot Spring Boot Pagination & Filter example | Spring JPA, Pageable Spring Data JPA Sort/Order by multiple Columns | Spring Boot You also find a way to write a Unit Test for this JPA Repository at: Spring Boot Unit Test for JPA Repository with @DataJpaTest Spring Boot Unit Test for JPA Repository with @DataJpaTest Or: Spring Boot Unit Test for Rest Controller Spring Boot Unit Test for Rest Controller Unfortunately for this, I am not going to give out all code files considering this post is for people who know how to use Spring Boot. Create Spring Rest APIs Controller Finally, we create a controller that provides APIs for creating, retrieving, updating, deleting, and finding Tutorials.
![Building a CRUD RESTful API/Web Service with Spring Boot [A How-To Guide]](https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1508830524289-0adcbe822b40?ixlib=rb-1.2.1&q=80&fm=jpg&crop=entropy&cs=tinysrgb&w=1080&fit=max&ixid=eyJhcHBfaWQiOjEwMDk2Mn0&auto=format)
