Credit: Disney Research’s Magic Bench In the 1970s the introduction of the microcomputer sparked a sea change in computing experiences. Up to that point, human-machine interaction had been shaped by the mainframe: one “big iron” machine kept in a fixed, central location and shared across many users. But then the microcomputer changed everything: computing became , powered by smaller and cheaper machines that could now be kept and used . personal close at hand one-on-one The arc of the last four decades — from yesterday’s microcomputers and PCs to today’s smartphones and wearables to tomorrow’s implantables and ingestibles — has largely been about realizing the potential of personal computing. For all the industry’s incredible progress, the personal nature of computing (close-at-hand, one-on-one) hasn’t fundamentally changed. But this may not be true for much longer. The next wave of emerging technologies, platforms, and behaviors is finally pulling the world in a new direction: spatial computing_._ Machines, no longer attached to us, instead (physically or virtually) and can be used by (“multi-player mode”). A whole new possibility space of experiences that break the “personal computing” mold is opening up. occupy space with and around us many people at the same time Why Now? Just like personal computing, spatial computing emerges from the interplay of core technology advances (e.g. sensors, compute, AI/ML, 3D capture and rendering, displays), “post-mobile” behaviors and modalities (e.g. text, voice, gesture, AR/VR), and new contexts for computing (e.g. on wrists, eyes, ears; in kitchens and living rooms, office floors and conference rooms, cars). Several experiential principles for spatial computing are only now becoming technically feasible, economically viable, and behaviorally desirable: : Machines take virtual (agents) or physical (things) forms that manifest as their own entities alongside people, rather than just being constrained to a website on a desk or app in someone’s pocket. Think: the personal drone that can see and hear you and grab the perfect selfie. Embodiment : Machines sense (hear, see, read, etc.), learn, decide, and act (speak, gesture, move, etc.) through humanistic interfaces, enabling their integration into a wider range of natural environments and social contexts. Think: the self-driving cab you hail at a busy intersection and ride to work. Intelligence : Machines are always on, always connected, and autonomously operating in the (sometimes omnipresently) as people go about their activities, rather than demanding central focus or attention. Think: the assistant that dials in and transcribes every call. Ambience background meeting : Machines have the presence and smarts to initiate interactions with people or interject in people-to-people interactions, rather than waiting on or requiring explicit human operation. Think: the home assistant that alerts you to an urgent message as soon as you walk in. Proactivity : Machines identify and engage with people (or other machines!) in a one-to-many or many-to-many interactions, rather than assume one-to-one interaction with their owners. Think: the AR character that hops from shoulder to shoulder of every person in its environment. Social Awareness Relatedly, these principles (and spatial computing itself) are very much intertwined with the and I’ve already written about before. world of intelligent agents + things generations of people growing up talking with machines Breakout Themes If the microcomputer signaled the breakout of personal computing, what now signals the breakout of spatial computing? It’s still too early — and entirely possible this never plays out — but there are a few obvious themes to watch: Interactive 3D characters, objects, and overlays that live anywhere in your field of view and are rendered through a display, magic lens, projector, etc. Augmented & Virtual Reality Virtual experiences in physical spaces **Robots & IoThings**_Physical experiences in physical spaces_Hardware appliances and robots that live and roam in real-world spaces and physically interact with both people and the space around them. **Chatbots & Assistant Apps**_Virtual experiences in virtual spaces_Bots that live in chat groups, email threads, conference calls, code repos, etc. as additional participants and interact with both people and content. While each theme reflects a distinct approach to spatial computing, the boundaries between them are actually quite blurry e.g. voice assistant-enabled appliances, chat-based VR characters, AR-projecting robots, and so on. The breakout category for spatial computing may ultimately be a hybrid of multiple themes, or even a new theme that hasn’t yet surfaced. None of this is to say personal computing is going away. It’s not. The themes here are not inherently restricted to spatial computing and span many personal computing use cases as well, like setting a timer with a voice assistant or watching a movie in VR. But it is to say there’s greenfield potential for experiences that couldn’t exist before — a companion robot that helps siblings resolve conflict, or a meeting assistant that interrupts calls to add missing context, or a choose-your-own-adventure story with AR characters on your tabletop — which in turn fuel new product categories. If you’re thinking about or working on spatial computing, ! get in touch

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