An interactive version of this article is available here: http://wordsandbuttons.online/so_you_think_you_know_c.html A lot of programmers claim they know C. Well, it has the most famous syntax, it has been there for 44 years, and it’s not cluttered with obscure features. It’s easy! I mean, it’s easy that you know C. You probably learned it in college or on the go, you probably had some experience with it, you probably think that you know it through and through, because there’s not much to know. Well, there is. C is not that simple. to claim If you think it is — take this test. It only has 5 questions. Every question is basically the same: what the return value would be? And each question has a choice of four answers, of which one and only one is right. 1 struct S{int i;char c;} s; main(){return sizeof(*(&s));} A. 4 B. 5 C. 8 D. I don’t know. 2 main(){char a = 0;short int b = 0;return sizeof(b) == sizeof(a+b);} A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. I don’t know. 3 main(){char a = ‘ ‘ * 13;return a;} A. 416 B. 160 C. -96 D. I don’t know 4. main(){int i = 16;return (((((i >= i) << i) >> i) <= i));} A. 0 B. 1 C. 16 D. I don’t know. 5. main(){  int i = 0;  return i++ + ++i;} A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. I don’t know. That’s it, put down your pens. The answers are just after the musical pause. Great Mass in C minor by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. That’s right, Mozart also wrote in C. So, the right answers are: A B C D 1       v 2       v 3       v 4       v 5       v Yes, the right answer for every question is “I don’t know”. Let’s untangle them one by one now. one is actually about structure padding. C compiler knows that storing unaligned data in RAM may be costly, so it pads your data for you. If you have 5 bytes of data in a structure, it will probably make it 8. Or 16. Or 6. Or whatever it wants. There are extensions like GCC attributes and that let you get some control over this process, but they are non-standard. C itself does not define padding attributes, so the right answer is: “I don’t know”. First aligned packed The one is about integer promotion. It’s only reasonable that the type of and an expression with the largest integer being would be the same. But the reasonable doesn’t mean right for C. There is the rule that every integer expression gets promoted to . Actually, it’s much more complicated than that. Take a peek in the standard, you’ll enjoy it. second short int short int int But even so, we don’t compare types, we compare sizes. And the only guarantee the standard gives about and sizes is that the former should not be greater then the latter. They may very well be equal. So the right answer is: “I don’t know”. short int int The is all about dark corners. Starting from that neither integer overflows, nor type sign are defined by the standard. First one is undefined behavior, the second is implementation specific. But even more, the size of the type itself is not specified in bits either. There were platforms where it was 6 bits (remember ?), and there are platforms where all five integer types are 32 bits. Without all this details specified, every speculation about the result is invalid, so the answer is: “I don’t know”. third char char trigraphs The looks tricky, but it’s not that hard in retrospective, since you already know that size is not directly specified in the standard. It can easily be 16 bits, then the very first operation will cause the over-shift and that’s plain undefined behavior. It’s not C fault, on some platforms it is even undefined in assembly, so the compiler simply can’t give you valid guarantees without eating up a lot of performance. fourth int So once again “I don’t know” is the right answer. And the one is classic. Neither order of operand evaluation for , nor even the order of precedence between increment operators are specified, so basically every nontrivial operation that involves and is a pitfall since they alter their operand. It might work just like you expect on one platform and might fail easily on the other. Or not. That’s the problem with unspecified things. When you meet one, the right answer is always: “I don’t know”. last + i++ ++i Great Mass in C minor by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons And at this point I only have to apologize. The test is clearly provocative and may even be a little offensive. I’m sorry, if it causes any aggravation. The thing is, I learned C in roughly 1998, and for the whole 15 years thought that I’m good at it. It was my language of choice in college, and I’ve done some successful projects in C on my first full-time job, and even then, when I was mostly working with C++, I thought of it as over-bloated C. The pivoting moment came in 2013, when I’ve got myself involved with some safety critical PLC programming. It was a research project in nuclear power plant automation, where absolutely no underspecification was tolerable. I had to learn that, while I did knew a lot about C programming, absolute majority of what I knew was false. And I had to learn it the hard way too. Eventually I had to learn to rely on the standard instead of folklore; to trust measurements, and not presumptions; to take “things that simply work” skeptically, — I had to learn an engineering attitude. This is what matters the most, not some particular WAT anecdotes. I only hope this little test would help someone like myself from the past to learn this attitude in some 15 minutes and not 15 years.

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So you think you know C?

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So you think you know C?

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Oleksandr Kaleniuk

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