Give your collections a purpose and a connection to the real world TL;DR: Wrap primitive collections into dedicated objects to ensure type safety and encapsulate business logic. TL;DR: Wrap primitive collections into dedicated objects to ensure type safety and encapsulate business logic. Problems Addressed in this Article 😔 Type safety violations
Logic duplication
Primitive obsession
Weak encapsulation
Strong coupling avoiding collection type changes
Hidden business rules Type safety violations Logic duplication Primitive obsession Weak encapsulation Strong coupling avoiding collection type changes Hidden business rules Context 💬 You find yourself passing around generic lists, arrays, or dictionaries as if they were just anemic "bags of data." like DTOs or Data Clumps. These primitive structures are convenient to iterate. But they are also anonymous and lack a voice in the business domain. When you use a raw array to represent a group of specific entities—like ActiveSubscribers, PendingInvoices, or ValidationErrors, you are essentially forcing every part of your system to re-learn how to handle that collection, leading to scattered logic and "primitive obsession." ActiveSubscribers PendingInvoices ValidationErrors When you reify the collection, you improve the model and create technical implementation into a first-class citizen of your domain model. This doesn't just provide a home for validation and filtering; it makes the invisible concepts in your business requirements visible in your code. Steps 👣 Create a new class to represent the specific collection.
Define a private collection property within this class using the appropriate collection type.
Implement a constructor that accepts only elements of the required type.
Add type-hinted methods to add, remove, or retrieve elements.
Move collection-specific logic (like sorting or filtering) from the outside into this new class. Create a new class to represent the specific collection. Define a private collection property within this class using the appropriate collection type. Implement a constructor that accepts only elements of the required type. Add type-hinted methods to add, remove, or retrieve elements. Move collection-specific logic (like sorting or filtering) from the outside into this new class. Sample Code 💻 Before 🚨 <?

/** @var User[] $users */
// this is a static declaration used by many IDEs but not the compiler
// Like many comments it is useless, and possible outdated

function notifyUsers(array $users) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
        // You have no guarantee $user is actually a User object
        // The comment above is 
        // just a hint for the IDE/Static Analysis
        $user->sendNotification();
    }
}

$users = [new User('Anatoli Bugorski'), new Product('Laser')]; 
// This array is anemic and lacks runtime type enforcement
// There's a Product in the collection and will show a fatal error
// unless it can understand #sendNotification() method

notifyUsers($users); <?

/** @var User[] $users */
// this is a static declaration used by many IDEs but not the compiler
// Like many comments it is useless, and possible outdated

function notifyUsers(array $users) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
        // You have no guarantee $user is actually a User object
        // The comment above is 
        // just a hint for the IDE/Static Analysis
        $user->sendNotification();
    }
}

$users = [new User('Anatoli Bugorski'), new Product('Laser')]; 
// This array is anemic and lacks runtime type enforcement
// There's a Product in the collection and will show a fatal error
// unless it can understand #sendNotification() method

notifyUsers($users); After 👉 <? 

class UserDirectory {
// 1. Create a new class to represent the specific collection
// This is a real world concept reified  
// 2. Define a private property
private array $elements = [];

    // 3. Implement a constructor that accepts only User types
    public function __construct(User ...$users) {
        $this->elements = $users;
    }

    // 4. Add type-hinted methods to add elements
    public function add(User $user): void {
        $this->elements[] = $user;
    }

    // 5. Move collection-specific logic inside
    public function notifyAll(): void {
        foreach ($this->elements as $user) {
            $user->sendNotification();
        }
    }
} <? 

class UserDirectory {
// 1. Create a new class to represent the specific collection
// This is a real world concept reified  
// 2. Define a private property
private array $elements = [];

    // 3. Implement a constructor that accepts only User types
    public function __construct(User ...$users) {
        $this->elements = $users;
    }

    // 4. Add type-hinted methods to add elements
    public function add(User $user): void {
        $this->elements[] = $user;
    }

    // 5. Move collection-specific logic inside
    public function notifyAll(): void {
        foreach ($this->elements as $user) {
            $user->sendNotification();
        }
    }
} Type 📝 [X] Manual Safety Considerations 🛡️ This refactoring is very safe. You create a new structure and gradually migrate references. Since you add strict type hints in the new class, the compiler engine catches any incompatible data at runtime, preventing silent failures. Why is the Code Better? ✨ You transform a generic, "dumb" collection into a specialized object that understands its own rules. You stop repeating validation logic every time you handle the list. The code becomes self-documenting because the class name explicitly tells you what the collection contains. How Does it Improve the Bijection? 🗺️ In the real world, a "List of Users" or a "Staff Directory" is a distinct concept with specific behaviors. An anonymous array is a technical implementation detail, not a real-world entity. By reifying the collection, you create a one-to-one correspondence between the business concept and your code. Limitations ⚠️ You might encounter slight performance overhead when dealing with millions of objects compared to raw arrays. For most business applications, the safety gains far outweigh the millisecond costs and prevents you from being a premature optimizator. Remember to avoid hollow specialized business collections that don't exist in the real world. specialized business collections Many languages support typed collections: C# achieves typed collections through reified generics in the CLR, preserving type information at runtime for types like List.
C++ achieves typed collections through templates like blueprints instantiated at compile time for each concrete type.
Clojure achieves typed collections through optional static typing libraries such as core.typed.
Dart achieves typed collections through reified generics with runtime type checks in sound null safety mode.
Elixir achieves typed collections through typespecs analyzed by Dialyzer for static verification.
Go achieves typed collections through parametric generics introduced in Go 1.18 with type parameters and constraints.
Haskell achieves typed collections through parametric polymorphism and type classes resolved at compile time.
Java achieves typed collections through generics with type erasure, enforcing type constraints at compile time on classes like List and Map<K,V>.
JavaScript achieves typed collections through TypeScript or Flow, which add static generic typing on top of the dynamic language (see below).
Kotlin achieves typed collections through JVM generics with variance annotations and null-safety integrated into the type system.
Objective-C achieves typed collections through lightweight generics that provide compile-time checks without full runtime enforcement.
PHP achieves typed collections through docblock-based generics enforced by static analyzers like Psalm or PHPStan.
Python achieves typed collections through type hints like list[T] and dict[K, V] checked by static analyzers such as mypy.
Ruby achieves typed collections through external type systems like Sorbet or RBS layered on top of the dynamic runtime.
Rust achieves typed collections through parametric types and trait bounds checked at compile time with monomorphization.
Scala achieves typed collections through a powerful generic type system with variance and higher-kinded types.
Swift achieves typed collections through generics with value semantics and protocol constraints.
TypeScript achieves typed collections through structural typing and generics enforced at compile time and erased at runtime since JavaScript doesn't support them. C# achieves typed collections through reified generics in the CLR, preserving type information at runtime for types like List. generics List C++ achieves typed collections through templates like blueprints instantiated at compile time for each concrete type. templates Clojure achieves typed collections through optional static typing libraries such as core.typed. Dart achieves typed collections through reified generics with runtime type checks in sound null safety mode. reified generics Elixir achieves typed collections through typespecs analyzed by Dialyzer for static verification. typespecs Go achieves typed collections through parametric generics introduced in Go 1.18 with type parameters and constraints. parametric generics Haskell achieves typed collections through parametric polymorphism and type classes resolved at compile time. parametric polymorphism Java achieves typed collections through generics with type erasure, enforcing type constraints at compile time on classes like List and Map<K,V>. List Map<K,V> JavaScript achieves typed collections through TypeScript or Flow, which add static generic typing on top of the dynamic language (see below). Kotlin achieves typed collections through JVM generics with variance annotations and null-safety integrated into the type system. JVM generics Objective-C achieves typed collections through lightweight generics that provide compile-time checks without full runtime enforcement. lightweight generics PHP achieves typed collections through docblock-based generics enforced by static analyzers like Psalm or PHPStan. docblock-based generics Python achieves typed collections through type hints like list[T] and dict[K, V] checked by static analyzers such as mypy. list[T] dict[K, V] Ruby achieves typed collections through external type systems like Sorbet or RBS layered on top of the dynamic runtime. external type systems Rust achieves typed collections through parametric types and trait bounds checked at compile time with monomorphization. parametric types Scala achieves typed collections through a powerful generic type system with variance and higher-kinded types. generic type system Swift achieves typed collections through generics with value semantics and protocol constraints. generics TypeScript achieves typed collections through structural typing and generics enforced at compile time and erased at runtime since JavaScript doesn't support them. structural typing generics In all the above cases, reifying a real business object (if exists in the MAPPER) gives you a good extra abstraction layer. MAPPER Level 🔋 [X] Intermediate Related Refactorings 🔄 https://maximilianocontieri.com/refactoring-012-reify-associative-arrays?embedable=true https://maximilianocontieri.com/refactoring-012-reify-associative-arrays?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-013-eliminating-repeated-code-with-dry-principles?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-013-eliminating-repeated-code-with-dry-principles?embedable=true Refactoring with AI 🤖 Ask your AI assistant to: "Identify where I am passing arrays of objects and suggest a Typed Collection class for them." You can also provide the base class and ask: "Find a real business object and generate a boilerplate for a type-safe collection for this entity." Related Code Smells 💨 How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part I)
How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXV]
How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XIII]
How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part VIII)
How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXIX]
How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXVII] How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part I) How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part I) How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXV] How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXV] How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XIII] How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XIII] How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part VIII) How to Find The Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part VIII) How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXIX] How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXIX] How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXVII] How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code [Part XXVII] Credits 🙏 Image by Markéta Klimešová on Pixabay Markéta Klimešová Inspired by the "Collection Object" pattern in clean architecture and the ongoing quest for type safety in dynamic languages. This article is part of the Refactoring Series. https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true

Walkthroughs, tutorials, guides, and tips. This story will teach you how to do something new or how to do something better.

This story contains AI-generated text. The author has used AI either for research, to generate outlines, or write the text itself. 

Refactoring 038: Reifying Collections for Type Safety

About Author

Comments

TOPICS

THIS ARTICLE WAS FEATURED IN

Related Stories

10 Predictions About the Future of Finance

The 6 Types of Code Refactoring That Every Programmer Should Know

The Secret Weapon of Developers Who Want to Sleep at Night

Clean Code for Python – Stop Writing Bad Code

Five Years Later: Clean Code Is Still Right (But Not Always Useful)

43 Stories To Learn About Object Oriented

10 Predictions About the Future of Finance

The 6 Types of Code Refactoring That Every Programmer Should Know

The Secret Weapon of Developers Who Want to Sleep at Night

Clean Code for Python – Stop Writing Bad Code

Five Years Later: Clean Code Is Still Right (But Not Always Useful)

43 Stories To Learn About Object Oriented

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Minty

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps