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QuarkChain Explained, Part II: Sharding — Brief Introduction and Challenges in Blockchain. Sharding is probably the most adopted solution to enable horizontal scalability. With appropriate design of the sharding technique, capacity of the system is able to increase as the numbers of shards and processors (nodes) increase, in other words, linear scale. To apply sharding, there are a couple of key questions we need to answer: What is the global system state and how to change it? How to partition the system state to meet the operation semantics?