Steam, Its Generation and Use by Babcock & Wilcox Company, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PROPERTIES OF WATER here PROPERTIES OF WATER Pure water is a chemical compound of one volume of oxygen and two volumes of hydrogen, its chemical symbol being H 2 O. The weight of water depends upon its temperature. Its weight at four temperatures, much used in physical calculations, is given in . Table 10 While authorities differ as to the weight of water, the range of values given for 62 degrees Fahrenheit (the standard temperature ordinarily taken) being from 62.291 pounds to 62.360 pounds per cubic foot, the value 62.355 is generally accepted as the most accurate. A United States standard gallon holds 231 cubic inches and weighs, at 62 degrees Fahrenheit, approximately 8 1 ⁄ 3 pounds. A British Imperial gallon holds 277.42 cubic inches and weighs, at 62 degrees Fahrenheit, 10 pounds. The above are the true weights corrected for the effect of the buoyancy of the air, or the weight in vacuo . If water is weighed in air in the ordinary way, there is a correction of about one-eighth of one per cent which is usually negligible. Water is but slightly compressible and for all practical purposes may be considered non-compressible. The coefficient of compressibility ranges from 0.000040 to 0.000051 per atmosphere at ordinary temperatures, this coefficient decreasing as the temperature increases. gives the weight in vacuo and the relative volume of a cubic foot of distilled water at various temperatures. Table 11 The weight of water at the standard temperature being taken as 62.355 pounds per cubic foot, the pressure exerted by the column of water of any stated height, and conversely the height of any column required to produce a stated pressure, may be computed as follows: The pressure in pounds per square foot = 62.355 × height of column in feet. The pressure in pounds per square inch = 0.433 × height of column in feet. Height of column in feet = pressure in pounds per square foot ÷ 62.355. Height of column in feet = pressure in pounds per square inch ÷ 0.433. Height of column in inches = pressure in pounds per square inch × 27.71. Height of column in inches = pressure in ounces per square inch × 1.73. By a change in the weights given above, the pressure exerted and height of column may be computed for temperatures other than 62 degrees. A pressure of one pound per square inch is exerted by a column of water 2.3093 feet or 27.71 inches high at 62 degrees Fahrenheit. Water in its natural state is never found absolutely pure. In solvent power water has a greater range than any other liquid. For common salt, this is approximately a constant at all temperatures, while with such impurities as magnesium and sodium sulphates, this solvent power increases with an increase in temperature. Sea water contains on an average approximately 3.125 per cent of its weight of solid matter or a thirty-second part of the weight of the water and salt held in solution. The approximate composition of this solid matter will be: sodium chloride 76 per cent, magnesium chloride 10 per cent, magnesium sulphate 6 per cent, calcium sulphate 5 per cent, calcium carbonate 0.5 per cent, other substances 2.5 per cent. The boiling point of water decreases as the altitude above sea level increases. gives the variation in the boiling point with the altitude. Table 12 Water has a greater specific heat or heat-absorbing capacity than any other known substance (bromine and hydrogen excepted) and its specific heat is the basis for measurement of the capacity of heat absorption of all other substances. From the definition, the specific heat of water is the number of British thermal units required to raise one pound of water one degree. This specific heat varies with the temperature of the water. The generally accepted values are given in , which indicates the values as determined by Messrs. Marks and Davis and Mr. Peabody. Table 13 In consequence of this variation in specific heat, the variation in the heat of the liquid of the water at different temperatures is not a constant. gives the heat of the liquid in a pound of water at temperatures ranging from 32 to 340 degrees Fahrenheit. Table 22 [13] The specific heat of ice at 32 degrees is 0.463. The specific heat of saturated steam (ice and saturated steam representing the other forms in which water may exist), is something that is difficult to define in any way which will not be misleading. When no liquid is present the specific heat of saturated steam is negative. The use of the value of the specific heat of steam is practically limited to instances where superheat is present, and the specific heat of superheated steam is covered later in the book. [14] About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Babcock & Wilcox Company (2007). Steam, Its Generation and Use. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22657/pg22657-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

BOILER FEED WATER

THE THEORY OF STEAM MAKING

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