Authors: (1) Amin Mekacher, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK) and this author contributed equally; (2) Max Falkenberg, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), this author contributed equally, and Corresponding authors: max.falkenberg@city.ac.uk; (3) Andrea Baronchelli, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London NW1 2DB, (UK), and Corresponding authors: abaronchelli@turing.ac.uk. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Results Discussion & Conclusion Methods Acknowledgements, Data availability, and References Acknowledgements M.F. and A.B. acknowledge the 100683EPID Project “Global Health Security Academic Research Coalition” SCH-00001-3391. M.F. thanks Alessandro Galeazzi for providing the Media Bias / Fact Check data. Data availability Gettr and Twitter data used for this project is available in anonymised format on request at https://osf.io/ dx2p8/. REFERENCES [1] J. Owono, “Banning content platforms is not a solution to hate speech on the internet, even when the platform is meta,” https://www.justsecurity.org/82601/ banning-content-platforms-is-not-a-solutionto-hate-speech-on-the-internet-even-when-theplatform-is-meta/, Accessed 16 March, 2023 (2022). [2] UNESCO, U. N. O. on Genocide Prevention, and the Responsibility to Protect, “Addressing hate speech on social media: contemporary challenges,” (2021). [3] A.-D. League, “Adl calls on twitter to suspend accounts supporting qanon,” https://www.adl.org/ resources/blog/adl-calls-twitter-suspendaccounts-supporting-qanon Accessed 11 March, 2023 (2021). [4] S. Jhaver, C. Boylston, D. Yang, and A. Bruckman, Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5 (2021), 10.1145/3479525. [5] P. Johansson, F. Enock, S. Hale, B. Vidgen, C. Bereskin, H. Margetts, and J. 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Romano, “What we still haven’t learned from gamergate,” https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/1/ 20/20808875/gamergate-lessons-cultural-impactchanges-harassment-laws Accessed 26 January, 2023 (2021). [25] K. Johnson, “Twitter permanently bans u.s. representative marjorie taylor greene,” https: //www.reuters.com/world/us/twitter-permanentlybans-us-representative-marjorie-taylor-greene2022-01-02/ Accessed 17 March, 2023 (2022). [26] T. McKay, “Joe rogan joined gettr 10 days ago and already thinks it sucks,” https://gizmodo.com/joerogan-joined-gettr-10-days-ago-and-alreadythinks-i-1848346452 Accessed 17 March, 2023 (2022). [27] M. R. DeVerna, R. Aiyappa, D. Pacheco, J. Bryden, and F. Menczer, “Identification and characterization of misinformation superspreaders on social media,” (2022). [28] A. B. Cantor, Statistics in Medicine 20, 2091 (2001). [29] D. Friedman and A. 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Di Marco, F. Larosa, M. Sas, A. Mekacher, W. Pearce, F. Zollo, W. Quattrociocchi, et al., Nature Climate Change , 1 (2022). [39] J. A. Hartigan and P. M. Hartigan, The annals of Statistics 13, 70 (1985). [40] S. Gonz´alez-Bail´on and M. De Domenico, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2013443118 (2021). [41] A. Bovet and H. A. Makse, Nature Communications 10 (2019), 10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2. [42] “Google perspective api,” https:// perspectiveapi.com/ Accessed 3 February, 2023 (2023). [43] M. Cinelli, G. Etta, M. Avalle, A. Quattrociocchi, N. Di Marco, C. Valensise, A. Galeazzi, and W. Quattrociocchi, Current Opinion in Psychology , 101407 (2022). [44] M. Cinelli, G. D. F. Morales, A. Galeazzi, W. Quattrociocchi, and M. Starnini, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2023301118 (2021). [45] K. H. Jamieson and J. N. Cappella, Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment (Oxford University Press, 2008). [46] P. 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[81] “Google perspective api: Attributes and languages,” https://developers.perspectiveapi.com/s/aboutthe-api-attributes-and-languages?language=en US Accessed 16 March, 2023 (2023). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Amin Mekacher, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK) and this author contributed equally; (2) Max Falkenberg, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), this author contributed equally, and Corresponding authors: max.falkenberg@city.ac.uk; (3) Andrea Baronchelli, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London NW1 2DB, (UK), and Corresponding authors: abaronchelli@turing.ac.uk. Authors: Authors: (1) Amin Mekacher, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK) and this author contributed equally; (2) Max Falkenberg, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), this author contributed equally, and Corresponding authors: max.falkenberg@city.ac.uk; (3) Andrea Baronchelli, City University of London, Department of Mathematics, London EC1V 0HB, (UK), The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London NW1 2DB, (UK), and Corresponding authors: abaronchelli@turing.ac.uk. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Results Results Discussion & Conclusion Discussion & Conclusion Methods Methods Acknowledgements, Data availability, and References Acknowledgements, Data availability, and References Acknowledgements M.F. and A.B. acknowledge the 100683EPID Project “Global Health Security Academic Research Coalition” SCH-00001-3391. M.F. thanks Alessandro Galeazzi for providing the Media Bias / Fact Check data. Data availability Gettr and Twitter data used for this project is available in anonymised format on request at https://osf.io/ dx2p8/. REFERENCES [1] J. Owono, “Banning content platforms is not a solution to hate speech on the internet, even when the platform is meta,” https://www.justsecurity.org/82601/ banning-content-platforms-is-not-a-solutionto-hate-speech-on-the-internet-even-when-theplatform-is-meta/, Accessed 16 March, 2023 (2022). [2] UNESCO, U. N. O. on Genocide Prevention, and the Responsibility to Protect, “Addressing hate speech on social media: contemporary challenges,” (2021). [3] A.-D. League, “Adl calls on twitter to suspend accounts supporting qanon,” https://www.adl.org/ resources/blog/adl-calls-twitter-suspendaccounts-supporting-qanon Accessed 11 March, 2023 (2021). [4] S. Jhaver, C. Boylston, D. Yang, and A. Bruckman, Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5 (2021), 10.1145/3479525. [5] P. Johansson, F. Enock, S. Hale, B. Vidgen, C. Bereskin, H. Margetts, and J. Bright, “How can we combat online misinformation? a systematic overview of current interventions and their efficacy,” (2022). [6] M. Horta Ribeiro, J. Blackburn, B. Bradlyn, E. De Cristofaro, G. Stringhini, S. Long, S. Greenberg, and S. Zannettou, Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 15, 196 (2021). [7] M. H. Ribeiro, S. Jhaver, S. Zannettou, J. Blackburn, G. Stringhini, E. D. Cristofaro, and R. West, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, 1 (2021). [8] S. Ali, M. H. Saeed, E. Aldreabi, J. Blackburn, E. De Cristofaro, S. Zannettou, and G. Stringhini, in 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021). [9] A. Rauchfleisch and J. Kaiser, SSRN Electronic Journal (2021), 10.2139/ssrn.3867818. [10] V. Voskresenskii, International Journal of Communication 17 (2023). [11] A. Mekacher and A. 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[19] C. Winter, P. Neumann, A. Meleagrou-Hitchens, M. Ranstorp, L. Vidino, and J. F¨urst, International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) , Vol 14 No 2 (2020) (2020). [20] A. Bovet and P. Grindrod, Applied Network Science 7 (2022), 10.1007/s41109-022-00513-8. [21] Z. Tufekci, “How social media took us from tahrir square to donald trump,” https://www.technologyreview.com/ 2018/08/14/240325/how-social-media-took-usfrom-tahrir-square-to-donald-trump/ Accessed 26 January, 2023 (2018). [22] M. Cinelli, A. Pelicon, I. Mozetiˇc, W. Quattrociocchi, P. K. Novak, and F. Zollo, Scientific Reports 11 (2021), 10.1038/s41598-021-01487-w. [23] M. Naffakh, “How pro-terrorism accounts are circumventing moderation on social media,” https:// observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20221125- social-media-propaganda-islamic-state-terrorism Accessed 26 January, 2023 (2022). [24] A. Romano, “What we still haven’t learned from gamergate,” https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/1/ 20/20808875/gamergate-lessons-cultural-impactchanges-harassment-laws Accessed 26 January, 2023 (2021). [25] K. Johnson, “Twitter permanently bans u.s. representative marjorie taylor greene,” https: //www.reuters.com/world/us/twitter-permanentlybans-us-representative-marjorie-taylor-greene2022-01-02/ Accessed 17 March, 2023 (2022). [26] T. McKay, “Joe rogan joined gettr 10 days ago and already thinks it sucks,” https://gizmodo.com/joerogan-joined-gettr-10-days-ago-and-alreadythinks-i-1848346452 Accessed 17 March, 2023 (2022). [27] M. R. DeVerna, R. Aiyappa, D. Pacheco, J. Bryden, and F. Menczer, “Identification and characterization of misinformation superspreaders on social media,” (2022). [28] A. B. Cantor, Statistics in Medicine 20, 2091 (2001). [29] D. Friedman and A. Breland, “Leaked messages show gettr in crisis mode over joe rogan criticism,” https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/01/ leaked-messages-show-gettr-crisis-mode-joerogan-jason-miller-guo-wengui/ Accessed 20 January, 2023 (2022). [30] D. Thiel and M. McCain, Stanford Internet Observatory (2021). [31] C. Schwemmer, Social Media + Society 7, 20563051211041650 (2021). [32] M. Grootendorst, ArXiv preprint 2203.05794 (2022). [33] E. Woo, The New York Times (2022). [34] Twitter Transparency Team, “Covid-19 misinformation transparency report,” https: //transparency.twitter.com/en/reports/ covid19.html#2021-jul-dec (2022), accessed 7 February, 2023. [35] K. Conger and M. Isaac, The New York Times (2021). [36] P. Barber´a, Political analysis 23, 76 (2015). [37] J. Flamino, A. Galeazzi, S. Feldman, M. W. Macy, B. Cross, Z. Zhou, M. Serafino, A. Bovet, H. A. Makse, and B. K. Szymanski, Nature Human Behaviour (2023), 10.1038/s41562-023-01550-8. [38] M. Falkenberg, A. Galeazzi, M. Torricelli, N. Di Marco, F. Larosa, M. Sas, A. Mekacher, W. Pearce, F. Zollo, W. Quattrociocchi, et al., Nature Climate Change , 1 (2022). [39] J. A. Hartigan and P. M. Hartigan, The annals of Statistics 13, 70 (1985). [40] S. Gonz´alez-Bail´on and M. De Domenico, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2013443118 (2021). [41] A. Bovet and H. A. Makse, Nature Communications 10 (2019), 10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2. [42] “Google perspective api,” https:// perspectiveapi.com/ Accessed 3 February, 2023 (2023). [43] M. Cinelli, G. Etta, M. Avalle, A. Quattrociocchi, N. Di Marco, C. Valensise, A. Galeazzi, and W. Quattrociocchi, Current Opinion in Psychology , 101407 (2022). [44] M. Cinelli, G. D. F. Morales, A. Galeazzi, W. Quattrociocchi, and M. Starnini, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2023301118 (2021). [45] K. H. Jamieson and J. N. Cappella, Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment (Oxford University Press, 2008). [46] P. Barber´a, Social media and democracy: The state of the field, prospects for reform 34 (2020). [47] M. Conover, J. Ratkiewicz, M. Francisco, B. Gon¸calves, F. Menczer, and A. Flammini, in Proceedings of the international aaai conference on web and social media, Vol. 5 (2011) pp. 89–96. [48] W. Cota, S. C. Ferreira, R. Pastor-Satorras, and M. Starnini, EPJ Data Science 8, 35 (2019). [49] R. J. Gallagher, A. J. Reagan, C. M. Danforth, and P. S. Dodds, PloS one 13, e0195644 (2018). [50] R. Mami´e, M. Horta Ribeiro, and R. West, in 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 , WebSci ’21 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021) p. 139–147. [51] M. L. Krook, Politics & Gender 14, 673–675 (2018). [52] P. Metaxas, E. Mustafaraj, K. Wong, L. Zeng, M. O’Keefe, and S. Finn, in Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, Vol. 9 (2015) pp. 658–661. [53] P. C. Guerra, R. Nalon, R. Assun¸cao, and W. 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