Authors:
(1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
(3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Observations Models Results Discussion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C References References Alford, M. H., 2001: Internal swell generation: The spatial distribution of energy flux from the wind to mixed layer near-inertial motions. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31 (8), 2359–2368. Alford, M. H., 2020: Revisiting near-inertial wind work: Slab models, relative stress, and mixed layer deepening. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (11), 3141–3156. Alford, M. H., J. A. MacKinnon, H. L. Simmons, and J. D. Nash, 2016: Near-inertial internal gravity waves in the ocean. Annual review of marine science, 8, 95–123. Arbic, B. K., and G. R. Flierl, 2004: Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom ekman friction: Application to midocean eddies. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (10), 2257–2273. Asselin, O., and W. R. Young, 2020: Penetration of wind-generated near-inertial waves into a turbulent ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (6), 1699–1716. Balmforth, N., S. G. Llewellyn Smith, and W. Young, 1998: Enhanced dispersion of near-inertial waves in an idealized geostrophic flow. Journal of marine research, 56 (1), 1–40. Balmforth, N. J., and W. R. Young, 1999: Radiative damping of near-inertial oscillations in the mixed layer. Journal of marine research, 57 (4), 561–584. Buckingham, C. E., and Coauthors, 2016: Seasonality of submesoscale flows in the ocean surface boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (5), 2118–2126. Burns, K. J., G. M. Vasil, J. S. Oishi, D. Lecoanet, and B. P. Brown, 2020: Dedalus: A flexible framework for numerical simulations with spectral methods. Phys. Rev. Res., 2, 023 068. Callies, J., R. Barkan, and A. N. Garabato, 2020: Time scales of submesoscale flow inferred from a mooring array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (4), 1065–1086. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, D. Calvert, A. L. Grant, M. J. Bell, and S. E. Belcher, 2020: A comparison of five surface mixed layer models with a year of observations in the north atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 187, 102 316. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson, U. Binetti, and J. Kaiser, 2016: The vertical structure of upper ocean variability at the porcupine abyssal plain during 2012–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 3075–3089. D’Asaro, E. A., 1985: The energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (8), 1043–1059. D’Asaro, E. A., 1995: Upper-ocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part III: Interaction of inertial currents and mesoscale eddies. Journal of physical oceanography, 25 (11), 2953–2958. D’Asaro, E. A., C. C. Eriksen, M. D. Levine, P. Niiler, P. Van Meurs, and Coauthors, 1995: Upperocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part I: Data and comparisons with linear theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (11), 2909–2936. Dewar, W. K., and G. R. Flierl, 1987: Some effects of the wind on rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10), 1653–1667. Essink, S., E. Kunze, R.-C. Lien, R. Inoue, and S.-i. Ito, 2022: Near-inertial wave interactions and turbulence production in a kuroshio anticyclonic eddy. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (11), 2687–2704. Ferrari, R., and C. Wunsch, 2009: Ocean circulation kinetic energy: Reservoirs, sources, and sinks. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 41, 253–282. Flexas, M. M., A. F. Thompson, H. S. Torres, P. Klein, J. T. Farrar, H. Zhang, and D. Menemenlis, 2019: Global estimates of the energy transfer from the wind to the ocean, with emphasis on near-inertial oscillations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124 (8), 5723–5746. Gill, A. E., 1984: On the behavior of internal waves in the wakes of storms. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14 (7), 1129–1151. Gnanadesikan, A., M.-A. Pradal, and R. Abernathey, 2015: Isopycnal mixing by mesoscale eddies significantly impacts oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (11), 4249–4255. Guan, S., W. Zhao, J. Huthnance, J. Tian, and J. Wang, 2014: Observed upper ocean response to typhoon megi (2010) in the northern south china sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (5), 3134–3157. Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2018: Era5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus climate change service (c3s) climate data store (cds), 10 (10.24381). Jayne, S. R., and J. Marotzke, 2002: The oceanic eddy heat transport. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (12), 3328–3345. Jochum, M., B. P. Briegleb, G. Danabasoglu, W. G. Large, N. J. Norton, S. R. Jayne, M. H. Alford, and F. O. Bryan, 2013: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate. Journal of Climate, 26 (9), 2833–2844. Kato, H., and O. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37 (4), 643–655. Kunze, E., 1985: Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (5), 544–565. Large, W., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of physical oceanography, 11 (3), 324–336. Lee, D.-K., and P. P. Niiler, 1998: The inertial chimney: The near-inertial energy drainage from the ocean surface to the deep layer. 103 (C4), 7579–7591. Moehlis, J., and S. G. L. Smith, 2001: Radiation of mixed layer near-inertial oscillations into the ocean interior. Journal of physical oceanography, 31 (6), 1550–1560. M¨uller, P., J. McWilliams, and J. Molemaker, 2011: Routes to dissipation in the ocean: The 2D/3D turbulence conundrum. Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models, Cambridge University Press. Nikurashin, M., G. K. Vallis, and A. Adcroft, 2013: Routes to energy dissipation for geostrophic flows in the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6 (1), 48–51. Plueddemann, A., and J. Farrar, 2006: Observations and models of the energy flux from the wind to mixed-layer inertial currents. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53 (1-2), 5–30. Pollard, R. T., and R. Millard, 1970: Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 17, 813–821. Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 4 (4), 381–404. Rama, J., C. J. Shakespeare, and A. M. Hogg, 2022: The wavelength dependence of the propagation of near-inertial internal waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (10), 2493–2514. Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemarie, D. Chelton, ´ S. Illig, and A. Hall, 2016: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (6), 1685–1704. Rocha, C. B., G. L. Wagner, and W. R. Young, 2018: Stimulated generation: extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 847, 417–451. Taburet, G., A. Sanchez-Roman, M. Ballarotta, M.-I. Pujol, J.-F. Legeais, F. Fournier, Y. Faugere, and G. Dibarboure, 2019: Duacs dt2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products. Ocean Science, 15 (5), 1207–1224. Thomas, L. N., L. Rainville, O. Asselin, W. R. Young, J. Girton, C. B. Whalen, L. Centurioni, and V. Hormann, 2020: Direct observations of near-inertial wave 𝜁-refraction in a dipole vortex. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (21), e2020GL090 375. Thompson, A. F., A. Lazar, C. Buckingham, A. C. N. Garabato, G. M. Damerell, and K. J. Heywood, 2016: Open-ocean submesoscale motions: A full seasonal cycle of mixed layer instabilities from gliders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (4), 1285–1307. von Storch, J.-S., and V. L¨uschow, 2023: Wind power input to ocean near-inertial waves diagnosed from a 5-km global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128 (2), e2022JC019 111. Wagner, G., and W. Young, 2016: A three-component model for the coupled evolution of near-inertial waves, quasi-geostrophic flow and the near-inertial second harmonic. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 802, 806–837. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281–314. Xie, J.-H., and J. Vanneste, 2015: A generalised-lagrangian-mean model of the interactions between near-inertial waves and mean flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 774, 143–169. Young, W., and M. Ben Jelloul, 1997: Propagation of near-inertial oscillations through a geostrophic flow. JMR, 55, 735–766. Yu, X., A. C. Naveira Garabato, C. Vic, J. Gula, A. C. Savage, J. Wang, A. F. Waterhouse, and J. A. MacKinnon, 2022: Observed equatorward propagation and chimney effect of near-inertial waves in the midlatitude ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (13), e2022GL098 522. Zhai, X., H. L. Johnson, and D. P. Marshall, 2010: Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries. Nature Geoscience, 3 (9), 608–612. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Authors: Authors: (1) Scott Conn, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (2) Joseph Fitzgerald, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; (3) Jorn Callies, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Observations Observations Models Models Results Results Discussion Discussion Conclusion Conclusion APPENDIX A APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX C References References References Alford, M. H., 2001: Internal swell generation: The spatial distribution of energy flux from the wind to mixed layer near-inertial motions. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31 (8), 2359–2368. Alford, M. H., 2020: Revisiting near-inertial wind work: Slab models, relative stress, and mixed layer deepening. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (11), 3141–3156. Alford, M. H., J. A. MacKinnon, H. L. Simmons, and J. D. Nash, 2016: Near-inertial internal gravity waves in the ocean. Annual review of marine science, 8, 95–123. Arbic, B. K., and G. R. Flierl, 2004: Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom ekman friction: Application to midocean eddies. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (10), 2257–2273. Asselin, O., and W. R. Young, 2020: Penetration of wind-generated near-inertial waves into a turbulent ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (6), 1699–1716. Balmforth, N., S. G. Llewellyn Smith, and W. Young, 1998: Enhanced dispersion of near-inertial waves in an idealized geostrophic flow. Journal of marine research, 56 (1), 1–40. Balmforth, N. J., and W. R. Young, 1999: Radiative damping of near-inertial oscillations in the mixed layer. Journal of marine research, 57 (4), 561–584. Buckingham, C. E., and Coauthors, 2016: Seasonality of submesoscale flows in the ocean surface boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (5), 2118–2126. Burns, K. J., G. M. Vasil, J. S. Oishi, D. Lecoanet, and B. P. Brown, 2020: Dedalus: A flexible framework for numerical simulations with spectral methods. Phys. Rev. Res., 2, 023 068. Callies, J., R. Barkan, and A. N. Garabato, 2020: Time scales of submesoscale flow inferred from a mooring array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50 (4), 1065–1086. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, D. Calvert, A. L. Grant, M. J. Bell, and S. E. Belcher, 2020: A comparison of five surface mixed layer models with a year of observations in the north atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 187, 102 316. Damerell, G. M., K. J. Heywood, A. F. Thompson, U. Binetti, and J. Kaiser, 2016: The vertical structure of upper ocean variability at the porcupine abyssal plain during 2012–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121 (5), 3075–3089. D’Asaro, E. A., 1985: The energy flux from the wind to near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (8), 1043–1059. D’Asaro, E. A., 1995: Upper-ocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part III: Interaction of inertial currents and mesoscale eddies. Journal of physical oceanography, 25 (11), 2953–2958. D’Asaro, E. A., C. C. Eriksen, M. D. Levine, P. Niiler, P. Van Meurs, and Coauthors, 1995: Upperocean inertial currents forced by a strong storm. Part I: Data and comparisons with linear theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25 (11), 2909–2936. Dewar, W. K., and G. R. Flierl, 1987: Some effects of the wind on rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17 (10), 1653–1667. Essink, S., E. Kunze, R.-C. Lien, R. Inoue, and S.-i. Ito, 2022: Near-inertial wave interactions and turbulence production in a kuroshio anticyclonic eddy. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (11), 2687–2704. Ferrari, R., and C. Wunsch, 2009: Ocean circulation kinetic energy: Reservoirs, sources, and sinks. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 41, 253–282. Flexas, M. M., A. F. Thompson, H. S. Torres, P. Klein, J. T. Farrar, H. Zhang, and D. Menemenlis, 2019: Global estimates of the energy transfer from the wind to the ocean, with emphasis on near-inertial oscillations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124 (8), 5723–5746. Gill, A. E., 1984: On the behavior of internal waves in the wakes of storms. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14 (7), 1129–1151. Gnanadesikan, A., M.-A. Pradal, and R. Abernathey, 2015: Isopycnal mixing by mesoscale eddies significantly impacts oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (11), 4249–4255. Guan, S., W. Zhao, J. Huthnance, J. Tian, and J. Wang, 2014: Observed upper ocean response to typhoon megi (2010) in the northern south china sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (5), 3134–3157. Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2018: Era5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present. Copernicus climate change service (c3s) climate data store (cds), 10 (10.24381). Jayne, S. R., and J. Marotzke, 2002: The oceanic eddy heat transport. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (12), 3328–3345. Jochum, M., B. P. Briegleb, G. Danabasoglu, W. G. Large, N. J. Norton, S. R. Jayne, M. H. Alford, and F. O. Bryan, 2013: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate. Journal of Climate, 26 (9), 2833–2844. Kato, H., and O. Phillips, 1969: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 37 (4), 643–655. Kunze, E., 1985: Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15 (5), 544–565. Large, W., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of physical oceanography, 11 (3), 324–336. Lee, D.-K., and P. P. Niiler, 1998: The inertial chimney: The near-inertial energy drainage from the ocean surface to the deep layer. 103 (C4), 7579–7591. Moehlis, J., and S. G. L. Smith, 2001: Radiation of mixed layer near-inertial oscillations into the ocean interior. Journal of physical oceanography, 31 (6), 1550–1560. M¨uller, P., J. McWilliams, and J. Molemaker, 2011: Routes to dissipation in the ocean: The 2D/3D turbulence conundrum. Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations, and Models, Cambridge University Press. Nikurashin, M., G. K. Vallis, and A. Adcroft, 2013: Routes to energy dissipation for geostrophic flows in the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 6 (1), 48–51. Plueddemann, A., and J. Farrar, 2006: Observations and models of the energy flux from the wind to mixed-layer inertial currents. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53 (1-2), 5–30. Pollard, R. T., and R. Millard, 1970: Comparison between observed and simulated wind-generated inertial oscillations. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 17, 813–821. Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines, and R. O. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 4 (4), 381–404. Rama, J., C. J. Shakespeare, and A. M. Hogg, 2022: The wavelength dependence of the propagation of near-inertial internal waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 52 (10), 2493–2514. Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemarie, D. Chelton, ´ S. Illig, and A. Hall, 2016: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (6), 1685–1704. Rocha, C. B., G. L. Wagner, and W. R. Young, 2018: Stimulated generation: extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 847, 417–451. Taburet, G., A. Sanchez-Roman, M. Ballarotta, M.-I. Pujol, J.-F. Legeais, F. Fournier, Y. Faugere, and G. Dibarboure, 2019: Duacs dt2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products. Ocean Science, 15 (5), 1207–1224. Thomas, L. N., L. Rainville, O. Asselin, W. R. Young, J. Girton, C. B. Whalen, L. Centurioni, and V. Hormann, 2020: Direct observations of near-inertial wave 𝜁-refraction in a dipole vortex. Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (21), e2020GL090 375. Thompson, A. F., A. Lazar, C. Buckingham, A. C. N. Garabato, G. M. Damerell, and K. J. Heywood, 2016: Open-ocean submesoscale motions: A full seasonal cycle of mixed layer instabilities from gliders. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46 (4), 1285–1307. von Storch, J.-S., and V. L¨uschow, 2023: Wind power input to ocean near-inertial waves diagnosed from a 5-km global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128 (2), e2022JC019 111. Wagner, G., and W. Young, 2016: A three-component model for the coupled evolution of near-inertial waves, quasi-geostrophic flow and the near-inertial second harmonic. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 802, 806–837. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281–314. Xie, J.-H., and J. Vanneste, 2015: A generalised-lagrangian-mean model of the interactions between near-inertial waves and mean flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 774, 143–169. Young, W., and M. Ben Jelloul, 1997: Propagation of near-inertial oscillations through a geostrophic flow. JMR, 55, 735–766. Yu, X., A. C. Naveira Garabato, C. Vic, J. Gula, A. C. Savage, J. Wang, A. F. Waterhouse, and J. A. MacKinnon, 2022: Observed equatorward propagation and chimney effect of near-inertial waves in the midlatitude ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (13), e2022GL098 522. Zhai, X., H. L. Johnson, and D. P. Marshall, 2010: Significant sink of ocean-eddy energy near western boundaries. Nature Geoscience, 3 (9), 608–612. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Want to Learn More About the Interactions Between Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies?

About Author

Comments

TOPICS

THIS ARTICLE WAS FEATURED IN

Related Stories

A Deep Discussion On Our Study Looking at Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies: Diving In

How We Observed Interactions Between Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies and What We Found

A Deep Discussion On Our Study Looking at Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies: Diving In

The End of the Ocean Trip: Concluding Our Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies Study

What Was the YBJ Kinectic Energy Budget In Our Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies Study?

Our Oceanography Study's YBJ Upper Boundary Condition: How We Found It

A Deep Discussion On Our Study Looking at Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies: Diving In

How We Observed Interactions Between Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies and What We Found

A Deep Discussion On Our Study Looking at Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies: Diving In

The End of the Ocean Trip: Concluding Our Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies Study

What Was the YBJ Kinectic Energy Budget In Our Near-Inertial Waves and Mesoscale Eddies Study?

Our Oceanography Study's YBJ Upper Boundary Condition: How We Found It

Light-Mode

Classic

Newspaper

Minty

Dark-Mode

Neon Noir

Minty

HN StartUps