Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Background to the GDPR


Literature Review
3.1 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulation
3.2 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulator
3.3 Consumer perceptions of privacy
3.4 Business response to Data Protection regulation
3.5 Employee awareness of their employer’s Data Protection regulator
3.6 Employee perception of benefit of the GDPR to their employer
3.7 The research goal is the consumer/employee perception of the GDPR
3.8 Summary


Methods
4.1 Design
4.2 Data Analysis and 4.3 Ethical considerations


Analysis and Results
5.1 Background demographics and 5.2 Hypothesis 1: Consumers are aware and knowledgeable about the GDPR
5.3 Hypothesis 2: Consumers lack awareness and knowledge about the regulator
5.4 Hypothesis 3: Consumers feel their privacy is better since GDPR was introduced
5.5 Hypothesis 4: Companies have responded to GDPR and made changes
5.6 Hypothesis 5: Employees lack awareness of the GDPR regulator at work
5.7 Hypothesis 6: Employees have seen little benefits to their company from GDPR
5.8 Research question: GDPR: Is it worth it? and 5.9 A regression model based on the dual professional-consumer perspective


Discussion and 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR
6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion and 6.3 GDPR has driven changes
6.4 Perceptions of privacy have improved and 6.5 The profile of the regulator may not matter
6.6 Regulator Enforcer and 6.7 GDPR is worth it if...
6.8 Implications
6.9 Limitations and future work


Conclusion, Funding and Disclosure Statement, and References A. Table of Survey Responses B. Regression Analysis C. Survey 6 DISCUSSION This research examined the informed individual’s perception of the GDPR. This is important because we can gauge buy-in and learn what works when considering new privacy regulations. Several high-level themes can be drawn from the results: 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR The H1 results reveal a strong awareness of GDPR among participants, with 93% acknowledging it in the phase #2 survey, a marked improvement over previous EU surveys. Our research tallies with the literature that people learn about GDPR from news, employer training, and cookie consent notices. Departments like HR, IT, Marketing, and Legal exhibit higher awareness than others, possibly due to its greater impact on their work. While participants aren’t spontaneously confident about their GDPR rights, they recognize consumer rights when prompted. Notably, they understand the right to be informed and the right to request data copies. They are less confident recognising fabricated rights—registering high unsure scores—but that is probably the right reaction. Equally, while participants aren’t spontaneously confident about their employer’s GDPR compliance obligations, they scored high overall, with the exception of the national security exemption, which is hardly common knowledge. 6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion The sequencing of the questions was designed to avoid bias before posing the central research question: ‘Is GDPR worth it?’ Initially, respondents were hazy about GDPR and its impact on their job. However, once prompted with specific questions about GDPR, the regulator, and observed repercussions at work, they finished the survey with a positive evaluation of GDPR. We speculate participants may default to imprecise gut feelings unless prompted to consider its specific benefits and drawbacks. Future data protection surveys may improve response quality by giving participants the space to develop an opinion. 6.3 GDPR has driven changes The results from H4 prove people have seen changes at work. This shows the GDPR is working. We can be confident the answers are ‘solid’ because they are very similar to the answers they gave to the same questions two months beforehand in the phase 2 pilot. In particular, they have observed how personal data is handled more carefully, and they have received regular training on the risk of fines due to data misuse or data breaches. More generally, they agreed more than disagreed with all the prompted observed changes. The change that received the highest uncertain score was ‘My company collects less personal data than before’, but even then, more people agreed than disagreed. People recognise the upsides (improved data security) and downsides (bureaucracy, time, cost) of these GDPR-driven changes for their employers and for them personally. This latter point regarding cybersecurity tallies with earlier research. However, we bring an original contribution behind how our participants evaluate this. For their employer, people think better information security means less chance of fines. We speculate they may translate this as better job security for themselves. For the employee, better information security makes them feel their own data is handled more carefully by their own employer. We speculate they may project this expectation onto other companies. Authors:
(1) Gerard Buckley, University College London, UK (gerard.buckley.18@ucl.ac.uk);
(2) Tristan Caulfield, University College London, UK (t.caulfield@ucl.ac.uk);
(3) Ingolf Becker, University College London, UK (i.becker@ucl.ac.uk). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction Background to the GDPR Literature Review
3.1 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulation
3.2 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulator
3.3 Consumer perceptions of privacy
3.4 Business response to Data Protection regulation
3.5 Employee awareness of their employer’s Data Protection regulator
3.6 Employee perception of benefit of the GDPR to their employer
3.7 The research goal is the consumer/employee perception of the GDPR
3.8 Summary Methods
4.1 Design
4.2 Data Analysis and 4.3 Ethical considerations Analysis and Results
5.1 Background demographics and 5.2 Hypothesis 1: Consumers are aware and knowledgeable about the GDPR
5.3 Hypothesis 2: Consumers lack awareness and knowledge about the regulator
5.4 Hypothesis 3: Consumers feel their privacy is better since GDPR was introduced
5.5 Hypothesis 4: Companies have responded to GDPR and made changes
5.6 Hypothesis 5: Employees lack awareness of the GDPR regulator at work
5.7 Hypothesis 6: Employees have seen little benefits to their company from GDPR
5.8 Research question: GDPR: Is it worth it? and 5.9 A regression model based on the dual professional-consumer perspective Discussion and 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR
6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion and 6.3 GDPR has driven changes
6.4 Perceptions of privacy have improved and 6.5 The profile of the regulator may not matter
6.6 Regulator Enforcer and 6.7 GDPR is worth it if...
6.8 Implications
6.9 Limitations and future work Conclusion, Funding and Disclosure Statement, and References Background to the GDPR Background to the GDPR Background to the GDPR Literature Review 3.1 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulation 3.2 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulator 3.3 Consumer perceptions of privacy 3.4 Business response to Data Protection regulation 3.5 Employee awareness of their employer’s Data Protection regulator 3.6 Employee perception of benefit of the GDPR to their employer 3.7 The research goal is the consumer/employee perception of the GDPR 3.8 Summary Literature Review 3.1 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulation 3.1 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulation 3.2 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulator 3.2 Consumer awareness and knowledge of the regulator 3.3 Consumer perceptions of privacy 3.3 Consumer perceptions of privacy 3.4 Business response to Data Protection regulation 3.4 Business response to Data Protection regulation 3.5 Employee awareness of their employer’s Data Protection regulator 3.5 Employee awareness of their employer’s Data Protection regulator 3.6 Employee perception of benefit of the GDPR to their employer 3.6 Employee perception of benefit of the GDPR to their employer 3.7 The research goal is the consumer/employee perception of the GDPR 3.7 The research goal is the consumer/employee perception of the GDPR 3.8 Summary 3.8 Summary Methods 4.1 Design 4.2 Data Analysis and 4.3 Ethical considerations Methods 4.1 Design 4.1 Design 4.2 Data Analysis and 4.3 Ethical considerations 4.2 Data Analysis and 4.3 Ethical considerations Analysis and Results 5.1 Background demographics and 5.2 Hypothesis 1: Consumers are aware and knowledgeable about the GDPR 5.3 Hypothesis 2: Consumers lack awareness and knowledge about the regulator 5.4 Hypothesis 3: Consumers feel their privacy is better since GDPR was introduced 5.5 Hypothesis 4: Companies have responded to GDPR and made changes 5.6 Hypothesis 5: Employees lack awareness of the GDPR regulator at work 5.7 Hypothesis 6: Employees have seen little benefits to their company from GDPR 5.8 Research question: GDPR: Is it worth it? and 5.9 A regression model based on the dual professional-consumer perspective Analysis and Results 5.1 Background demographics and 5.2 Hypothesis 1: Consumers are aware and knowledgeable about the GDPR 5.1 Background demographics and 5.2 Hypothesis 1: Consumers are aware and knowledgeable about the GDPR 5.3 Hypothesis 2: Consumers lack awareness and knowledge about the regulator 5.3 Hypothesis 2: Consumers lack awareness and knowledge about the regulator 5.4 Hypothesis 3: Consumers feel their privacy is better since GDPR was introduced 5.4 Hypothesis 3: Consumers feel their privacy is better since GDPR was introduced 5.5 Hypothesis 4: Companies have responded to GDPR and made changes 5.5 Hypothesis 4: Companies have responded to GDPR and made changes 5.6 Hypothesis 5: Employees lack awareness of the GDPR regulator at work 5.6 Hypothesis 5: Employees lack awareness of the GDPR regulator at work 5.7 Hypothesis 6: Employees have seen little benefits to their company from GDPR 5.7 Hypothesis 6: Employees have seen little benefits to their company from GDPR 5.8 Research question: GDPR: Is it worth it? and 5.9 A regression model based on the dual professional-consumer perspective 5.8 Research question: GDPR: Is it worth it? and 5.9 A regression model based on the dual professional-consumer perspective Discussion and 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR 6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion and 6.3 GDPR has driven changes 6.4 Perceptions of privacy have improved and 6.5 The profile of the regulator may not matter 6.6 Regulator Enforcer and 6.7 GDPR is worth it if... 6.8 Implications 6.9 Limitations and future work Discussion and 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR Discussion and 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR 6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion and 6.3 GDPR has driven changes 6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion and 6.3 GDPR has driven changes 6.4 Perceptions of privacy have improved and 6.5 The profile of the regulator may not matter 6.4 Perceptions of privacy have improved and 6.5 The profile of the regulator may not matter 6.6 Regulator Enforcer and 6.7 GDPR is worth it if... 6.6 Regulator Enforcer and 6.7 GDPR is worth it if... 6.8 Implications 6.8 Implications 6.9 Limitations and future work 6.9 Limitations and future work Conclusion, Funding and Disclosure Statement, and References Conclusion, Funding and Disclosure Statement, and References Conclusion, Funding and Disclosure Statement, and References A. Table of Survey Responses A. Table of Survey Responses B. Regression Analysis B. Regression Analysis C. Survey C. Survey 6 DISCUSSION This research examined the informed individual’s perception of the GDPR. This is important because we can gauge buy-in and learn what works when considering new privacy regulations. Several high-level themes can be drawn from the results: 6.1 High consumer awareness and knowledge of the GDPR The H1 results reveal a strong awareness of GDPR among participants, with 93% acknowledging it in the phase #2 survey, a marked improvement over previous EU surveys. Our research tallies with the literature that people learn about GDPR from news, employer training, and cookie consent notices. Departments like HR, IT, Marketing, and Legal exhibit higher awareness than others, possibly due to its greater impact on their work. While participants aren’t spontaneously confident about their GDPR rights, they recognize consumer rights when prompted. Notably, they understand the right to be informed and the right to request data copies. They are less confident recognising fabricated rights—registering high unsure scores—but that is probably the right reaction. Equally, while participants aren’t spontaneously confident about their employer’s GDPR compliance obligations, they scored high overall, with the exception of the national security exemption, which is hardly common knowledge. 6.2 Respondents lacked a formed opinion The sequencing of the questions was designed to avoid bias before posing the central research question: ‘Is GDPR worth it?’ Initially, respondents were hazy about GDPR and its impact on their job. However, once prompted with specific questions about GDPR, the regulator, and observed repercussions at work, they finished the survey with a positive evaluation of GDPR. We speculate participants may default to imprecise gut feelings unless prompted to consider its specific benefits and drawbacks. Future data protection surveys may improve response quality by giving participants the space to develop an opinion. 6.3 GDPR has driven changes The results from H4 prove people have seen changes at work. This shows the GDPR is working. We can be confident the answers are ‘solid’ because they are very similar to the answers they gave to the same questions two months beforehand in the phase 2 pilot. In particular, they have observed how personal data is handled more carefully, and they have received regular training on the risk of fines due to data misuse or data breaches. More generally, they agreed more than disagreed with all the prompted observed changes. The change that received the highest uncertain score was ‘My company collects less personal data than before’, but even then, more people agreed than disagreed. People recognise the upsides (improved data security) and downsides (bureaucracy, time, cost) of these GDPR-driven changes for their employers and for them personally. This latter point regarding cybersecurity tallies with earlier research. However, we bring an original contribution behind how our participants evaluate this. For their employer, people think better information security means less chance of fines. We speculate they may translate this as better job security for themselves. For the employee, better information security makes them feel their own data is handled more carefully by their own employer. We speculate they may project this expectation onto other companies. Authors: (1) Gerard Buckley, University College London, UK (gerard.buckley.18@ucl.ac.uk); (2) Tristan Caulfield, University College London, UK (t.caulfield@ucl.ac.uk); (3) Ingolf Becker, University College London, UK (i.becker@ucl.ac.uk). Authors: Authors: (1) Gerard Buckley, University College London, UK (gerard.buckley.18@ucl.ac.uk); (2) Tristan Caulfield, University College London, UK (t.caulfield@ucl.ac.uk); (3) Ingolf Becker, University College London, UK (i.becker@ucl.ac.uk). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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