ON THE CARE OF HEALTH.

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON THE CARE OF HEALTH. here CHAPTER V. ON THE CARE OF HEALTH. There is no point, where a woman is more liable to suffer from a want of knowledge and experience, than in reference to the health of a family committed to her care. Many a young lady, who never had any charge of the sick; who never took any care of an infant; who never obtained information on these subjects from books, or from the experience of others; in short, with little or no preparation; has found herself the principal attendant in dangerous sickness, the chief nurse of a feeble infant, and the responsible guardian of the health of a whole family. The care, the fear, the perplexity, of a woman, suddenly called to these unwonted duties, none can realize, till they themselves feel it, or till they see some young and anxious novice first attempting to meet such responsibilities. To a woman of age and experience, these duties often involve a measure of trial and difficulty, at times deemed almost insupportable; how hard, then, must they press on the heart of the young and inexperienced! There is no really efficacious mode of preparing a woman to take a care of the health of a family, except by communicating that knowledge, in regard to the construction of the body, and the laws of health, which is the basis of the medical profession. Not that a woman should undertake the minute and extensive investigation requisite for a physician; but she should gain a general knowledge of first principles, as a guide to her judgement in emergencies when she can rely on no other aid. Therefore, before attempting to give any specific directions on the subject of this chapter, a short sketch of the construction of the human frame will be given, with a notice of some of the general principles, on which specific rules in regard to health are based. This description will be arranged under the general heads of Bones, Muscles, Nerves, Blood-Vessels, Organs of Digestion and Respiration, and the Skin. rational BONES. The bones are the most solid parts of the body. They are designed to protect and sustain it, and also to secure voluntary motion. They are about two hundred and fifty in number, (there being sometimes a few more or less,) and are fastened together by cartilage, or gristle, a substance like the bones, but softer, and more elastic. In order to convey a more clear and correct idea of the form, relative position, and connection, of the bones constituting the human framework, the engraving on page , (Fig. ,) is given. 70 1 By the preceding engraving, it will be seen, that the , or , consists of several distinct pieces, which are united by sutures, (or seams,) as represented by the zigzag lines; , being the ; , the ; , the ; and , the place of the , which forms the back part of the head, and therefore is not seen in the engraving. The , or bones of the nose, are shown at ; , is the ; , the , and , the ; , , the , or back bone, consisting of numerous small bones, called ; , , the seven , which are fastened to the spine, behind, and by the , , , to the , or , , in front; , , are the first three , which are so called, because they are not united directly to the breast bone, but by cartilages to the seventh true rib; , , are the lower two , which are also called , because they are not connected with the breast bone, nor the other ribs, in front; , , , , are the bones of the , which is the foundation on which the spine rests; , , are the ; , , the ; , , the bones of the ; , , the , where the bones of the upper arm and fore arm are united in such a way that they can move like a hinge; , , are the bones of the ; , , those of the ; , , those of the ; , , are the round heads of the thigh bones, where they are inserted into the sockets of the bones of the pelvis, giving motion in every direction, and forming the ; a b, a b, are the ; c, c, the ; d e, d e, the ; f, f, the ; g, g, the . cranium skull a frontal bone b parietal bone c temporal bone d occipital bone nasal bones e f cheek bone g upper h lower, jaw bones i i spinal column vertebræ j j true ribs cartilages k k sternum breast bone l m m false ribs n n false floating, ribs o o p q pelvis r r collar bones s s shoulder blades t t upper arm u u elbow joints v w v w fore arm x x wrists y y fingers z z hip joint thigh bones knee joints leg bones ankle joints bones of the foot The bones are composed of two substances,—one animal, and the other mineral. The animal part is a very fine network, called the . In this, are deposited the harder mineral substances, which are composed principally of carbonate and phosphate of lime. In very early life, the bones consist chiefly of the animal part, and are then soft and pliant. As the child advances in age, the bones grow harder, by the gradual deposition of the phosphate of lime, which is supplied by the food, and carried to the bones by the blood. In old age, the hardest material preponderates; making the bones more brittle than in earlier life. cellular membrane As we shall soon have occasion to refer, particularly, to the spinal, or vertebral column, and the derangement to which it is liable, we give, on page , representations of the different classes of vertebræ; viz. the , (from the Latin, , the neck,) the , (from , the back,) and , (from , the loins.) 72 cervical cervix dorsal dorsum lumbar lumbus Fig. , represents one of the . Seven of these, placed one above another, constitute that part of the spine which is in the neck. 2 cervical vertebræ Fig. , is one of the , twelve of which, form the central part of the spine. 3 dorsal vertebræ Fig. , represents one of the , (five in number,) which are immediately above the sacrum. These vertebræ are so fastened, that the spine can bend, in any direction; and the muscles of the trunk are used in holding it erect, or in varying its movements. 4 lumbar vertebræ By the drawings here presented, it will be seen, that the vertebræ of the neck, back, and loins, differ somewhat in size and shape, although they all possess the same constituent parts; thus, A, in each, represents the body of the vertebræ; B, the articulating processes, by which each is joined to its fellow, above and below it; C, the spinous process, or that part of the vertebræ, which forms the ridge to be felt, on pressure, the whole length of the centre of the back. The back bone receives its name, , or , from these spinous processes. spine spinal column It is the universal law of the human frame, that is indispensable to the health of the several parts. Thus, if a blood-vessel be tied up, so as not to be used, it shrinks, and becomes a useless string; if a muscle be condemned to inaction, it shrinks in size, and diminishes in power; and thus it is also with the bones. Inactivity produces softness, debility, and unfitness for the functions they are designed to perform. This is one of the causes of the curvature of the spine, that common and pernicious defect in the females of America. From inactivity, the bones of the spine become soft and yielding; and then, if the person is often placed, for a length of time, in positions that throw the weight of the body unequally on certain portions of the spine, they yield to this frequent compression, and a distortion ensues. The positions taken by young persons, when learning to write or draw, or to play on the guitar, harp, or piano, and the position of the body when sleeping on one side, on high pillows, all tend to produce this effect, by throwing the weight of the body unequally, and for a length of time, on particular parts of the spine. exercise MUSCLES. The muscles are the chief organs of motion, and consist of collections of fine fibres or strings, united in casings of membrane or thin skin. They possess an elastic power, like India rubber, which enables them to extend and contract. The red meat in animals consists of muscles. Every muscle has connected with it nerves, veins, and arteries; and those designed to move the bones, are fastened to them by tendons at their extremities. The muscles are laid over each other, and are separated by means of membranes and layers of fat, which enable them to move easily, without interfering with each other. The figure on page , represents the muscles of the arm, as they appear when the skin and fat are removed. The muscles and are attached, at their upper ends, to the bone of the arm, and by their lower ends to the upper part of the fore arm, near the elbow joint. When the fibres of these muscles contract, the middle part of them grows larger, and the arm is bent at the elbow. The muscle , is, in like manner, fastened, by its upper end, to the shoulder blade and the upper part of the arm, and by its lower end to one of the bones of the fore arm, near the elbow. When the arm is bent, and we wish to straighten it, it is done by contracting this muscle. The muscles , , are fastened at one end near the elbow joint, and at the other near the ends of the fingers; and on the back of the hand are reduced in size, appearing like strong cords. These cords are called . They are employed in straightening the fingers, when the hand is shut. These tendons are confined by the ligament or band, , which binds them down, around the wrist, and thus enables them to act more efficiently, and secures beauty of form to the limb. The muscles at , are those which enable us to turn the hand and arm outward. Every different motion of the arm has one muscle to produce it, and another to restore the limb to its natural position. Those muscles which bend the body are called ; those which straighten it, . When the arm is thrown up, one set of muscles is used; to pull it down, another set: when it is thrown forward, a still different set is used; when it is thrown back, another, different from the former; when the arm turns in its socket, still another set is used; and thus every different motion of the body is made by a different set of muscles. All these muscles are compactly and skilfully arranged, so as to work with perfect ease. Among them, run the arteries, veins, and nerves, which supply each muscle with blood and nervous power, as will be hereafter described. The size and strength of the muscles depend greatly on their frequent exercise. If left inactive, they grow thin and weak, instead of giving the plumpness to the figure, designed by Nature. The delicate and feeble appearance of many American women, is chiefly owing to the little use they make of their muscles. Many a pale, puny, shad-shaped girl, would have become a plump, rosy, well-formed person, if half the exercise, afforded to her brothers in the open air, had been secured to her, during childhood and youth. 74 a b c d d tendons e f flexors extensors NERVES. The nerves are the organs of sensation. They enable us to see, hear, feel, taste, and smell; and also combine with the bones and muscles in producing motion. The first engraving, on p. , (Fig. ,) is a vertical section of the skull, and of the spinal column, or back bone, which supports the head, and through which runs the spinal cord, whence most of the nerves originate. It is a side view, and represents the head and spine, as they would appear, if they were cut through the middle, from front to back. Fig. , exhibits them as they would appear, if viewed from . In Fig. , , represents the , or great brain; , the , or little brain, which is situated directly under the great brain, at the back and lower part of the head; , , , is the spinal marrow, which is connected with the brain at , and runs through the whole length of the spinal column. This column consists, as has already been stated, of a large number of small bones, , , called , laid one above another, and fastened together by , or , , between them. 77 6 7 behind 6 a cerebrum b cerebellum c d e c f f vertebræ cartilage gristle g Between each two vertebræ, or spinal bones, there issues from the spine, on each side, a pair of nerves. The lower broad part of the spine, (see , Fig. , p. , and Fig. , p. ,) is called the ; in this, are eight holes, through which the lower pairs of nerves pass off. p 1 70 7 77 sacrum The nerves of the head and lungs run directly from the brain; those of all other parts of the body proceed from the spine, passing out in the manner already mentioned. The nerves which thus proceed from the spine, branch out, like the limbs and twigs of a tree, till they extend over the whole body; and, so minutely are they divided and arranged, that a point, destitute of a nerve, cannot be found on the skin. Some idea of the ramifications of the nerves, may be obtained by reference to the following engraving, (Fig. .) In this, A, A, represents the , or great brain; B, B, the , or little brain; (see also , , in Fig. ;) C, C, represents the union of the fibres of the cerebrum; D, D, the union of the two sides of the cerebellum; E, E, E, the spinal marrow, which passes through the centre of the spine, (as seen at , , , in Fig. ;) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, branches of the nerves going to different parts of the body. As the nerves are the organs of sensation, all is an affection of some portion of the nerves. The health of the nerves depends very greatly on the exercise of the muscles, with which they are so intimately connected. This shows the reason why the , , diseases of the , and other nervous affections, are so common among American women. Their inactive habits, engender a debility of the nervous system, and these diseases follow, as the consequence. 8 cerebrum cerebellum a b 6 c d e 6 pain headache tic douloureux spine It can be seen, by a reference to the side view, represented on page , (Fig. ,) that the spine is naturally curved back and forward. When, from want of exercise, its bones are softened, and the muscles weakened, the spine acquires an improper curve, and the person becomes what is called , having the neck projected forward, and, in some cases, having the back convex, where it should be concave. Probably one half of the American women have the head thus projecting forward, instead of carrying it in the natural, erect position, which is both graceful and dignified. 77 6 crooked The curvature of the spine, spoken of in this work as so common, and as the cause of so many diseases among American women, is what is denominated the , and is much more dangerous than the other distortion. The indications of this evil, are, the projection of one shoulder blade more than the other, and, in bad cases, one shoulder being higher, and the hip on the opposite side more projecting, than the other. In this case, the spine, when viewed from behind, instead of running in a straight line, (as in Fig. and ,) is curved somewhat, as may be seen in Figures and . lateral curvature 7 9 10 11 This effect is occasioned by the softness of the bones, induced by want of exercise, together with tight dressing, which tends to weaken the muscles that are thus thrown out of use. Improper and long continued positions in drawing, writing, and sleeping, which throw the weight of the body on one part of the spine, induce the same evil. This distortion is usually accompanied with some consequent disease of the nervous system, or some disarrangement of the internal organs. By comparing Figures and , the difference between a natural and distorted spine will be readily perceived. In Fig. , the curved line shows the course of the spine, occasioned by distortion; the perpendicular line, in this and Fig. , indicates the true direction of the spine; the horizontal lines show that one shoulder and hip are forced from their proper level. 9 11 10 11 BLOOD-VESSELS. The blood is the fluid into which our food is changed, and which is employed to minister nourishment to the whole body. For this purpose, it is carried to every part of the body, by the arteries; and, after it has given out its nourishment, returns to the heart, through the veins. The subjoined engraving, (Fig. ,) which presents a rude outline of the vascular system, will more clearly illustrate this operation, as we shall presently show. 12 Before entering the heart, the blood receives a fresh supply of nourishment, by a duct which leads from the stomach. The arteries have their origin from the heart, in a great trunk, called the , which is the parent of all the arteries, as the spinal marrow is the parent of the nerves which it sends out. When the arteries have branched out into myriads of minute vessels, the blood which is in them passes into as minute veins; and these run into each other, like the rills and branches of a river, until they are all united in two great veins, which run into the heart. One of these large receivers, called the , or , brings back the blood from the arms and head, the other, the , or , brings back the blood from the body and lower limbs. aorta vena cava superior upper vena cava vena cava inferior lower vena cava In the preceding figure, H, is the heart, which is divided into four compartments; two, called , used for receiving the blood, and two, called , used for sending out the blood. A, is the , or great artery, which sends its branches to every part of the body. In the upper part, at , , , are the main branches of the , which go to the head and arms. Below, at , , are the branches which go to the lower limbs. The branches which set off at X, X, are those by which the intestines are supplied by vessels from the . Every muscle in the whole body, all the organs of the body, and the skin, are supplied by branches sent off from this great . When the blood is thus dispersed through any organ, in minute vessels, it is received, at their terminations, by numerous minute veins, which gradually unite, forming larger branches, till they all meet in either the upper or lower , which returns the blood to the heart. V I, is the , which receives the blood from the veins of the lower parts of the body, as seen at v, v. The blood, sent into the lower limbs from the , is received by minute veins, which finally unite at v, v, and thus it is emptied through the lower into the heart: , , represent the points of entrance of those tributaries of the , which receive that blood from the intestines, which is sent out by the at X, X. In the upper part, V S, is the , which receives the blood from the head and arms; v, v, v, are the tributaries of the upper , which bring the blood back from the head and arms; , , represents the course of the , a delicate tube by which the chyle is carried into the blood, as mentioned on page ; , shows the place where this duct empties into a branch of the . auricles ventricles aorta a a a aorta a a aorta artery vena cava vena cava inferior aorta vena cava o o vena cava aorta vena cava superior vena cava d d thoracic duct 89 t vena cava It thus appears, that wherever a branch of the goes to carry blood, there will be found a tributary of the upper or lower , to bring it back. aorta vena cava The succeeding engravings, will enable the reader to form a more definite idea of this important function of the system,—the circulation of the blood. The heart, in man, and in all warm-blooded animals, is double, having two auricles and two ventricles. In animals with cold blood, (as fishes,) the heart is single, having but one auricle and one ventricle. Fig. , represents the double heart as it appears when the two sides are separated, and also the great blood-vessels; those on the left of the figure being on the right side of the body, and . The direction of the blood is represented by the arrows. A, represents the , returning the blood from the lower parts of the body, and L, the , returning the blood from the head and arms. B, is the , or , into which the returned blood is poured. From this cavity of the heart, the blood is carried into the , C; and from this ventricle, the , D, convey into the lungs the blood which is returned from the body. These five vessels, A, B, C, D, and L, belong to the right side of the heart, and contain the venous or dark-colored blood, which has been through the circulation, and is now unfit for the uses of the system, till it has passed through the lungs. 13 vice versa lower vena cava upper vena cava right sinus auricle right ventricle pulmonary arteries When the blood reaches the lungs, and is exposed to the action of the air which we breathe, it throws off its impurities, becomes bright in color, and is then called arterial blood. It then returns to the left side of the heart, (on the right of the engraving,) by the pulmonary veins E, E, (also seen at , , Fig. ,) into the left auricle F, whence it is forced into the ventricle, G. From the left ventricle, proceeds the , H, H, which is the great artery of the body, and conveys the blood to every part of the system. I, J, K, are branches of the aorta, going to the head and arms. m m 15 aorta Fig. , represents the heart, with its two sides united as in nature; and will be understood from the description of Fig. 13. 14 On the opposite page, Fig. , represents the heart, with the great blood-vessels, on a still larger scale; , being the ; , the ; , , , the , or great artery, rising out of the left ventricle; , , , the branches of the aorta, going to the head and arms; , , , the , and its branches; , , , which bring the blood back from the lungs to the heart; , ; , ; , veins returning blood from the liver and bowels; , the ; , the ; , the left , which distributes the blood exclusively to the substance of the heart. 15 a left ventricle b right ventricle c e f aorta g h i k l l pulmonary artery m m veins of the lungs n right auricle o vena cava inferior p q vena cava superior r left auricle s coronary artery ORGANS OF DIGESTION AND RESPIRATION. Digestion and respiration are the processes, by which the food is converted into blood for the nourishment of the body. The engraving on the next page (Fig. ) shows the organs by which these operations are performed. 16 In the lower part of the engraving, is the stomach, marked S, which receives the food through the , marked G. The latter, though in the engraving it is cut off at G, in reality continues upwards to the throat. The stomach is a bag composed of muscles, nerves, and blood-vessels, united by a material similar to that which forms the skin. As soon as food enters the stomach, its nerves are excited to perform their proper function of stimulating the muscles. A muscular (called the ) motion immediately commences, by which the stomach propels its contents around the whole of its circumference, once in every three minutes. gullet peristaltic This movement of the muscles attracts the blood from other parts of the system; for the blood always hastens to administer its supplies to any organ which is called to work. The blood-vessels of the stomach are soon distended with blood, from which the is secreted by minute vessels in the coat of the stomach. This mixes with the food, and reduces it to a soft pulpy mass, called chyme. It then passes through the lower end of the stomach, into the intestines, which are folded up in the abdomen, and the upper portion, only, of which, is shown in the engraving, at A, A. The organ marked L, L, is the liver, which, as the blood passes through its many vessels, secretes a substance called , which accumulates in the gall-bladder, marked B. After the food passes out of the stomach, it receives from the liver a portion of bile, and from the the . The pancreas does not appear in this drawing, being concealed behind the stomach. These two liquids separate the substance which has passed from the stomach, into two different portions. One is a light liquid, very much like cream in appearance, and called , of which the blood is formed; the other is a more solid substance, which contains the refuse and useless matter, with a smaller portion of nourishment; and this, after being further separated from the nourishing matter which it contains, is thrown out of the body. There are multitudes of small vessels, called , which, as these two mixed substances pass through the long and winding folds of the intestines in the abdomen, absorb the chyle, and convey it to the , which runs up close by the spine, and carries the chyle, thus received, into a branch of the , at , whence it is mingled with the blood going into the heart. In this engraving, the and are not shown; but their position is indicated by the dotted lines, marked X, Y; X, being the lacteals, and Y, the thoracic duct. gastric juice bile pancreas pancreatic juice chyle lacteals thoracic duct vena cava superior t lacteals thoracic duct In the upper half of the engraving, H represents the heart; , the commencement of the ; , the termination of the . On each side of the heart, are the lungs; , being the left lobe, and , the right lobe. They are composed of a network of air-vessels, blood-vessels, and nerves. W, represents the , or , through which, the air we breathe is conducted to the lungs. It branches out into myriads of minute vessels, which are thus filled with air every time we breathe. From the heart, run the , marked . These enter the lungs and spread out along-side of the branches of the air-vessels, so that every air-vessel has a small artery running side by side with it. When the two empty the blood into the heart, the latter contracts, and sends this blood, through these pulmonary arteries, into the lungs. a aorta v c s vena cava superior l l r l trachea windpipe pulmonary arteries p a vena cavas As the air and blood meander, side by side, through the lungs, the superabundant carbon and hydrogen of the blood combine with the oxygen of the air, forming carbonic acid gas, and water, which are thrown out of the lungs at every expiration. This is the process by which the chyle is converted into arterial blood, and the venous blood purified of its excess of carbon and hydrogen. When the blood is thus prepared, in the lungs, for its duties, it is received by the small , which gradually unite, and bring the blood back to the heart, through the large , marked , . pulmonary veins pulmonary veins p v p v On receiving this purified blood from the lungs, the heart contracts, and sends it out again, through the , to all parts of the body. It then makes another circuit through every part, ministering to the wants of all, and is afterwards again brought back by the veins to receive the fresh chyle from the stomach, and to be purified by the lungs. aorta The throbbing of the heart is caused by its alternate expansion and contraction, as it receives and expels the blood. With one throb, the blood is sent from the right ventricle into the lungs, and from the left ventricle into the aorta. Every time we inspire air, the process of purifying the blood is going on; and every time we expire the air, we throw out the redundant carbon and hydrogen, taken from a portion of the blood. If the waist is compressed by tight clothing, a portion of the lungs be compressed, so that the air-vessels cannot be filled. This prevents the perfect purification and preparation of the blood, so that a part returns back to the heart unfitted for its duties. This is a slow, but sure, method, by which the constitution of many a young lady is so undermined that she becomes an early victim to disease and to the decay of beauty and strength. The want of is another cause, of the debility of the female constitution. When air has been rendered impure, by the breath of several persons, or by close confinement, it does not purify the blood properly. Sleeping in close chambers, and sitting in crowded and unventilated schoolrooms, are frequent causes of debility in the constitution of young persons. pure air OF THE SKIN. The skin is the covering of the body, and has very important functions to perform. It is more abundantly supplied with nerves and blood-vessels than any other part; and there is no spot of the skin where the point of the finest needle would not pierce a nerve and blood-vessel. Indeed, it may be considered as composed chiefly of an interlacing of minute nerves and blood-vessels, so that it is supposed there is more nervous matter in the skin, than in all the rest of the body united, and that the greater portion of the blood flows through the skin. The whole animal system is in a state of continual change and renovation. Food is constantly taken into the stomach, only a portion of which is fitted for the supply of the blood. All the rest has to be thrown out of the system, by various organs designed for this purpose. These organs are,—the lungs, which throw off a portion of useless matter when the blood is purified; the kidneys, which secrete liquids that pass into the bladder, and are thrown out from the body by that organ; and the intestines, which carry off the useless and more solid parts of the food, after the lacteals have drawn off the chyle. In addition to these organs, the skin has a similar duty to perform; and as it has so much larger a supply of blood, it is the chief organ in relieving the body of the useless and noxious parts of the materials which are taken for food. Various experiments show, that not less than a pound and four ounces of waste matter is thrown off by the skin every twenty-four hours. This is according to the lowest calculation. Most of those, who have made experiments to ascertain the quantity, represent it as much greater; and all agree, that the skin throws off more redundant matter from the body, than the whole of the other organs together. In the ordinary state of the skin, even when there is no apparent perspiration, it is constantly exhaling waste matter, in a form which is called , because it cannot be perceived by the senses. A very cool mirror, brought suddenly near to the skin, will be covered, in that part, with a moisture, which is this effluvium thus made visible. When heat or exercise excites the skin, this perspiration is increased, so as to be apparent to the senses. This shows the reason why it is so important frequently to wash the entire surface of the body. If this be neglected, the pores of the skin are closed by the waste matter thrown from the body, and by small particles of the thin scarfskin, so that it cannot properly perform its duties. In this way, the other organs are made to work harder, in order to perform the labor the skin would otherwise accomplish, and thus the lungs and bowels are often essentially weakened. insensible perspiration Another office of the skin, is, to regulate the heat of the body. The action of the internal organs is constantly generating heat; and the faster the blood circulates, the greater is the heat evolved. The perspiration of the skin serves to reduce and regulate this heat. For, whenever any liquid changes to a vapor, it absorbs heat from whatever is nearest to it. The faster the blood flows, the more perspiration is evolved. This bedews the skin with a liquid, which the heat of the body turns to a vapor; and in this change, that heat is absorbed. When a fever takes place, this perspiration ceases, and the body is afflicted with heat. Insensible perspiration is most abundant during sleep, after eating, and when friction is applied to the skin. Perspiration is performed by the terminations of minute arteries in every part of the skin, which exude the perspiration from the blood. The skin also performs another function. It is provided with a set of small vessels, called , which are exceedingly abundant and minute. When particular substances are brought in contact with the skin, these absorbents take up some portions and carry them into the blood. It is owing to this, that opium, applied on the skin, acts in a manner similar to its operation when taken into the stomach. The power of absorption is increased by friction; and this is the reason that liniments are employed, with much rubbing, to bruises and sprains. The substance applied is thus introduced into the injured part, through the absorbents. This shows another reason for frequent washing of the skin, and for the frequent changes of the garment next the skin. Otherwise portions of the noxious matter, thrown out by the skin, are reabsorbed into the blood, and are slow but sure causes of a decay of the strength of the system. absorbents The skin is also provided with small follicles, or bags, which are filled with an oily substance. This, by gradually exuding over the skin, prevents water from penetrating and injuring its texture. The skin is also the organ of touch. This office is performed through the instrumentality of the nerves of feeling, which are spread over all parts of the skin. This general outline of the construction of the human frame is given, with reference to the practical application of this knowledge in the various cases where a woman will be called upon to exercise her own unaided judgement. The application will be further pointed out, in the chapters on Food, Dress, Cleanliness, Care of the Sick, and Care of Infants. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. 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