TLDR
How to achieve consensus with 50% fault tolerance in a synchronous network. If you want to relax the synchrony assumption, the maximum achievable fault tolerance drops to 33%. But if you add even more assumptions, you can increase fault tolerance all the way to 99%. This has in fact been known for a long time; Leslie Lamport's famous 1982 paper "The Byzantine Generals Problem" contains a description of the algorithm. At this point, there is a guarantee that honest nodes have all "validly seen" the same set of values.via the TL;DR App
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