Table Of Links I-Table ye-Links Ukucinga Umhlahlandlela Ukubuyiselwa 1. Introduction and Motivation I-Introduction kunye ne-Motivation 
 
 
 I-Literature Relevant Ukucaciswa 2. Understanding the AI Supply Chain 2. Ukuphathelela i-AI supply chain 
 
 
 
 I-History background Ingqungquthela ezidingekayo ekuthuthukiseni iimodeli ze-Frontier AI Izinyathelo ze-supply chain 3. Overview of the integration landscape 3. Ukubalwa kwe-integration landscape 
 
 
 Imibuzo Working Ukuhlanganiswa kwi-AI supply chain 4. Antitrust in the AI supply chain I-Antitrust kwi-AI supply chain 
 
 
 
 I-Lithography kunye ne-semiconductors Cloud kunye ne-AI Policy: sanctions, ukuxhaswa, kunye neentlawulo 5.  Potential drivers Umqhubi we-Potential 
 
 
 
 
 Ukucaciswa I-Strategically Strong Competition Ukuphendula kwe-government or industry reaction Izizathu ezininzi 6. Closing remarks and open questions Iingxaki ezivela kunye neengxaki ezivela 
 
 Iingxaki zophando ezahlukileyo References Ukucaciswa 5. Potential drivers 5. Umqhubi we-potential Iimpawu eziliqela ziquka iinkampani kwi-AI supply chain zihlanganisa ngempumelelo, ukwakha iinkonzo zophuhliso, okanye zithintela ukwenza oku. Kwi-section, sinikezela inkcazelo malunga neengxaki ezininzi. 5.1 Synergies I-Integration ye-Vertical kunye ne-Partnerships inokukwazi ukufumana iindleko kunye ne-efficiency ye-operational ngokuhlanganisa iinyanga ezahlukahlukeneyo ze-supply chain. Le ukuhlanganiswa kunokubangela iinkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo, i-infrastructure kunye ne-expertise. Ngenxa yokuba i-inthanethi ye-AI inezingxabiso ezininzi ze-fixed, oku kunokuba enye yeengxabiso ezininzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-vertical kukunceda ukunciphisa iindleko ze-transaction kunye nokuphucula ukuxhaswa phakathi kwezinye iinyanga ze-production. Ukusabela iiprojekthi ze-R&D, njengoko i-Acemoglu et al. (2010). Kwi-AI supply chain, oku kuboniswa kwi-interaction phakathi kwizixhobo zokukhiqiza kunye ne-chip designers. Le iindleko ze-transaction ziquka kwi-contractual kunye ne-technological. Ngokwesibonelo, iinkampani kufuneka ukuxhaswa kunye nokuhlanganisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuvelisa ngexesha elitsha le-chip eyenza ubuchwepheshe ye-EUV ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo wayo i-ASML, i-TSMC, i-NVIDIA, kunye ne-Synopsis ukuvelisa i-cuLitho, isixhobo ye-software esekelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-GPU ye-NVIDIA ukunciphisa ubuchwepheshe ye-ASML. Ukongezelela, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-vertical kunye ne-partnerships kunokubangela iinkonzo ze-talent kunye ne-technology ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo ezahlukileyo ze-supply chain. Oku kunokuba isibuyekezo yeengcango ze-tech ezininzi ezihlabathi ezininzi zebhizinisi (Chen, Elliot & Koh, 2023) kwaye inokufanelekileyo kwi-partnerships kunye ne Ukusebenza kwe-integration ye-vertical inikeza yindlela ye-strategic yokhuseleko yeengxaki ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwe-AI. Ngokutsho kokusetyenziswa kwe-accelerator ye-I.I. kwi-frontier, iinkampani zihlanganisa ukufumana iingxaki ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi. Ngokwenza ukwamkela ngokuthe ngalinye iingxaki ze-supply chain, iinkampani zinokunciphisa iingxaki ezinxulumene neengxaki ze-supply chain, njengoko i-Elliot & Golub (2022). Iinkampani ezininzi zithanda ukhuseleko ukuba ziya kufumana iingxaki ezininzi, ezifana ne-computing, Ukuze ukhuseleko iimveliso ezininzi, bakwazi ukufumana ukulawula kwinkqubo yemveliso okanye ukwakha iinkonzo zokusebenza kunye nabathengisi ezibalulekileyo. Le nophuhliso ingaba ukunyuka ngenxa ye-win-win-takes-ngokuqhelekanga kwimveliso ye-AI. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko inkampani ikakhulu, iinzuzo yokwandisa ubukhulu yayo kubandakanya njengoko kunzima ukulawula. Nangona oku kunokunciphisa ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zebhizinisi ezahlukileyo apho iifayili zokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ibekwe isakhiwo esikhulu ekunciphise iinkonzo ezininzi kakhulu, nangona kwimveliso ye-AI nangaphezulu kwimveliso. Njengoko iinkampani awukwazi ukuhambisa yonke into kodwa nangokufuneka ukuhanjiswa izixhobo, zibonisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-quasi-vertical njengoko isisombululo eshushu. Oku kubalulekile ukufumana i-strategy yeinkampani ezinkulu ze-tech ezifana ne-Alphabet kunye ne-Microsoft kwimveliso ye-AI: zinikezela ukuba zihlale iilebhu ezininzi ze-AI kwaye zihlanganisa iinkqubo zayo kwi-portfolios zayo zeemveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa zithintela iinkampani ezihlabathi. 5.2 Strategically harden competition Iinkampani ziquka ukuvelisa ngempumelelo ukufikelela kwimarike ukunceda ukugcina iipozithi eziphambili. Ngokwenza oku, zithintela abathengi abavela ukufikelela kwimarike, ngoko ukugcina i-market share yayo kunye ne-potencial pricing power yayo. Kwimeko efanayo, iinkampani zinokufunda ukufikelela kwi-inputs ebalulekileyo kumazwe omnye, njengoko kuxhaswa ngu-Patrick & Tirole (2007). I-Federal Trade Commission iye yaseka ukufumana i-Arm Limited yi-Nvidia ikakhulu phantsi kweemeko ye-FTC (FTC, 2021)). Ukongezelela, ngokuvumelana neengxaki ezininzi zebhizinisi, iinkampani ziyafumaneka ukuxhaswa iinkcukacha ezincinci ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo. Oku kunceda ukunceda ukuxhaswa kunye nokukhusela iinkcukacha ezincinane okanye ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi ezininzi, ikakhulukazi kwiinkalo ze-high-tech, njengoko kuxhaswa ngu-Barriera (2019). Iinkampani ziquka i-killer acquisitions kunye ne-capacity hovering ekuphuculeni kwakhona ukuxhas 5.3 Governmental action or industry reaction Iimveliso ziyafumaneka izincedisi zokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-vertical, ikakhulukazi kwizimboni eziphambili. Lezi zincedisi ziquka izinzuzo ze-tax kunye ne-subsidies ukuya kwi-treatment ye-preferential in procurement okanye izinzuzo ze-regulatory. Oku kungenzeka ukuba yinto enzima kakhulu njengoko i-industry ye-semiconductor ibonwe ngokubanzi njengoko ingxaki ye-national security. Ukuhlanganiswa kunokufumaneka kwimveliso ye-AI ukuze ukunciphise iingxaki ze-antitrust. Iinkampani ezinxulumene kwimveliso zinokufuneka ukuba zibonise iinkqubo ezininzi ze-supply chain ngenxa yokuba kunokuba ingxaki eyenza iinkqubo ze-antitrust. Ukubaluleka oku kubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwiimfuno zabo ukuba oku kuya kuba ingxaki kwiinkqubo ze-regulator, njengoko i-O'Keefe (2021). Ukuphumelela kwimveliso ezithile, njenge-privacy yeedatha okanye iimfuno ze-security, ingathengiswa nge-integration ye-vertical. I-integration ivumela iinkampani ukuba ziyafumaneke ngakumbi kwizithuthi zeendaba zeendaba, ukulawula iingxaki, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezifana ne-EU General Data Protection Regulation (Gal & Aviv, 2020; Carugati, 2023), leyo kunokufanelekileyo kwiinkampani ezincinane kunye neengcali ngokubanzi (Campbell et al, 2015) 5.4 Other reasons Njengoko umkhakha we-AI unxibelelwano, umkhakha weinkonzo ezithile ayinayo kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukwenza iintengiso ezinkulu, ezininzi njengoko akukho indlela yokusebenza. Le nkqubo ikhawuleza iinkampani ukuya kwi-integration ye-vertical ukhuseleko kunye nokupholisa iinkonzo. Abaninzi abaphandleni babonisa ukuba kwinkqubo ezivela kwi-generic-purpose i-technology, kuxhomekeke ukuba i-integration ye-vertical iyafumaneka ngexesha elide kulandelayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iimarike. Ukongezelela, izixazululo zebhizinisi ezidlulileyo, iingxaki, kunye neengxaki ziye ziye zihlanganisa kakhulu i-inclination yokufunda i-integration ye-vertical. Iinkampani ziquka le nqakraza yokufunda kwi-capabilities ezidlulileyo, i-intellectual property, okanye i-market positioning, ngoko kuxhaswa kwiimeko ezihlangeneyo yokukhula okanye i-advantage yobungcali. Ngokusebenzisa le lens, izigaba ezincinane zebhizinisi kunye neengxaki zebhizinisi zibonakalayo zihlanganisa ukhetho lwe-vertical integration kwinkampani ye-AI. Okugqibela, iimfuno ezaziwa kwimveliso inokukhawulezisa umzekelo, ikakhulukazi kwiilabhu ze-AGI, ukuba i-industry ye-I.I. zibonisa i-win-takes-all dynamic. Umzekelo, uDario Amodei, CEO ye-Anthropic, wabelane ukuba ixabiso yokufunda iimodeli ze-AI ezihlangene ne-$100 million kodwa kufuneka zithembise kwi-$5 billion ukuya kwi-$10 billion ngexesha le-2025 okanye 2026. Uyachaza lo mveliso oluphambili kwimali ye-AI (Decoder, 2024). I-escalation epheleleyo yeengxaki ze-computing iyafumanisa kuphela iimveliso eziluncedo eziluncedo ez 
 
 
 Umbhali: Tomasi Aguirre Author: Tomasi Aguirre 
 
 Oku kunokwenzeka kwi-archiv phantsi kolawulo lwe-CC by 4.0 Deed (i-Attribution 4.0 International). Le nqaku Ngokutsho kwe-CC by 4.0 Deed (i-Attribution 4.0 International). available o Nqakraza Nqakraza

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