Kwixesha apho i-Bitcoin ayikho kwegama, inqaba elikhulu le-digital dreamer yaba kubiza imibuzo embalwa: inokufumana imali kwi-intanethi? Ingaba abantu kwi-Internet iya kufinyelela iinkonzo ngaphandle kweengxaki ze-intermediates? Ngaba kunazo ubumfihlo? Kwixesha lokugqibela le-20th century, ke akuyona kuphela imibuzo ye-tech: yaba inkonzo ye-contra-cultural. I-Hackers, i-Genius yeMathematics, kunye ne-privacy advocates ezifana Zonke iintlobo zayo ziye zisebenza ngexesha elide, ezinye ayikho, kodwa bonke bafumene i-DNA efanayo: i-decentralization. I-Cypherpunks I-Cypherpunks Ukusuka kwi-eCash ye-David Chaum ukuya kwi-file-sharing chaos ye-Napster, le iziphumo ezincinane zithintela indawo ye-crypto movement. Ngoko ke, siza kutyelela ixesha elinye kwaye sinokufumana ezinye iimveliso ezihlangeneyo ezivela kwi-code kwi-declaration ye-freedom. eCash: I-First Digital Money Experiment Inkcazelo lethu luqala kwi-1980s, xa ama-computers basindwe beige kwaye i-Internet iyiphi na ingxaki. Yintoni iingcebiso ezinzima: ukuba i-cash kunokufumana kwi-digital ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwi-privacy? David Chaum His creation, eCash, was launched by his company DigiCash in 1989, making it the first real attempt at private, online payments. UDavid Chaum Ndiyathanda indlela yokusebenza: I-Chaum yenza into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"signatures ezidlulileyo", i-trick ye-cryptographic evumela iibhanki ukuba zibonise iimali ze-digital ngaphandle kokufunda ukuba bafumene. Abasebenzisi awukwazi ukulayisha iimali kwi-intanethi, kwaye akukho nawe (ukuba i-banki) awukwazi ukucacisa. Le nqanaba le-anonymity ilungileyo kwiminyaka yayo. Iibhanki ezincinane, ezifana neDeutsche Bank kunye neMark Twain Bank, baye zibonisa kwiminyaka eyi-1990. Kodwa lehlabathini ayikwazanga; i-shopping ye-intanethi yabaqala nje. I-DigiCash iye yahlukileyo kwi-1998, kodwa iingcamango ze-Chaum ayikwazanga. Zifumaneka kwi-DNA ye-Bitcoin, ebonakalisa ukuba ukhuseleko kunye ne-money ye-digital zingahlukanisa i-codebase efanayo. Mojo Nation: Ukudibanisa ifayile nge-currency Kwiintsuku ezidlulileyo, uJim McCoy kunye neDoug Barnes wahlala i-Mojo Nation ngo-2001, i-experiment ebandayo apho ukuxhaswa kweefayile lithathwe ne-digital economics. I-McCoy, umenzi we-Yahoo, ukhangela kwihlabathi we-P2P apho abantu awukwazi ukuxhaswa iifayile ngexabiso: . Akukho i-freeloaders efunyenwe. Ukuba ufuna ukulanda, ufuna ukunikezela into. they earned “Mojo,” a kind of micropayment that rewarded users who shared bandwidth and storage Ngaphandle kwezinye iinkcukacha, Iifayile zihlanganiswa kwiiyure ze-fragments ezisetyenziswa kwiinkompyutha ze-users, ukunika ukuba akukho umntu omnye unayo i-copy epheleleyo - njengoko kwinkqubo ye-P2P. I-part content network, part digital marketplace, and part social experiment. Abasebenzisi wahlala i-reputation scores, iimali ziye ziboniswe ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye yonke into (kuya bandwidth ukuya kwi-hard drive space) yaba i-asset yokuthengiswa. Mojo Nation Mojo Nation Nangona design yayo futuristic, Mojo Nation . I-software i-buggy, i-interface ye-clunky, kunye ne- venture capital i-dry up njengoko iingxaki ze-Napster ze-legal zithembisa abathengisi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yayo yokuqinisekisa: I-BitTorrent, owenziwe kwi-Mojo Nation, iye yaye yaye yenza i-BitTorrent, i-tool eyenza ukuxhaswa kweefayile kwimveliso epheleleyo. I-Mojo Nation ayifunyenwa, kodwa ifumaneka kwi-torrent yayo ngokukhawuleza. Ukusuka Kwangathi uBram Cohen Ukusuka Kwangathi uBram Cohen Kwakhona, umzekelo funny apha: , umngcipheko owaziwa ukuba Satoshi Nakamoto, kwaye Umfundisi we-Zcash, uye uqhagamshelane kwi-platform. Ngathi Sassaman I-Zooko Wilcox Ngathi Sassaman I-Zooko Wilcox Napster: Sharing i-soundtrack ye-Rebellion Ukuba uneminyaka yonyaka ka-1999, ndingathanda i-chaos eyenza i-Napster. Yenziwe ngu-Shawn Fanning kunye ne-Sean Parker, i-MP3 yabasetyenziswa ngqo kwi-computer yayo. Emva koko, abantu yonke umdla wabhaliswe ngokukhawuleza kunokuba zithunyelwe kwi-labels. Kwakhona iingoma ze-Metallica kunye ne-Madonna ziye zithunyelwe kwi-publish via -Eyo nto, ngoko ke, kwenza izicelo zokusetyenziswa. Ukucinga Ukucinga I-Platform yaziwa ukuba i-P2P ye-connectivity iya kuba kakhulu. I-Napster ayikho ngokugqithiselwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa i-Napster iye yenza iintlobo ezintsha apho abantu bakwazi ukuxhaswa ulwazi ngokugqithiselwe. Kuba abaninzi, i-Napster yaba yokuqala yayo yokufunda i-decentralized network: i-wild, i-open, kunye ne-uncontrollable. However, the system still worked through central servers that helped users find songs, while the files themselves were passed from one user to another Kodwa ngoko ke, i-music industry yaba emnandi. Kwi-2001, emva kwe-A&M Records vs. Napster, Inc., i-platform yabaqhelekanga. I-genius yabafutshane ngexesha elide, kunjalo. I-Napster ibonise umhlaba ukuba i-exchange ye-digital yokutya kunokuthintela ama-intermediaries: umzekelo ukuba i-crypto iya kuba kwakhona kwi-revolution ye-financial. Bit Gold: I-Ancestor Direct ye-Bitcoin Ngo-1998, phambi kokuba "crypto" yaba short for cryptocurrencies, umfundi wekhompyutha kunye cypherpunk Ukubonisa into efanelekileyo Ngathi Iinkcukacha ziyafumaneka iingxaki ze-cryptographic ezininzi, kwaye izisombululo zabo ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyafumaneka i-digital “coins” ezizodwa, ezincinane. Ezi iingxaki ziyafumaneka ngexesha kwaye zithunyelwe ngokubanzi, ukunciphisa ukuchithwa kwe-double ngaphandle kokufuneka i-central authority. U-Nick U-Sabo Uluhlu Gold It was a digital currency designed to act like gold, but made entirely of code U-Nick U-Sabo Uluhlu Gold Kwakhona, i-Sabo ayidlulanga inguqulo esebenzayo, kodwa inguqulo wakhe iye yaba iingcebiso yokuqala ye-Bitcoin. Iye yaba zonke iingxaki ezininzi: i-cryptographic proof, i-decentralized record-keeping, kunye ne-scarcity esekelwe ku-computation. Ukuba unxibelelanisa kwi-Sabo (eya, ngoko ke, utshintshe iingcebiso kunye neengcebiso kunye ), uye akuyona kuphela. Uya kuthetha ukuba Nakamoto, kunjalo. U-Satoshi Nakamoto U-Satoshi Nakamoto Nangona kunjalo, i-Design ye-Bit Gold iye yenza i-Architecture ye-Bitcoin. I-Bitcoin yibonisa ukuba i-digital value ingatholakala ngaphandle kokufunda kwamanye amaziko. Thina nje kufuneka i-mathematics, i-code, kunye ne-network enokufumaneka kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. i-b-Money: I-Unfinished Blueprint Kwiminyaka elifanayo, 1998, enye cypherpunk, I-B-Money yaziwa, kwaye ibonise njani iingcali yeengcali kunye neengxaki ngaphandle kwebhanki okanye amazwe. Kukho iingcali ezimbini: omnye ngokugqithisileyo, apho wonke umntu wathatha i-copy ye-transaction database, kwaye omnye nge-server emangalisayo eyenza i-consensus. Ngathi Ngathi Kwiimveliso ezimbini ezidlulileyo, abasebenzisi okanye "i-servers" ezahlukileyo ziyafumaneka ukuba yintoni yintoni, ukulawula iintengiselwano, kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkonzo. Zonke ngaphandle kwe-authority ye-central, zihlanganisa kuphela kwi-cryptography kunye ne-accountability ye-collective. b-Money imagined a fully anonymous digital economy where people used pseudonyms instead of real names Ukusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yeDai kwakhona i-concept ye-rewarding participants who helped verify transactions: a early sketch of what would later become Nangona wonke umntu waqala i-b-Money, iingcebiso zayo zithunyelwe i-Satoshi Nakamoto. Kwakhona, i-Satoshi wabelane i-Dai ye-Whitepaper ye-Bitcoin njenge-influence yokutya. Imininingwane crypto Imininingwane crypto I-Wei Dai ngexesha wathi uye wabelane njenge-think experiment kunokuba i-business plan. Nangona kunjalo, le nqakraza yandisa i-ideal ye-digital money elidlulileyo. Kule nqakraza, i-b-money yaba i-rehearsal esikhoyo ye-Bitcoin; isicwangciso se-silent ngaphambi kokuphuma kwakhona. I-Bitcoin yandisa ngaphezulu Xa i-Bitcoin yasungulwa ngo-2009, i-remix enkulu yeenkcukacha ezidlulileyo. I-cash ye-digital ye-Chaum, i-decentralization ye-Sabo, i-money e-Dai, kunye ne-p2p ye-Napster kunye ne-MojoNation ziye zonke ziye zihlanganisa kwi-formula efanayo. Kwixesha lokuqala, i-currency ye-digital ifumaneka ngaphandle kwe-central control point, kwaye i-Internet yaziwa. I-Ethereum ifumaneka nge-smart contracts enokufumana iingxaki ngaphandle kwe-advocates. I-DeFi iye yenza iinkqubo ze-finance kwiindawo ze-playgrounds. I-NFT iye yenza umculo kunye ne-creativity kwihlabathi ye-crypto. Futhi iiplatforms afana ne-crypto. Yenziwe ngakumbi, ukunciphisa i-blockchains ngokupheleleyo kwi-Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) ukwenza iintengiso ezininzi ezahlukileyo, ezihambelana ne-censorship. Once Bitcoin showed it could survive on its own, innovation exploded. Ukucinga Ukucinga Zonke iiprojekthi zihlanganisa i-spirit ye-rebellious eyasetyenziswa kwiminyaka ezidlulileyo. Zininzi iintloko ze-digital ze-dreamer ebizwa ngokuba yi-confidence kunokuthi ifakwe kwi-code, ngaphandle kokubhaliwe kwi-papier. Ngoko ke, ngexesha elilandelayo umntu uqhagamshelane ne-crypto kwi- "i-trend ephindaphindiweyo," sinokufumana i-smile - kuba le nceda yale nqaku yayivela ngaphambi kwe-Bitcoin kwaye ibhalwe namhlanje. Iimifanekiso ye-Vector ye-Freepik I-Freepik I-Freepik
