1 Maelezo ya Protoko la Mfano wa Mtazamo (MCP) ni kiwango kipya kipya kilichoundwa ili kuunganisha interface kati ya watoaji wa lugha kubwa (LLM) na zana za nje, vyanzo vya data, na mifumo ya kumbukumbu. , kuruhusu wafanyabiashara wa msingi wa LLM kupanua uwezo wao wa kufikiri kwa nguvu kwa kuita, kuunganisha, na orchestrating utendaji wa nje katika Hii ni a katika ambayo mfanyabiashara anafanya kazi kama mteja anayeuliza mazingira na utekelezaji wa zana, wakati seva inatoa interface moja kwa moja kwa rasilimali tofauti. contextualized, real-time JSON-RPC communication channel composable and discoverable manner client-server protocol Kutoka kwenye mazingira ya utafiti wa Anthropic, MCP kwa haraka alipata msaada mkubwa wa sekta, na majukwaa makubwa ya AI yanaunganisha interface yake ili kuruhusu Protocol inasaidia semantics ya mwingiliano ili wafanyabiashara wanaweza kutafuta zana ngumu au corpora ya hati bila kuunganishwa ngumu, kuwezesha modularity na usalama. , kuruhusu wafanyakazi kudumisha ufahamu wa kazi unaoendana katika mikutano. tool use, data querying, and stateful memory management explicit context sharing, versioned capabilities, and incremental state updates Kwa upande mwingine, mkakati wa Agent-to-Agent (A2A) unafikiriwa kama Kuwezesha wafanyakazi wa kujitegemea iliyoundwa ili kuwezesha Katika mazingira ya nguvu, A2A inasaidia semantics tajiri ya ujumbe, utoaji wa kazi, maoni ya mtiririko, na ukaguzi wa utambulisho bila kutegemea orchestrator ya kati. , kuruhusu mifumo ya mazingira ambayo wafanyabiashara wanafanya kazi pamoja bila kujali muuzaji au jukwaa. decentralized, peer-to-peer communication standard discover, negotiate, and coordinate tasks directly with each other multi-agent collaboration workflows horizontal scalability and real-time agent federation Tofauti kati ya MCP na A2A ni hasa katika topolojia yao ya mawasiliano na kesi za matumizi. kuunganisha wafanyabiashara wa LLM na zana mbalimbali za nje na vyanzo vya data kupitia mkataba unaofaa. Inashinda kwa kuruhusu wafanyabiashara kuongeza ujuzi wao wa mazingira na uwezo wao juu ya mahitaji. kuwezesha ushirikiano wa wafanyabiashara, usambazaji wa kazi, na automatisering ya mchakato wa kazi kati ya watendaji wa kujitegemea. vertical integration layer horizontal orchestration fabric +--------------------------+ +--------------------------+ | LLM Agent (Client) | | Autonomous Agent | | (Requests context/tools)| | (Peer-to-peer A2A comm) | +------------+-------------+ +------------+-------------+ | | | MCP protocol | A2A protocol v v +--------------------------+ +--------------------------+ | MCP Server | | Agent Discovery & | | (Tool/Memory Interface) | | Messaging Network | +--------------------------+ +--------------------------+ Makala hii inatoa kulinganisha ya kiufundi kati ya MCP na A2A. Itatoa uchambuzi wa mifumo yao ya usanifu, mifumo ya ujumbe, mifumo ya usalama, na kazi za uendeshaji. Zaidi, itatoa mifano ya ushirikiano wa vitendo na kujadili uwezekano wa kuunganisha katika viwango vya ushirikiano wa wafanyabiashara wa AI. Mifumo ya Mifumo ya Mifumo ya Mifumo ya Mifumo ya Mifumo ya Mifumo (MCP) MCP ni iliyoundwa kama interface ya mawasiliano ya kiwango ambacho inaruhusu wafanyabiashara wa LLM kuingiliana kwa urahisi na rasilimali za nje, kama vile API za zana, mifumo ya kumbukumbu, databases, na hifadhi za data. na imeundwa kuwa na ufanisi na salama, kuwezesha kuongezeka kwa nguvu ya uwezo wa agensi katika muda halisi. falsafa ya kubuni ya MCP ni msingi katika kuondoa sababu ya agensi kutoka masuala ya ushirikiano wa moja kwa moja, badala ya kutoa ufuatiliaji wa inapatikana kwa njia ya API. JSON-RPC 2.0 transport layer contextual query and execution environment 2.1 Sehemu ya msingi na majukumu MCP inafafanua seti ya vipengele vya msingi na majukumu ya mantiki: : Typically the LLM agent or orchestrator initiating requests for context, tool invocations, or state modifications. The client interprets protocol responses to adapt its behavior or knowledge base. MCP Client : The service endpoint implementing the protocol interface, exposing external tools, memory stores, and data sources through a unified API. It manages access control, capability negotiation, and state persistence. MCP Server : Backend repositories holding structured context data, including documents, embeddings, agent memory snapshots, and tool metadata. These stores are accessible through the MCP server. Context Stores : External functionalities or services invoked by MCP requests. They may include code execution environments, search engines, or proprietary APIs. Tools and Executors +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | MCP Client (Agent) | | - Sends ContextQuery, ToolInvocation, ContextUpdate reqs | +--------------------------+--------------------------------+ | | JSON-RPC 2.0 messages v +--------------------------+--------------------------------+ | MCP Server | | - Exposes tool APIs and context stores | | - Manages capability negotiation, security, persistence | +--------------------+-------------+------------------------+ | | +---------+ +---------+ | | +------------------+ +--------------------+ | Context Stores | | Tools & Executors | | (Documents, | | (Code runners, APIs| | embeddings, etc) | | search engines) | +------------------+ +--------------------+ 2.2 Ujumbe wa Protocol na Semantics Mawasiliano kati ya wateja wa MCP na seva hutokea kwa njia ya maombi na majibu ya JSON-RPC yasiyofaa. Kuunganisha metadata kama vile . rich schema for context-aware requests context versioning, resource handles, and execution hints Aina kuu za maombi ni pamoja na: ContextQuery: Inapokea habari za mtazamo au metadata zinazohusiana na kazi ya mfanyabiashara ya sasa, kusaidia filters kwa aina, wakati, au umuhimu wa maudhui. ToolInvocation: Inahitaji utekelezaji wa kazi ya chombo na input maalum, kurejesha outputs katika muundo wa standardized, ikiwa ni pamoja na data metadata ya usindikaji wa makosa. ContextUpdate: Inakuwezesha wateja kubadilisha au kuunganisha kwenye mazingira yaliyopo, kusaidia maendeleo ya hali ya kuongezeka muhimu kwa harakati nyingi za kazi. Uwezo wa Mazungumzo: Inakuwezesha wateja na seva kukubaliana juu ya upanuzi wa protocol, vigezo vya usalama, na muundo wa ujumbe. Mfumo huu wa ujumbe unahitaji uthibitisho mkali wa mipangilio ya input / output, kukuza utendaji na kupunguza uongofu wa semantic. 2.3 Ufuatiliaji wa mazingira na usimamizi wa serikali Moja ya vipengele vya kufafanua MCP ni mfano wake mzuri wa Tofauti na wito wa API wa mpito, MCP inasaidia ambayo inahifadhi snapshots ya kihistoria, kuruhusu wafanyabiashara kupita katika hali za zamani, kurekebisha mabadiliko, au kuunganisha mazingira mapya kutoka data ya jumla. context persistence versioned context stores Hali ya mazingira ni kawaida kuwakilishwa kama nyaraka zilizoendelezwa na metadata semantic. bila ya shaka. reference, update, or merge contexts 2.4 Usalama na udhibiti wa upatikanaji MCP inashirikiana na mifumo ya usalama ya kiwango cha kampuni ili kuhakikisha siri, uaminifu, na upatikanaji wa data ya mazingira. mbinu za utambulisho zinazotumika kwa ujumla ni pamoja na tokens za OAuth2, TLS za pamoja, na vifungo vya API. Mkataba unaamuru uchafuzi wa dharura wa kuingia ili kupunguza mashambulizi ya kuingia haraka na mashambulizi ya uchafuzi wa zana. Hifadhi za uchunguzi zinawawezesha watendaji kufuatilia shughuli zote za mkataba, kuhakikisha ufuatiliaji na ufuatiliaji. 2.5 Extensibility na Ushirikiano wa Ecosystem MCP imeundwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya mazingira ya AI yanayoendelea kwa njia ya pointi za upanuzi wa modular. Watoa inaweza kufafanua mipangilio ya zana maalum, kuingiza metadata maalum, na kupanua mifano ya mazingira bila kuharibu ufanisi wa nyuma. MCP inasaidia kuunganisha kwa kuruhusu seva nyingi za MCP kuungana, kutoa mazingira ya jumla kwa watendaji. Utekelezaji wa sekta ya MCP unaonyesha uwezekano wake; majukwaa makubwa ya kutekeleza vifaa vya MCP vinavyoweza kutafsiri kati ya API za ndani na mfumo wa MCP, kuwezesha ushirikiano wa haraka wa zana tofauti. Mipango ya kiufundi ya Agents-to-Agents Protocol (A2A) Mkataba wa Agent-to-Agent (A2A) ni kiwango cha wazi kilichoundwa ili kuwezesha Tofauti na mikataba ambayo inasisitiza utangulizi wa kituo au maingiliano ya seva, A2A inachukua kipaumbele ya na ya kati ya watendaji, kuwezesha mifumo ya multi-agent yenye ufanisi na ya kukabiliana. decentralized, peer-to-peer communication and collaboration direct messaging dynamic task negotiation real-time feedback streams 3.1 Sehemu ya msingi na majukumu Mfumo wa A2A unafafanua vitu vingi muhimu: : An autonomous software entity capable of initiating, responding to, and coordinating with other agents via protocol-compliant messages. Agents maintain identities and capabilities which are advertised for discovery. Agent : An encapsulated unit of work or goal that may be initiated by an agent and delegated to others. Tasks have lifecycles tracked through protocol signals, including initiation, progress updates, completion, or cancellation. Task : A metadata construct representing agent identity, supported capabilities, endpoints, and communication preferences. Agent cards facilitate discovery and routing of messages. Agent Card : The underlying transport layer enabling message delivery, which may be implemented over various protocols such as HTTP/2, WebSocket, or decentralized messaging systems. Message Bus / Network Layer +---------------------------+ +---------------------------+ | Agent A | | Agent B | | - Sends Task Request | <-------> | - Receives Task Request | | - Streams Progress | | - Sends Status Updates | +------------+--------------+ +-------------+-------------+ | | | Decentralized Messaging | +----------------------------------------+ (Peer Discovery, Routing) +---------------------------+ +---------------------------+ | Agent Card | | Task Lifecycle | | - Identity & Capabilities| | - Initiated, Updated, | | - Communication Endpoints| | Completed, Cancelled | +---------------------------+ +---------------------------+ 3.2 Ujumbe na semantics ya mchakato wa kazi Mawasiliano katika A2A ni kimsingi asynchronous na matukio-driven. ujumbe kulingana na muundo wa muundo ambao encapsulates: : Including task requests, status updates, data payloads, and error notifications. Message Types : Agents can transmit partial results or progress streams to facilitate interactive workflows. Streaming Support : Agents may engage in multi-step exchanges to refine task parameters, allocate subtasks, or modify priorities dynamically. Negotiation Protocols 3.3 Utafutaji wa Decentralized na Routing Tofauti na mikataba ya kituo cha mawasiliano, A2A ambayo inaruhusu watendaji kupata na kuthibitisha washirika wanaoweza kushiriki katika mazingira ya wazi. Discovery inategemea kuhamisha kadi za watendaji au kutafuta kumbukumbu zilizosambazwa. Routing ya ujumbe inabadilika kikamilifu kulingana na topology ya mtandao na upatikanaji wa watendaji. peer discovery mechanisms 4.3 Mfumo wa Usalama Utaratibu huu unajumuisha vipengele vya usalama vinavyofaa kwa mazingira ya makampuni mengi ya wamiliki: : Agents authenticate peers using cryptographic signatures, decentralized identifiers (DIDs), or mutual TLS. Authentication : Task permissions are governed by capability-based access control, enforced through policy declarations attached to agent cards. Authorization : Messages may be end-to-end encrypted and signed to prevent tampering and eavesdropping. Data Integrity and Confidentiality : Comprehensive logging of message exchanges supports traceability and compliance audits. Auditability 3.5 Upatikanaji na uvumilivu wa makosa A2A iliyoundwa kwa usanifu inasaidia kupanua kwa kiasi kikubwa. Wafanyabiashara wanaweza kujiunga au kuondoka kwenye mtandao bila kuharibu mtiririko wa kazi unaoendelea. Mzunguko wa maisha wa kazi unasaidia kushindwa kwa wafanyabiashara kupitia sera za muda na taratibu zilizoidhinishwa za kushindwa. 3.6 Upatikanaji na Upatikanaji Protocol inasaidia mipangilio ya ujumbe unaoongezwa, ambayo inaruhusu wauzaji kufafanua aina za ujumbe maalum za kikoa wakati wa kudumisha upatikanaji wa nyuma. utekelezaji wa A2A unaweza kuingiliana katika mifumo tofauti ya wawakilishi kwa kufuata viwango vya ujumbe vya msingi na mikataba ya ufunguzi. Uchambuzi wa Mchanganyiko wa MCP na A2A Protocol MCP na A2A ni viwango viwili vya kisasa vinavyotengenezwa ili kuwezesha ushirikiano kati ya wafanyabiashara wa AI. Pamoja na lengo la jumla la kuruhusu ushirikiano wa wafanyabiashara wengi na kuboresha uwezo, maneno mawili yanatofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mifano ya usanifu, semantics ya uendeshaji, na mipango ya utekelezaji iliyopendekezwa. sehemu hii hutoa uchambuzi kamili wa kulinganisha, akiongezea mifano ya mawasiliano, uwezekano wa kupanua, usalama, kupanua, na usawa wa mazingira. 4.1 Mfano wa Mawasiliano na Topolojia MCP inatumia mfano wa mawasiliano ya mteja-server ambapo mfanyabiashara wa LLM anafanya kazi kama mteja anayeuliza seva ya MCP iliyotengwa. Mtandao huu unajumuisha upatikanaji wa zana mbalimbali za nje, hifadhi za data, na miundo ya kumbukumbu. Njia hii ya ushirikiano wa juu inawezesha udhibiti mkali juu ya usimamizi wa mazingira na kuomba zana, kuruhusu ufuatiliaji na utawala wa urahisi. Kwa upande mwingine, A2A inachukua topolojia ya kipekee, ya peer-to-peer. Wafanyabiashara wa kujitegemea hutafuta moja kwa moja na kuwasiliana na kila mmoja bila kujitegemea kwa watoaji wa kati. Tiba hii ya mawasiliano ya horizontal inasaidia mazingira ya wafanyabiashara ya nguvu ambapo washiriki wanaweza kujiunga, kuondoka, au kusambaza kazi katika muda halisi. Asili ya kusambazwa inaboresha uvumilivu wa makosa na kupanua lakini inahitaji mbinu za ufunuo na usafiri zaidi. 4.2 Utaratibu wa mazingira na uvumilivu wa serikali Usimamizi wa habari ya mazingira ni kanuni ya msingi ya MCP. Inasaidia uhifadhi wa mazingira wa kudumu, wa toleo ambazo husaidia kudumisha hali ya agensi na historia katika mikutano. Hili inaruhusu wafanyabiashara kufanya mawazo magumu ya mara kwa mara, kukumbuka maingiliano ya awali, na kudumisha ufuatiliaji wakati wa mchakato wa kazi unaoongezeka. A2A, wakati kuwezesha maingiliano ya hali, hasa inasisitiza utekelezaji wa kazi ya muda mfupi. Wafanyabiashara kuwasiliana na vigezo vya kazi, maendeleo, na matokeo, lakini kuhamisha majukumu ya uendelevu wa mazingira kwa utekelezaji wa wafanyabiashara binafsi au mifumo ya nje. Protocol husaidia agility na ufanisi juu ya mipangilio ya hali ya juu, ambayo inaweza kuanzisha utofauti katika ufafanuzi wa mazingira, lakini inaruhusu marekebisho ya haraka. 4.3 Usalama na udhibiti wa upatikanaji Miundombinu ya usalama ya MCP na A2A inashughulikia tofauti zao za topolojia. MCP inatumia mifumo ya usahihi na mamlaka ya kiwango cha kampuni ili kudhibiti upatikanaji wa zana na maduka ya mazingira. Mifano ya udhibiti wa upatikanaji wa msingi wa jukumu (RBAC) ya fiber-grain inaruhusu mipangilio sahihi ya ruhusa, na mkataba unajumuisha hatua za kuzuia kuingiza haraka na mashambulizi ya uchafuzi wa mazingira. Katika A2A, usalama ni iliyoundwa ili kukidhi mifano ya kuaminika ya kuaminika. Wafanyabiashara wanashikilia washirika kwa njia ya mbinu za siri kama vile idadi ya kuaminika (DIDs) au TLS ya pamoja. Usimamizi wa upatikanaji wa uwezo unaounganishwa ndani ya kadi za wafanyabiashara, unawezesha utekelezaji wa sera ya kimwili. Wakati encryption ya mwisho na saini ya ujumbe ni muhimu, topology iliyosambazwa inahitaji uthibitisho wa kuendelea wa uaminifu wa wafanyabiashara ili kupunguza hatari. 4.4 Ufanisi na ufanisi Usanifu wa seva unaounganishwa wa MCP husaidia utendaji unaoendana chini ya mzigo unaosimamiwa na kuwezesha ufuatiliaji. Hata hivyo, kupanua inahitaji kutoa seva za MCP ili kukabiliana na mahitaji ya wateja yanayoongezeka na ushirikiano wa zana. A2A kwa asili inasaidia kupanua elastic kwa sababu ya mwingiliano wa watoaji wa ndani. Watoaji wanaweza kuongezwa au kuondolewa kikamilifu, kusambaza kazi na kupunguza vikwazo. Hata hivyo, upungufu wa utafutaji na utaratibu wa ujumbe unaweza kuathiri utendaji, hasa katika mitandao kubwa au tofauti. 4.5 Upatikanaji na Ushirikiano wa Ecosystem Mkataba wote wawili hupendekeza upanuzi, ingawa kwa njia ya mbinu tofauti. MCP inafafanua pointi za upanuzi wa modular ndani ya mpango wake wa JSON-RPC, kuruhusu ufafanuzi wa zana za kipekee na mifano bila kuharibu ufuatiliaji wa mkataba. A2A inasaidia upanuzi kwa njia ya mipangilio ya ujumbe wa kukabiliana na uwezo wa mfanyabiashara. Mipango yake ya ufumbuzi inaruhusu wafanyabiashara kutangaza utendaji mpya kwa kiwango kikubwa. Usanifu wa kuunganishwa kwa urahisi huwezesha ushirikiano kati ya mifumo mbalimbali ya mfanyabiashara lakini inahitaji ufuatiliaji wa muundo wa ujumbe wa msingi ili kudumisha ufanisi. +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | MCP | | A2A | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | Client (LLM Agent) | | Autonomous Agent | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | JSON-RPC 2.0 Transport | | Peer-to-Peer Messaging | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | Context Stores & Tool APIs | | Agent Discovery & Routing | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | Centralized Context Manager | | Decentralized Coordination | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | Enterprise Security (RBAC) | | Cryptographic Peer Auth | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ | Versioned Context Persistence| | Dynamic Task Negotiation | +----------------------------+ +----------------------------+ Matumizi ya utekelezaji wa kesi na tathmini ya utendaji Sehemu hii inaonyesha mifano ya utekelezaji halisi na ya sasa kwa Protocol ya Mfano wa Mkataba (MCP) na Protocol ya Agent-to-Agent (A2A), inayofuata na mjadala wa tabia za utendaji na ushirikiano wa ushirikiano. Mfano wa A2A unafuata templates rasmi ya A2A Python SDK (server: + ya Mteja wa: msaada), na kuonyesha maingiliano ya usambazaji na usambazaji. call_tool A2AServer AgentExecutor A2AClient 5.1 Mfano wa MCP — FastMCP (server + mteja, ) call_tool Mfano wa utekelezaji wa MCP unaonyeshwa unatumia seva ya FastMCP ya ndani ambayo inafichua zana zilizotajwa, na mteja wa FastMCP wa ndani ambaye huunganisha na seva na kuomba zana na Server inaonyesha zana kama kazi za Python zilizohifadhiwa na Mteja anaweza kutumia ya darasa na ya Mfumo wa usimamizi wa mzunguko wa maisha. call_tool @mcp.tool Client async with - ya : Server (FastMCP) my_mcp_server.py # my_mcp_server.py from fastmcp import FastMCP mcp = FastMCP("mcp-demo") @mcp.tool def document_summarizer(documents: list[str]) -> dict: # Minimal illustrative summarization full = "\n\n".join(documents) summary = full[:400] + ("..." if len(full) > 400 else "") return {"summary": summary} if __name__ == "__main__": # Run default STDIO transport for local testing or "http" for production mcp.run(transport="stdio") - ya : Client (FastMCP) mcp_client.py # mcp_client.py import asyncio from fastmcp import Client async def main(): client = Client("my_mcp_server.py") # points at local server module async with client: tools = await client.list_tools() print("Tools:", [t.name for t in tools]) documents = [ "Paper A: advances in neural-symbolic integration ...", "Paper B: benchmarks and hybrid reasoning approaches ..." ] # call_tool is the canonical FastMCP client API for invoking tools result = await client.call_tool("document_summarizer", {"documents": documents}) print("Summary:", result) if __name__ == "__main__": asyncio.run(main()) Mfano huu wa mwingiliano unaonyesha mfano wa ushirikiano wa mstari wa MCP: mfanyabiashara wa LLM au orchestrator anahitaji data ya mazingira na utekelezaji wa zana kupitia kiwango kimoja cha mstari wa mstari. FastMCP hutoa usafiri kadhaa (stdio, SSE / http) na API yenye nguvu ya mteja async iliyoundwa juu ya . call_tool 5.2 A2A Mfano — rasmi A2A Python SDK (server + mteja, si streaming na streaming) Mfano wa A2A unafuata mifano rasmi ya SDK ya A2A: na ya Kwa hiyo, kutekeleza Subclass ambayo inafanya kazi na ya (kwa ajili ya streaming), kuanza , na kuingiliana na seva kwa kutumia kazi ya urahisi wa mteja wa SDK. AgentSkill AgentCard AgentExecutor on_message_send on_message_stream A2AServer — skeleton rahisi kulingana na mfano wa SDK: Server (A2A Helloworld) # examples/helloworld/__main__.py (abridged) import asyncio from a2a.server import A2AServer, DefaultA2ARequestHandler from a2a.types import AgentCard, AgentSkill, AgentCapabilities, AgentAuthentication from examples.helloworld.agent_executor import HelloWorldAgentExecutor # see SDK examples skill = AgentSkill(id="hello_world", name="Hello World", description="returns hello") agent_card = AgentCard( name="Hello World Agent", url="http://localhost:9999", version="1.0.0", skills=[skill], capabilities=AgentCapabilities(), authentication=AgentAuthentication(schemes=["public"]) ) request_handler = DefaultA2ARequestHandler(agent_executor=HelloWorldAgentExecutor()) server = A2AServer(agent_card=agent_card, request_handler=request_handler) server.start(host="0.0.0.0", port=9999) - ya (Kwa maana ya utambulisho) Client (A2A SDK test client pattern) test_client.py # examples/helloworld/test_client.py (abridged) import asyncio import httpx from a2a.client import A2AClient # SDK provides helpers async def main(): async with httpx.AsyncClient() as httpx_client: # Convenience constructor fetches the /.well-known/agent.json and builds A2AClient client = await A2AClient.get_client_from_agent_card_url(httpx_client, "http://localhost:9999") # Non-streaming message/send RPC payload = { "message": { "role": "user", "parts": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello agent"}], "messageId": "msg-1" } } response = await client.send_message(payload=payload) print("Non-streaming response:", response) # Streaming example: returns an async generator of chunks stream_iter = client.send_message_streaming(payload=payload) async for chunk in stream_iter: print("Stream chunk:", chunk) if __name__ == "__main__": asyncio.run(main()) SDK rasmi inajumuisha mifano ya kazi za muda mrefu, vipande vya kuhamisha, mzunguko wa maisha wa kazi (kupata / kufuta), na mifano ya ushirikiano na LLMs (mfano wa LangGraph). 5.3 Ufuatiliaji wa utendaji na vifaa vya kupima Benchmarks za hivi karibuni za jamii na mifumo ya tathmini zinaonyesha utendaji na usawa wa uendeshaji kati ya utekelezaji wa seva za MCP na mitandao ya A2A: MCP servers (FastMCP na utekelezaji mwingine) optimize kwa usimamizi wa mstari wa uendeshaji na kuomba zana zilizotajwa; mifumo ya tathmini kama vile MCPBench inazingatia uhamisho wa kiwango cha kazi, usahihi wa kukamilika, na matumizi ya token kwa aina za seva za MCP, na utekelezaji unaonyesha usafirishaji (stdio, SSE, HTTP) ili kuboresha uhamisho na usafirishaji. Utekelezaji wa A2A unazingatia kubadilishanaji wa chini, wa juu wa juu na msaada wa ndani kwa ajili ya kuhamisha na kazi za muda mrefu. Ecosystem ya A2A hivi karibuni ilizindua upanuzi wa uelewa wa muda mfupi ambao kuruhusu wafanyabiashara kutangaza uelewa wa muda mfupi na kuruhusu uelewa wa muda mfupi wa usafiri, kuonyesha umuhimu wazi wa sekta juu ya uboreshaji wa muda mfupi wa usafiri ndani ya mitandao ya peer. Utafutaji wa kipekee na usafiri kwa kila mfanyabiashara hufanya mitandao ya A2A kuwa endelevu na kupanua katika topolojia kubwa za wafanyabiashara, lakini pia hutoa ngumu kwa ufuatiliaji na ufuatiliaji wa mwisho. Practically, the observed operational pattern is: MCP provides reproducible tool invocation and context persistence; optimize by selecting an appropriate transport (SSE/HTTP for streaming), horizontal scaling of MCP servers, and caching of context artifacts. A2A provides lower median message latency for short interactions because of persistent connections and direct message paths; optimize by implementing efficient service discovery, health checks, and latency-aware task routing. Benchmarking ya kiasi bado inategemea utekelezaji; wataalamu wanapaswa kutathmini protocol zote mbili katika majaribio ya mawakala (MCPBench kwa seva za MCP; SDK sample workloads na simulations ya mtandao kwa A2A) kabla ya kupitishwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. MCP (FastMCP) A2A (A2A SDK) +----------------------+ +----------------------------+ | LLM Agent / Orchestrator | | Agent Alpha <--> Agent Beta | +----------+-----------+ +----------+-----------------+ | JSON-RPC / STDIO/HTTP | A2A RPC (HTTP/SSE) v v +----------+-----------+ +----------------------------+ | FastMCP Server | | A2A Server (Agent Card) | | (Tools, Context, RPC) |------------| (A2AServer / Executor) | +----------+-----------+ +----------------------------+ | ^ v | +----------+-----------+ +----------------------------+ | External Tools & DBs | | Peers & Discovery Registry | +----------------------+ +----------------------------+ Maoni ya usalama na faragha Ushirikiano salama wa seva za MCP na mitandao ya A2A ni hali ya awali ya utekelezaji salama wa mifumo ya agensi katika mazingira ya uzalishaji. Aina zote mbili za mkataba hutoa maeneo mapya ya mashambulizi kwa sababu hutoa uwezo wa mfano katika maeneo ya vitendo na uvumilivu (usikilizaji wa zana, maduka ya mazingira, utoaji wa inter-agent). Sehemu hii inajumuisha kikundi cha hatari kuu, inajumuisha udhibiti wa ulinzi uliochapishwa kwa protocole primitives, na inapendekeza mazoea ya uendeshaji ili kupunguza hatari na mzunguko wa shambulio katika utekelezaji wa MCP na A2A. 6.1 Sehemu ya hatari kuu Adversaries may insert crafted content into context stores, tool descriptions, or agent messages that cause downstream LLMs to execute unintended actions. This includes direct injection (malicious user input) and indirect injection (poisoned resources referenced via MCP). Prompt/Context Injection. Tool metadata or resource handles exposed by MCP servers may be manipulated so that an apparently benign tool performs malicious operations (e.g., exfiltration, privileged commands), or a similarly named “shadow” tool is introduced into the tool registry. Tool Poisoning and Shadowing. MCP servers bridging models to enterprise resources can inadvertently expose credentials, API keys, or sensitive data through context returns or tool outputs, especially if responses are logged or insufficiently filtered. Credential and Secret Leakage. A2A agent discovery mechanisms (agent cards, registries) can be abused to impersonate agents, present false capabilities, or redirect tasks to malicious peers. These attacks undermine trust and can lead to unauthorized action execution. Agent-Card Abuse and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks (A2A). Versioned context and long-running tasks enable replays of previously valid but now-dangerous instructions; time-delayed malicious updates to tools or resources can create “rug-pull” scenarios. Persistence and Replay Risks. 6.2 Usimamizi wa ulinzi — Mkataba na kiwango cha utekelezaji Ulinzi unaofuata unakaribia primitives ya mkataba (ContextQuery, call_tool, AgentCard, mzunguko wa maisha wa kazi) na mifano ya utekelezaji. Wao huunda usanifu wa usalama unaounganisha uthibitisho, chini ya ruhusa, kujitolea, na ufuatiliaji. Enforce strict JSON schemas for all incoming and outgoing messages, including tool parameter schemas and context object formats. Reject or quarantine data that does not conform to expected types or cardinality. This limits the semantic ambiguity that adversaries exploit. Schema Validation and Strict Typing. Require explicit allowlists for tool invocation and bind tool access to short-lived capability tokens scoped to the minimal privileges required. Tokens should be auditable and revocable; tool metadata must include canonical identifiers and semantic provenance. Tool Allowlisting and Capability Tokens. Apply automated sanitization layers on any content stored in context repositories or returned by tools. Implement policy engines that flag, redact, or sanitize any input that resembles instructions, executable snippets, or credential patterns before a model uses it as context. Sanitization and Content Policy Enforcement. Cryptographically sign tool binaries, endpoint manifests, and agent cards. Verify signatures at invocation time to prevent tool poisoning and shadow installations. Include version and checksum fields in tool manifests to detect tampering or time-delayed behavior changes. Tool Code and Metadata Signing. Execute all tool invocations within constrained execution environments (containers with minimal capabilities, language sandboxes, or VM-based enclaves). Limit network egress, file system access, and process privileges to reduce the impact of a compromised tool. Runtime Isolation and Sandboxing. Require mutual authentication for A2A peers (mutual TLS, signed JWTs, or decentralized identifiers). Encode capability claims within AgentCards and enforce capability checks server-side; avoid implicit trust based solely on agent metadata. Maintain PKI/credential rotation policies and require per-task consent for elevated actions. Authentication and Authorization for A2A. Maintain provenance metadata (origin, ingestion timestamp, signature) for all context artifacts and enforce TTL/expiry for retrieved context. Provide mechanisms to mark provenance as untrusted or quarantined and to roll back context to trusted snapshots. Context Versioning, Provenance, and Expiry. Apply throttles on tool invocation frequency and context mutation rates per agent identity. Instrument analytics to detect anomalous invocation patterns, sudden increases in privilege usage, or atypical context edits. Correlate signals across MCP and A2A observability planes. Rate Limiting and Anomaly Detection. Log all protocol exchanges (requests, responses, tool outputs, agent cards) to tamper-evident storage with queryable indices for forensic analysis. Ensure logs redact sensitive payload elements while maintaining sufficient fidelity for incident response. Audit Trails and Immutable Logging. Expose policy controls that permit operators to restrict tool sets per user/agent, require human-in-the-loop approvals for high-risk actions, and provide interactive confirmation flows for critical operations. User and Operator Controls. 6.3 Mazoezi ya uendeshaji na utawala Usalama sio suala la bidhaa tu; inahitaji utaratibu wa uendeshaji na utawala: Regularly perform threat modeling focused on MCP/A2A primitives (tool manifests, agent discovery, context ingestion) and run red-team exercises that simulate prompt injection, tool poisoning, and agent impersonation. Threat Modeling and Red Teaming. Define organizational policies that codify allowed tool behaviors, acceptable data flows, and retention rules. Integrate MCP/A2A policy enforcement into CI/CD pipelines and runtime gates. Policy Definition and Compliance. Vet third-party tools and agent packages; require attestation and reproducible builds for any externally supplied code that will be executed as an MCP tool or by A2A agents. Supply-chain Controls. Maintain playbooks specific to MCP/A2A incidents: how to quarantine compromised tools, revoke capability tokens, rotate agent credentials, and restore context from trusted snapshots. Incident Response Playbooks. 6.4 Ufuatiliaji na uhusiano wa mstari wa protocol Ulinzi wa ufanisi unahitaji kuonekana katika protocol zote mbili. kutekeleza ufuatiliaji wa usambazaji unaotumika ambayo inatoa maombi kwenye mtiririko wa MCP na A2A (maombi ya mazingira → majibu ya zana → ujumbe wa mfanyakazi), kuwezesha ujenzi wa mwisho kwa mwisho wa mstari wa sababu. Ramani ya Usalama wa Usalama +------------------------------------------------------------+ | Security Control Map | +----------------------+----------------------+--------------+ | MCP Stack | Shared | A2A Stack | +----------------------+----------------------+--------------+ | Context Schema | AuthN/AuthZ (PKI) | Agent Cards | | Validation & Typing | Auditing / Logging | Mutual TLS | | Tool Allowlist | Tracing / Alerts | Signed Claims | | Tool Signing + TTL | Rate Limiting | Discovery ACL | | Sandbox Execution | Incident Playbooks | Peer Rotation | | Context Provenance | Anomaly Detection | Streaming Auth| +----------------------+----------------------+--------------+ Maelekezo ya baadaye na Standardization Kuongezeka kwa mifumo ya agensi inahitaji kubadilika kutoka kwa ufumbuzi wa pointi kuelekea mazingira ya viwango vinavyokubalika ambayo inasaidia utekelezaji wa salama, unaoongezea, na wa ushirikiano. Sehemu hii inaelezea mwelekeo wa kiufundi wa baadaye wa kuunganisha mifumo ya MCP na A2A, inaelezea mikakati ya viwango vya protocol, na inapendekeza njia za utawala na utekelezaji ili kuendeleza kiwango cha kudumu, kilichoongozwa na jumuiya. uchambuzi unaonyesha hatua za uhandisi zinazoweza kutumika - kubuni maelezo, mikakati ya kuunganisha, na vigezo vya zana - na hivyo hutoa ramani ya barabara kwa watafiti, waendeshaji, na wasimamizi wa viwango. 7.1 Kuelekea mifumo ya pamoja ya MCP + A2A Uzoefu wa vitendo unaanza na mifumo ya hybrid ambayo inahifadhi nguvu za uendeshaji za MCP na A2A. MCP hutoa upatikanaji mkali, unaoongozwa na mpango wa zana na mazingira ya kudumu, wakati A2A hutoa ufumbuzi, mazungumzo, na ushirikiano wa mtiririko. Fikiria MCP kama kiwango cha ushirikiano wa kanuni kwa ajili ya kuomba chombo cha kuandika, uvumilivu wa mazingira, na upatikanaji wa rasilimali zinazotumiwa na sera. Tazama A2A kama tishu ya ushirikiano wa horizontal kwa ufumbuzi wa wafanyabiashara, mazungumzo ya kazi, na maingiliano ya maingiliano kati ya jamaa. Kufafanua mikataba ya adapter ya wazi ambayo inafuta mambo ya mazingira ya MCP na outputs ya zana katika mizigo ya ujumbe wa A2A na, kinyume chake, kuruhusu matokeo ya kazi ya A2A kurekodiwa nyuma katika maduka ya mazingira ya MCP na metadata ya asili. Uendeshaji wa mfumo huu wa hybrid unahitaji vipengele vya lipi (gateways, translators) ambazo ni rasmi katika maelezo badala ya kuondolewa kwa utekelezaji wa ad hoc. vipengele hivi lazima kuonyesha semantics wazi kwa: (a) marshaling mazingira na canonicalization; (b) uwezo na usambazaji wa token ya upatikanaji; na (c) uaminifu na utoaji semantics (hakika mara moja vs angalau mara moja) juu ya kundi la pamoja. 7.2 Mipango ya Mipango na Mkakati wa Upatikanaji Kiwango cha nguvu kinapaswa kupunguzwa ili kuruhusu maendeleo ya kujitegemea ya wasiwasi wa ortogonal. Mfano uliopendekezwa wa kupunguzwa unajumuisha: : Pluggable transports (HTTP/2, WebSocket, gRPC, message buses) with ALPN-style negotiation to select the optimal channel. Transport Layer : A shared registry of canonical context object types (documents, memory records, credentials, artifacts) with versioning and semantic type identifiers. Context Schema Layer : A uniform task/intent model that encodes goals, constraints, subtasks, and compensation/rollback semantics; this layer supports both centralized orchestration (MCP controller) and decentralized negotiation (A2A exchange). Delegation & Task Layer : Typed tool contracts and execution manifests (inputs, outputs, side effects, required privileges) with signed manifests and runtime attestations. Execution & Tool Layer : Machine-readable governance artifacts (capability tokens, RBAC policies, provenance metadata, expiry rules). Governance & Policy Layer Mkakati wa Upatikanaji unajumuisha na ya mbinu. mbinu ya adapter-first hupunguza utendaji wa ushirikiano kwa kutafsiri kati ya utekelezaji wa MCP na A2A unaoendelea. mbinu ya schema-first hupunguza shinikizo la muda mrefu kwa kufafanua mazingira ya kanuni na mipangilio ya kazi ambayo makubaliano yote mawili yanachukua kwa asili. Mpango wa uhamiaji wa pragmatic unachanganya haya: kufafanua mipangilio ya kanuni wakati pia kufafanua adapters na majaribio ya ufanisi ili kuwezesha utekelezaji wa kuongezeka. Mabadiliko ya kwanza Mpango wa kwanza 7.3 Utawala, mchakato wa kiwango na mifano ya jamii Kanuni zinafanikiwa wakati ujasiri wa kiufundi unahusishwa na mchakato wa utawala wa wazi na wa uwajibikaji. Ushiriki wa wazi: Mipango ya ufafanuzi, utekelezaji wa msingi, na mfululizo wa majaribio unapaswa kuwa inapatikana kwa umma; mapendekezo yanapaswa kuchukuliwa katika jukwaa la wazi na rekodi za uamuzi za wazi. Mfano wa ufanisi wa kiwango: Kuchukua ufanisi wa hatua (kwa mfano, mradi → ilipendekezwa → kanuni) na utekelezaji wa msingi na matokeo ya mtihani wa utendaji unahitajika katika kila hatua. Utekelezaji wa Reference na Suite ya Majaribio: Amri angalau utekelezaji wa reference wa kujitegemea wawili kwa kila kiungo kikuu (kwa mfano, seva mbili za MCP, maktaba mbili za wafanyabiashara wa A2A) na kuchapisha matrices za interoperability. Vikundi vya Kazi na Majukumu ya Uhusiano: Kuunda vikundi maalum vya kazi kwa ajili ya usalama, mageuzi ya mpango, mazungumzo ya usafiri, na utawala; kuanzisha njia za kuunganisha na mashirika ya viwango yanayohusiana na wauzaji wakuu wa jukwaa. Mfano wa utawala wa jumuiya unaojulikana na mashirika yaliyoanzishwa ya mtandao au mtandao wa viwango ni bora: mchakato wa mwanga, unaoelekezwa kwa makubaliano ambao una umuhimu wa kuunganisha na usalama wa uendeshaji. 7.4 Njia za utoaji na mazoezi ya uhamiaji Kuendesha utunzaji wakati wa kupunguza upungufu: : Provide official gateway implementations that translate MCP↔A2A, enabling legacy deployments to interoperate during migration. Bootstrapping via Gateways : Define minimal conformance profiles (e.g., “Context-Only MCP”, “Task-Only A2A”) so implementers can adopt core capabilities first. Incremental Conformance : Publish interoperability badges, compliance test results, and performance baselines to incentivize vendor participation. Ecosystem Incentives : Produce deployment guides for hybrid topologies (single-region MCP + multi-region A2A mesh), including recommended hardening and observability configurations. Operational Playbooks 7.5 Utafiti, Utengenezaji wa vifaa na Priorities ya Standardization Uwekezaji muhimu wa utafiti na uhandisi utaharakisha kiwango cha kudumu: : Define formal semantics for task decomposition, delegation, and rollback to enable automated verification and safe composition of agent behaviors. Formal Semantics and Verification : Build a canonical schema registry with clear versioning, deprecation paths, and backward compatibility rules. Schema Registry and Evolution Mechanisms : Fund public testbeds that exercise canonical workflows at scale, measuring latency, availability, and policy compliance across hybrid stacks. Interoperability Testbeds : Standardize lightweight attestation primitives for tool manifests and runtime execution contexts to enable trusted composition. Security Primitives and Attestations : Define wire-level tracing identifiers and correlation formats for cross-protocol end-to-end observability. Observability and Tracing Standards +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Unified Agent Interoperability Protocol Stack | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Governance & Policy Layer | Policy Tokens | Conformance | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Execution & Tool Layer | Typed Tool Manifests (signed) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Delegation & Task Layer | Intent Trees / Task Contracts | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Context Schema Layer | Canonical Context Types & IDs | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transport Layer | HTTP/2 | WebSocket | gRPC | MQ | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Adapters / Gateways | MCP <--> A2A Translators (optional) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 8 Mwisho wa Makala hii imetoa uchambuzi kamili wa kulinganisha wa Protocol Model Context (MCP) na Protocol Agent-to-Agent (A2A), unaonyesha falsafa zao tofauti za kubuni, nguvu za uendeshaji, na masuala ya usalama. MCP inashinda katika usimamizi wa mazingira ya muundo na kuomba zana zilizotajwa, kuwezesha ushirikiano unaoweza kutabiriwa na kusimamiwa. Kwa kinyume chake, A2A inatoa ushirikiano wa kipekee wa peer-to-peer na uwezo wa juu wa kuhamisha na mazungumzo. Mazungumzo ya utekelezaji wa sasa, changamoto za uendeshaji, na juhudi za utaratibu wa baadaye zinaonyesha uwezo wa mifumo ya hybrid ambayo inatumia paradigma zote mbili. Utafiti wa kuendelea na utawala wa jumuiya itakuwa
