Dzave 3:00 am Mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza biology muHanoi anotarisa palaptop yake, rumwe ruoko rwuchiyamwisa kapu yekofi, rumwe ruchifamba neGoogle Scholar. Thesis yake yekupedzisira inoenderana nekutsvagisa kwakawanda-pasina izvo zvaasingakwanise kana kutanga kunyora thesis yake. Kusakwanisa kunyora thesis iyi zvinoreva kudzidza chidzidzo ichi zvakare, uye kutarisana nedambudziko iri zvakare. Asi haisi tariro yose inorasika. Anowana zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinoenderana nemusoro wesarudzo yake. Zvisinei nekushuvira kwake, akasangana neneon-yero paywall ichida madhora makumi matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu ekuwana. Pamusoro pechinyorwa chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvinopfuura bhajeti rake regirosari revhiki. Achibatanidza mapepa ose aanofanira kutaura muzvinyorwa zvake, ari kutarisa gore rose achirarama nemvura chete. Anoitei? Anovhura rimwe hwindo, onyora “Sci-Hub,” anonamira DOI yebepa, odzvanya pinda. Mumasekonzi asingasviki maviri, bepa nderake — mahara. Nyika yedu inyika yezvishandiso zvepirated zvedzidzo: kumukira kwakanyarara kunopesana nehurongwa hunobhadharisa madhora makumi mana paruzivo. Asi tisati tamukudza kana kumupa mhosva, ngatiendesei kunze. ZVIRI MUKATI Paywall yakakwira zvakanyanya a. mutengo mukuru wezivo b. ndiani angaziva? c. iyo monopoly yezivo Kurwira ruzivo rwemahara a. dambudziko remapirate b. piracy sekusateerera kwevanhu c. kutsvedza kwehumbavha d. vhura kupinda kufamba e. kuvandudzwa kwemasangano: kudanwa kwekupa rubatsiro Mhedziso Verenga iyo orignal post kune mamwe akadzama manyoro emuzasi, nhaurirano uye kupindirana kwakananga pane zvakatumirwa. ruzivo ndeye kutengeswa 1. paywall yakakwira zvakanyanya Semudzidzi wepakoreji uye munyori, ndinobvuma — ndinoparura bepa rega rekutsvagisa randakaverenga. Sei? Nokuti imwe nzira inopenga mune zvemari. Pfungwa yekubhadhara kunyange chidimbu chezvinyorwa zvandinodya yaizopedza account yangu yebhangi nekukurumidza kupfuura zvandinogona kuti "yakaongororwa nevezera." KUONGORORWA NEVEZERA! Haisi iyo musimboti chete; ndiko kusaita zvachose kwayo. Journal paywalls inotarisira kuti iwe utore mari inodarika $30-$50 . Wedzera izvo nemapepa akawanda pamesita, uye kamwe-kamwe, hausi kungopa dzidzo mari - uri kupa mari yekugara kwemakambani muBahamas. pachinyorwa kwavo Uye ndinoziva kuti handisi ndega. Sci-Hub, inowanzonzi "Pirate Bay yeSainzi," inoshandira mamirioni avanhu pasi rese, ichiita zvinopfuura mahara. Ongororo yemuna 2016 yakafungidzira kuti anopfuura makumi maviri neshanu muzana emapepa ezvidzidzo akatorwa pasi rose anobva kuSci-Hub, kusanganisira kudhawunirodha kubva kumayunivhesiti akanyoreswa. 88 miriyoni zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa gore rega MuUS, 36% yevaongorori vakabvuma kushandisa Sci-Hub kunyangwe vaine mukana zviri pamutemo. Zviri pachena kuti izvi hazvisi zveboka revadzidzi vekoroji vanopandukira-icho chiitiko chepasi rose chinotungamirirwa nemutengo usina musoro wezivo. Kana dzidzo ikauya nemutengo wepamusoro uyu, piracy haisi sarudzo chete; ndiko kupona. Zvakanaka kune wese anovhota "Kwete", pane diki link panoperera positi yandinoda chaizvo kuti ushanyire. Uye kune vamwe vedu, ngatienderere mberi nehurukuro yedu. Ndinovimba unobata mweya wako nekuti tichanyura zvakadzama munyaya iyi. a. mutengo mukuru wezivo Vaparidzi vezvidzidzo vakaita saElsevier kana Springer vanoshanda muhurongwa hwakadaro hunogona kuita kuti kunyange Mr. Krabs vatsvedze. Fungidzira kana Spotify akakubhadharisa madhora gumi parwiyo akachengeta 90% yemubairo, achisiya muimbi - uyo anovewo purofesa wako wekoreji - asingabhadharwe. Ndiwo mashandiro anoita kutsikisa zvedzidzo. uye Ngatitaurei nhamba. Kunyoresa kubhuku redzidzo rimwe chete kunodhura yunivhesiti makumi ezviuru zvemadhora pagore. Elsevier, mumwe wevaparidzi vakuru vezvidzidzo, anobhadharisa mari inosvika zviuru gumi zvemadhora pagore kuti awane rimwe remajenari ayo ane simba guru. Zvino wedzera izvozvo nemazana kana zviuru zvemajenari emuunganidzwa wese weyunivhesiti. Kana iwe uri wega muongorori? Uri kutarisa pamadhora makumi matatu kusvika kumadhora makumi mashanu pachinyorwa-chaizvoizvo mutengo wekudya kwakanaka kwemanheru neako zuva, pachinzvimbo chekuti wakaputsika uye wakasurukirwa nePDF. Mabhuku haana kana nani. Avhareji yebhuku rezvidzidzo zvino inodarika $100, imwe ichirova $400 kana kupfuura. Unoda bhuku rakasarudzika mukurapa kana engineering? Uri kubhadhara mari yerendi. Kune vadzidzi nevatsvaguri vari munyika dzakabudirira, izvi zvinorwadza asi kazhinji zvisingadzivisike mari. Mayunivhesiti emuUS kana kuEurope anowanzo tora mitengo iyi, zvisinei nekusuwa, kuburikidza nekunyoreswa kwemasangano. Asi munyika dzichiri kusimukira, mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa. Makunivhesiti muVietnam, Ghana, kana Bangladesh anoshanda nemabhajeti mashoma anoita kuti kunyoresa kubhuku rese raSpringer kuve fungidziro inoseka. Izvi hazvisi zvevadzidzi vanoedza kupasa bvunzo chete. Ndezvevaongorori vanoda kuburitsa basa rinoponesa hupenyu. Ongororo yemuna 2019 yakawana kuti vaongorori vari munyika dzine mari shoma vanotaura mapepa mashoma pabasa ravo - kwete nekuti vane nungo, asi nekuti havakwanise kuawana. Kana ruzivo rwuri peturu yekuvandudza, aya mawallwall arikugovera zvinobudirira zvichienderana nehupfumi. Funga nezvayo seraibhurari yepasirese uko vashanyi vakapfuma vanowana mukana usina muganho asi vamwe vese vakanamira kudongorera nepamahwindo. Zvakaguma nei? Kutenderera kwakashata kwekusaenzana. Nyika dzakapfuma dzinoita zvinhu zvitsva nokukurumidza, nepo dzine urombo dzichitamburira kuti dzifambirane, zvichiwedzera mukaha. Chikamu chinonyanya kushamisa? Mazhinji emapepa aya aitsigirwa nemari yemutero nemamwe masangano akazvimirira ega. Mipiro yeruzhinji inobhadhara tsvagiridzo, asi zvakawanikwa zvakavharirwa kuseri kwepaywalls. Zvakafanana nemitero yako inobhadhara paki yausingakwanise kupinda usina kubhadhara yechipiri muripo. Asi musatenda zvandichataura. Tenda Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia, imwe yemayunivhesiti epamusoro pasi rose ezvedzidzo uye tsvagiridzo, yakanzura kunyoreswa kwayo paElsevier, ichibvisa madhora miriyoni gumi kubva kubhengi repuratifomu. UC yakaita izvi nekuti yaida kuti tsvakiridzo yese yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzayo iwanikwe pachena kumunhu wese pamhepo, pasina kubhadharisa mari yekuwedzera kune vanoongorora kana yunivhesiti. Chikumbiro chaElsevier chingadai chakachengeta tsvakiridzo kuseri kwepaywalls uku ichigadzira UC kubhadhara yakawedzera mari, iyo UC yakati haina kunaka uye inodhura zvakanyanya. Kune vaparidzi, kururamisa kuri nyore: "Isu tinopa chikuva, gadzirisa zvirimo, uye nekuzviparadzira." Asi zvizhinji zvebasa iri ndezvemahara. Vatsvagiri kazhinji havabhadharwe nevaparidzi pakunyora mapepa avo. Mihoro yavo inowanzobva kumayunivhesiti, magrants, kana mamwe masangano. Vezera vanoongorora, vanoongorora kunaka uye kuvimbika kwemapepa ekutsvagisa asati aburitswa, vanowanzoita basa iri nekuzvidira sechikamu chemabasa avo ezvidzidzo. Mapuratifomu akavakirwa pabasa risina kubhadharwa revadzidzisi. Asi, purofiti inoyerera ichienda kune vaparidzi. Uye purofiti ndeyemudenga. Elsevier yakataura mapurofiti ekushandisa angangoita mabhiriyoni 1.2 emadhora muna 2022, aine purofiti inodarika makumi matatu%. Kana tichienzanisa, purofiti yeApple inotenderera ichitenderedza 25%. Elsevier, chaizvoizvo, inoita purofiti yakawanda-yakachenjera kupfuura kambani inotengesa iPhones-iyo epitome ye capitalism. Muhurongwa uhu, vakarasika vakajeka: vadzidzi, vaongorori, uye masangano anovadzidzisa. Uye apo zivo inova yomutambarakede, kutsvaka nzira dzokupedza nadzo munyika yose—kudenda, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kana kuti kuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya—kunopera. b. ndiani angaziva? Fungidzira nyika apo pese pawaida kuverenga bhuku kana kuona hurukuro, waifanira kutanga waratidza kukosha kwako. Oh mira haufaniri kufungidzira. Ndiyo hurongwa hwedzidzo yepasi rose iwe neni tiri mairi izvozvi. Hazvisi pamusoro kudzidza; zviri pamusoro pekuti unokwanisa kuzvidzidza . Kuwana ruzivo hakuna kugovaniswa zvakaenzana-yakavharwa kunge VIP nightclub. Uye kana iwe uri munyika chaiyo ine magwaro akakodzera (mari chaiyo), iyo bouncer inokutendera iwe kupinda. pezvaunoda here Zvikasadaro, unosara uchitonhora, uchidongorera nepahwindo pane isina kujeka PowerPoint siraidhi. Heino chokwadi chinonakidza: 86% yezvinyorwa zvese zvedzidzo zvinobva kuvanyori vari munyika dzine mari yakawanda. Zvichakadaro, vaongorori vari munyika dzine mari yakaderera uye yepakati pamwe chete vanopa isingasviki 10%. Kwete nekuti vane nungo kana kushoma tarenda (zvingave zvakanyanya colonizers-sewe kutaura kudaro) asi nekuti ivo vanoshaya ruzivo rwekutanga rwunodiwa kuti ubatanidze hurukuro. Tora Sub-Saharan Africa, uko chete 1% yetsvagiridzo yenyika inogadzirwa. Izvi hazvisi zvekushaiwa kuedza. Dunhu iri rine pfungwa dzisingaverengeke dzakajeka dzinoshanda pazvinhu zvakakosha sekuchengetedza chikafu, simba rinogoneka, uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Asi kana kuwanikwa kwechinyorwa chetsvagurudzo kuchidhura kupfuura mubairo wevhiki, nzvimbo yekutamba haina kungoenzana. Funga nezvazvo seizvi: nharaunda isina ruzivo rwakafanana nemusha une ivhu rakaorera asi usina mbeu. Ivhu—tarenda, kuda kuziva, uye unyanzvi—riripo. Asi pasina mbeu—ruzivo nepfuma—hapana chinogona kukura. Kushaikwa kwemazwi uku kunowanzoita kuti tsvakiridzo yavo iraswe kana kunzi "yakaderera-impact" nemitemo yenyika. Kutenderera kwakashata: kusawana kunoreva kutsvagisa kushoma, zvinoreva kuti mikana mishoma yekubatana kana kuchengetedza mari. Kana chiremba muPhilippine asingakwanisi kuwana tsvakiridzo yezvekurapa yazvino uno, harisi dambudziko redzidzo chete — idambudziko revanhu. Upenyu huri parumananzombe. Chirevo cha2018 chakaratidza kuti vanachiremba vari munyika dzine mari shoma vanowanzovimba sei nedata rekare kana risingapere nekuti havakwanise kubhadhara mumagazini. Zvakaguma nei? Zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa zvinoramba zvichiuraya, uye kubudirira kwekurapa hakusviki vanhu vanonyanya kuzvida. Uye hausi mushonga chete. Masayendisiti ezvemamiriro ekunze ari munzvimbo dzisina njodzi - nzvimbo dziri kunyura chaizvo nekuda kwekukwira kwemvura yegungwa - haigone kuwana zvidzidzo zvichangoburwa pamusoro pemaitiro ekuderedza. Nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi dziri kuedza kugadzirisa hurombo hadzigoni kuverenga mapepa ekuvandudzwa kwemari shoma. Zvakafanana nekupa mumwe munhu mepu asi uchibvarura chikamu chinoratidza nzira yekutiza nayo jecha rinokurumidza. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, kunyange zvakadaro, vatsvakurudzi vari kurarama nehungwaru hwechingwa. Izvi hazvisi zvekururamisira chete; ndezvekupambadza kugona. Funga nezvese pfungwa dzakangwara dzinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko makuru evanhu asi dzakanamira kuGoogling "yemahara PDF kurodha." Kusaenzana uku hakungokuvadzi matunhu asina rombo — kunotirwadza tose. Mushonga unotevera wegomarara, iyo inotevera yakachena simba budiriro, inotevera yepasi rose yehupfumi modhi inogona kubva chero kupi. Asi kana tikachengeta ruzivo rwakakiyiwa kuseri kwepaywall, isu tiri kubheja kuti nyika dzakapfuma chete ndidzo dzinogona kugadzirisa matambudziko epasirese. Spoiler alert: zano iri harina kunyatsoshanda. Kutozosvikira taputsa zvipingamupinyi izvi, kukamukana kwepasi rose muzivo kucharamba kuchikura, kuchisiya pfungwa dzakajeka zvikuru dzenyika dzakavharirwa kunze kweraibhurari. c. iyo monopoly yezivo Ngatitaurei nezvekuchengetedza gedhi kwesekondi-kunyanya, kuti kuri kuita sei muzvidzidzo. Kudhindisa kwedzidzo ndiyo mufananidzo wakakwana wekuzvimiririra pabasa. Imhando yebhizinesi yakavakirwa - bhiriyoni-madhora racket. Muna 2019, vaparidzi vezvidzidzo vakaita mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi emadhora mupurofiti, kupfuura purofiti yakasanganiswa yemakambani makuru etekinoroji. pakuramba kuwana Uye chii chatinowana mukudzoka? Kuwedzera kusaenzana kuwana ruzivo. Anopfuura makumi manomwe neshanu muzana emapepa esainzi epasi akavharirwa kuseri kwepaywall, zvichiita kuti kuwana kwekutsvaga kwakakosha kunetse kune vakawanda. Zvino, chii chinokonzeresa uku monopoly pane innovation? Funga nezvazvo seizvi: pese muparidzi wezvedzidzo paanosimudza mutengo wejenari kana kurambidza kuwanikwa kwekutsvagisa, vanenge vachiisa chikwangwani chihombe chekuti “Usapinde” pamusuwo weruzivo. Uye usatomboita kuti nditange pane yakavhurika yekupinda movement. Muchiono, kuvhura kuburitsa kuburitsa kunonzwika senge zano rakanaka: ruzivo runofanirwa kuve rwemahara, rwakavhurika, uye rwunowanikwa kune vese. Asi chokwadi chacho hachina kunyanya kuoma. Vaparidzi vakaita saElsevier vatanga vanyori mukana wekuita kuti tsvakiridzo yavo ivhurike. Izvi zvakafanana nekubhadhara mutero kubvumidza vanhu kushandisa mugwagwa wawakatogadzira. kubhadharisa Pfungwa ndeyekutendera munhu wese kupinda, asi iwe uchiri kufanira kubhadhara kuti usvike ikoko. Saka ikozvino, vaongorori munyika dzichiri kusimukira vasingatombokwanise kubhadhara paywall yepakutanga vakatarisana nemumwe mutoro wemari: kubhadhara vaparidzi kuti tsvakiridzo yavo iwanikwe pachena. Pakupera kwezuva, hurongwa hwakaputsika. Zivo chinhu chakanakira veruzhinji, hachisi chinhu chinochengetwa nevashoma vakasarudzwa. Vaparidzi pavanodzora mukana wekutsvagisa, vanodzora kuti ndiani anogona kutora chikamu muhurukuro yepasi rose — uye ndiani asingakwanisi. Kuchengetedzwa kweruzivo rwedzidzo hakusi kungoitwa kwebhizinesi; kusarongeka kunokanganisa zvisingaenzaniswi vanhu vanoda ruzivo zvakanyanya: vadzidzi, vaongorori, uye nharaunda dziri kuedza kugadzirisa matambudziko nezviwanikwa zvishoma. Uye kudzamara taputsa hutongi uhwu, isu ticharamba takabatirira muhungwaru hwehuchenjeri, uko chete vakapfuma uye vane simba zvakanyanya vanosvika pakusarudza kuti ndiani anozoziva. 2. kurwira ruzivo rwemahara a. dambudziko remapirate Ngatidzokere kunyaya yekutanga. Iwe uri mudzidzi pakati pepasirese, une shungu netsvagiridzo yako, uchipisa mafuta epakati pehusiku, asi wakatarisana nedambudziko riri nyore, risingakundike: kuwana zviwanikwa. Iye zvino wakatarisa bepa rinokosha rezvidzidzo kuseri kwe paywall. Iro bepa rine kiyi yekutsvagisa kwako, chinhu chimwe chakamira pakati pako ne thesis yako, ramangwana rako rezvidzidzo. Unogona kukumbira sangano rako kuti ritsigire bhiri remubhadharo wemadhora makumi mana, asi yunivhesiti yako haina bhajeti rayo. Saka, chii chasara? Iwe unotendeukira kuSci-Hub - network yepasi pevhu yemapepa edzidzo inova nzira yehupenyu hwevaongorori vasingaverengeki, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzi vanoda kuwana asi vasingazvikwanise. Izvi hazvisi zvekuti vanhu vane nungo kana kuedza kugura makona. Haisi imwe yedzidzo yeRobin Hood mamiriro apo vanhu vari kunze uko vachinhonga mapepa kuti vazviwane. Kwete, ndezvekupona. Zviri pamusoro pechokwadi chiri nyore kuti munyika umo masisitimu ekutsikisa edzidzo akabirwa nemasangano anoita purofiti, avo vanoda kuwana ruzivo kazhinji kazhinji havana imwe sarudzo kunze kwekunzvenga hurongwa zvachose. Uye mamiriro ezvinhu aya haasi ekufungidzira-zviri kuitika izvozvi. Zvakadaro, ongororo ya2024 yakaitwa neWorld Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) yakaona kuti kuwanikwa kwemahara kana kudhura kwezvinyorwa zvesainzi kunowedzera zvakanyanya kuburitswa kwetsvakiridzo munyika dzine mari yepakati nepakati, nekuwedzera kunosvika makumi manomwe neshanu muzana. Ava havasi vanhu vari kungotsvaga nzira yekudimbudzira. Ava ndivo vanhu vari kushingaira kutora chikamu muhurukuro yepasi rose asi vanobviswa zvakarongeka kubva mairi nekuda kwemitengo yakakwirira inobatanidza nekuwana ruzivo rwakakosha. Kana pane chimwe chinhu, zvavanoita zvinongoitika nokuda kwechikonzero—kwete nokuda kwemakaro, kwete nokuda kwokubiridzira gadziriro, asi nemhaka yokuti vakaganhurirwa negadziriro yakarongedzera zvipingamupinyi pavari. Zvadaro, pane , muongorori anobva kuKenya, ane basa rinotarisa pamusoro pemigumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pane zvekurima zveko. Akazvipira kumunda wake, asi tsvakiridzo yaanoda yakavharirwa kuseri kwepaywalls. Rachel “Handikwanisi kutenga zvinyorwa ndega,” anodaro. "Asi pasina kuwana kwavari, handikwanise kuenderera mberi. Handikwanise kuvaka tsvakurudzo yangu. Handikwanise kubatsira kune boka rezivo rinogona kubatsira munharaunda yangu. Saka, handina chimwe chekusarudza kunze kwekuchiwana kuburikidza nemapuratifomu. seSci-Hub Ndiyo chete nzira yandinogona kufambirana nebasa razvino mundima yangu. Kuna Rachel nevamwe vasingaverengeki vari munzvimbo dzakafanana, kubiridzira mapepa ekutsvagisa harisi dambudziko rehunhu — inyaya . inofanirwa Izvi ndezvekuwana kwakaenzana ruzivo rwunobvumira vanhu kugadzirisa matambudziko, kugadzira hutsva, uye kubatsira kuminda inobata vanhu vese. Kana muongorori ari munyika ichiri kusimukira akavharirwa kunze kwezvidzidzo zvakakosha nekuda kwekuti haakwanise kuzvibhadharira, iyo yese yedzidzo system inodonha. Zivo haingounganidzwi chete—inoshandiswa nezvombo, uye vaya vasina mari yokuisunungura vanosundirwa kumucheto. Munyika umo zivo isimba, kusawana ruzivo irworwo hakungoise vaongorori panguva yakaoma—kunogona kugumisa basa ravo. Takaona nyaya dzevadzidzi vegiredhi vakatozosiya nekuti vaisakwanisa kuwana tsvakiridzo yavanoda. Takaona vatsvakurudzi vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira vachitadza kupa zvipo zvine musoro nekuti vakasiiwa murima, vasingakwanisi kuwana zvidzidzo zvichangoburwa panyaya yavo. Izvi hazvisi zviitiko zvega-ndizvo zvinowanzoitika kune vakawanda muzvidzidzo. Uye havasi vadzidzi chete kana vaongorori vanobva kunyika dzichiri kusimukira vari kutarisana nenyaya iyi. MuUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, vadzidzi vakaremerwa nechikwereti chikuru chevadzidzi vanowanzozviwana vamene vari muchibvumirano chimwe chetecho. Kunyangwe iine raibhurari yeyunivhesiti ine hunhu, mutengo wekutora unodiwa wekunyoresa wemagazini unogona kuve wemuchadenga. Zvakadaro, dzimwe ongororo dzinoratidza kuti vaongorori muUS vane mukana wekubira mapepa edzidzo nekuda kwekudhura kwekuawana, kunyangwe vari munzvimbo ine zviwanikwa zvakawanda. Hurukuro yehutsotsi hwedzidzo haina kujeka, asi zvinokurudzira zviri pachena: kune vazhinji, piracy haisi nzira yekuba; Kuedza kurarama munyika yezvidzidzo umo kuwana ruzivo kunoganhurwa, kutengwa, uye kusingasvikike. Kutsvaka zivo haizi mhosva here? b. piracy sekusateerera kwevanhu Piracy munyika yezvidzidzo haingori nzvimbo yegrey - kuratidzira kukuru, kunovhiringidza. Funga nezvayo sechimiro , izwi rinowanzobatanidzwa nenhamba dzakaita saGandhi kana Martin Luther King, Jr. chekusateerera kwevanhu Kungofanana nekugara-pinda nekufora kwaipikisa masisitimu anodzvanyirira, humbavha hwevadzidzi hunopikisa mamiriro ezvinhu - indasitiri yekutsikisa yemabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora iyo inochengeta ruzivo, ichida muripo wepamusoro-soro wekuwana. Chokwadi ndechekuti hurongwa uhu hahusi husina basa chete — hune hudzvanyiriri. Uye ndeipi nzira iri nani yekudzosera kumashure pane yekumukira ? kwedhijitari Tora nyaya yeSci , zita rinoita kuti vanhu vatye mumwoyo yevaparidzi vezvidzidzo uye vanoita magamba kubva kune vatsvakurudzi. Yakatangwa naAlexandra Elbakyan, mudzidzi weKazakhstani akapedza kudzidza, Sci-Hub akazvarwa kunze kwekudikanwa. -Hub Elbakyan, asingakwanise kuwana mapepa aaida ku thesis yake nekuda kwemitengo yakawandisa, akafunga kugadzira chikuva chaizopa mukana wemahara kumamiriyoni ezvinyorwa zvedzidzo. Chakatanga sechiito chomunhu mumwe chete chokupandukira chakakurumidza kuva sangano repasi rose rakazunungusa hwaro hweindasitiri yokudhinda yezvidzidzo. Kusimuka kweSci-Hub kwanga kusiri kwekungotenderedza paywall-yaive yekudhirowa mutsara mujecha uye ichiti, "Iyi sisitimu yakaputsika, uye yave nguva yekuigadzirisa." Webhusaiti iyi yakave mwenje kune avo vakabatwa nemitengo yakakwira yemagazini ezvidzidzo, kazhinji vachitendeukira kune piracy senzira yavo yega. Zvakaitwa naElbakyan kwaisangova kuba kwezvinhu zvaiva nekodzero; raive dambudziko rakananga kuhurongwa hwehudzvanyiriri hwaiisa pamberi pepurofiti pane kuparadzira ruzivo. mupfungwa iyi inova chombo chekururamisira kwevanhu. Piracy Asi kukanganisa kwekupokana uku hakugumiri pakungopa mukana kumamirioni ezvinyorwa zvedzidzo - zvakafambisa shanduko yehurongwa. Kwemakore, gakava rakatenderedza rakawana kukosha kwakakosha, zvakanyanya semhedzisiro yekufamba senge Sci-Hub. Open access inoreva pfungwa yekuti tsvakiridzo yese yedzidzo inofanirwa kuwanikwa pachena kumunhu wese, pasina paywall kana muripo wekunyoresa. kuvhurika Muna 2012, yakapa kudanwa kwechiito, ichikurudzira shanduko yehunyanzvi hwekutsikisa system kuti ikurudzire kuwanikwa. Nekukurumidza kusvika nhasi, uye majenari mazhinji ezvidzidzo nevatsikisi-vakatarisana nedzvinyiriro kubva kune vaongorori uye masangano-vatamira kune yakavhurika-yekuwana mienzaniso, zvichiita kuti tsvakiridzo yakakosha yedzidzo iwanikwe kune veruzhinji. Budapest Open Access Initiative Imwe yekukunda kwakakosha muhondo yemahara yakauya muna 2016, apo US National Institutes of Health (NIH) yakazivisa kuti tsvakiridzo yese inopihwa mari neruzhinji inofanirwa kuwanikwa pachena mukati megore rekuburitswa. Kuwedzera kwepesvedzero yemapoka evamiriri, kusimuka kwepuratifomu dzakabirwa, uye humbowo hukuru hwekusaenzana muhurongwa hwekutsikisa zvese zvakakonzera shanduko iyi. Uye nepo kuvhurika kuine nzira refu yekuenda isati yanyatsobata iyo yechinyakare yekutsikisa modhi, idzi kukunda kudiki mhedzisiro yekupokana nehurongwa husina kurongeka — uye piracy yanga iri mutyairi mukuru mukuramba ikoko. Kupambadza, kunyange kunokanganisa sezvakungaratidzika, hakusi kungozvidza chete— . Inovhenekera chiedza pamusoro pekusaenzana kwakadzama kwakaiswa mukutsikiswa kwezvidzidzo, kumanikidza nhaurirano yakambofuratirwa. Inzira yekuti vadzidzi, vaongorori, uye vezvedzidzo varambe kubvuma hurongwa hunoganhurira kuwana ruzivo zvichienderana nehukuru hwechikwama chako. kudaidzira kuita chimwe chinhu Nenzira imwecheteyo iyo michina yekudhinda yepasi pevhu muzana ramakore rechi 16 yakarwira kuita demokrasi, piracy yedhijitari nhasi inodenha hutungamiri hunodzora hurukuro yezvidzidzo. c. kutsvedza kwehumbavha Kana tichitaura nezve piracy, hatisi kungotarisana nenyaya yekuwana kana kugona. Tiri kunangana nedambudziko rakadzama, retsika rinobvunza nezvehunhu hwenjere uye kuti tinokoshesa sei basa revagadziri. Nepo nharo dzekubira zviwanikwa zvedzidzo dzichiita sedzakarurama-kunyanya kana dzakarongwa sehondo yekurwisana nemakaro emakambani uye nekuchengetedza gedhi redzidzo-pane kushushikana kwetsika kusingagone kufuratirwa: Ko piracy inozopedzisira yatisvitsa pasi panotsvedza patinotanga kukanganisa kodzero. yevagadziri, vanyori, uye vaongorori? Pakutanga kuona, kubiridzira zvemukati zvedzidzo zvinoita sekwakanaka. Mushure mezvose, tiri kutaura nezvekuputsa zvipingamupinyi zvinodzikisira kuwana ruzivo rwakakosha, kunyanya kana sisitimu yacho yakanyatso kubirwa ichifarira vaparidzi vanofambiswa nepurofiti. Asi chii chinoitika kana isu tikatora pfungwa yepiracy kusvika yakanyanyisa? Tikatanga kuti hazvina kunaka kuwana kana kugovera zvinhu pasina mvumo yevagadziri nekuti hurongwa hwacho hauna kunaka, tinotara mutsetse papi? Mufungo mumwe chetewo ungashandiswa pakubira mamwe marudzi ounyanzvi, mimhanzi, kana kuti mabhuku here? Mubvunzo wakaoma. Nekuti nepo academia ingave yakasarudzika nyaya, tsika dzekuchengetedza pfuma inoshanda kune vese vanogadzira, vangave vanyori, maartist, kana vaimbi. Kana tikapembedza piracy munzvimbo imwechete, zvinovhura musuwo wekukanganiswa kwekodzero dzevasiki mune vamwe? Mhinduro haina kujeka kudaro. Vagadziri — vangave vaongorori vari kunyora bepa rinonakidza kana muimbi ari kurekodha arubhamu — vanodyara nguva yakakosha nesimba muhunyanzvi hwavo. Mitemo yezvivakwa zvehungwaru, yekukanganisa kwavo kwese, iripo kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vagadziri vane nzira yakanaka yekudzivirira basa ravo uye, zvakakosha, kuwana raramo kubva mairi. Kana isu tichibira basa ravo, kunyangwe chiri "chaizvo" chinyorwa chedzidzo, tinobvisa kodzero iyoyo kudzora kugoverwa uye muripo wekushanda kwavo. Nharo yekuti piracy inzira yekumukira hurongwa haigone kunzvenga chokwadi chekuti, isu tiri kuramba vagadziri mukana wekubatsira kubva kune yavo yehungwaru mipiro. Saka, ndeipi imwe nzira? Tingaita sei kuti pave nekuenzana pakati pekukurudzira kuwana kwakawanda kuzvinhu zvedzidzo uye kuremekedza kodzero dzevagadziri pachavo? Sezvineiwo, kune nzira dzakati wandei dzemutemo dzinogona kupa mhinduro pasina kushandisa piracy-nzira dzinotibvumira kunzvenga maitiro ehudzvinyiriri evaparidzi tichiri kutsigira basa reavo vanogadzira. d. vhura kupinda kufamba Bato rekuvhura-kuvhura rave rimwe rematambudziko akanyanya kune monopoly yevaparidzi vezvidzidzo mumakore achangopfuura. Kutungamirirwa nekutenda kuti ruzivo runofanira kuva rwakasununguka uye runowanikwa kune wese munhu, mapuratifomu ekuvhura-akavhurika senge , , uye vari kushandura nzira iyo zvinhu zvedzidzo zvinogoverwa. Aya matura anotambira mamirioni emapepa ekutsvagisa, majenari, uye zvimwe zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, zvinowanikwa pasina muripo kune chero munhu ane internet. arXiv PubMed Central DOAJ Chii chinoita kuti kuvhurika kusvike kuve shanduko ndeyekuti inoshandura masimba emagetsi mukutsikisa zvedzidzo. Sechivanhu, vaparidzi vakaita saElsevier naSpringer vanobata makadhi ese, vachichaja mayunivhesiti, maraibhurari, uye vanhu muripo wakawandisa wekuwana mapepa ekutsvagisa. Vatsikisi ava vanowana purofiti kubva mukutsvagisa kunopihwa mari nevateresi nemayunivhesiti, kazhinji vachinyima veruzhinji kodzero yekuwana ruzivo vakasununguka. Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzakavhurika dzekuwana dzinowanzo pihwa mari nemayunivhesiti, hurumende, kana mamwe masangano asingabatsiri, kuve nechokwadi chekuti tsvakiridzo yacho inowanikwa pachena kune vese pasina madziro ekubhadhara. Tora , semuenzaniso, iyo yave yakakosha kune vesainzi nevatsvaguri, kunyanya muminda yefizikisi, masvomhu, uye sainzi yekombuta. Inzvimbo iyo vaongorori vanorodha preprints emapepa avo, vachivabvumira kugovera basa ravo nenyika risati radhindwa zviri pamutemo. arXiv Iyi nzira inoita kuti vanhu vawane mukana wekutsvagisa, vachipfuura nekuchengeta kwechinyakare kwevaparidzi. Saizvozvo, , inochengeterwa mabhuku esainzi yehupenyu, inopa mukana wemahara kumamiriyoni ezvinyorwa, zvichibatsira kuvhara musiyano mukutsvagisa hutano hwepasirese. PubMed Central Kusimuka kwemapuratifomu aya hakusi kwekuwanikwa chete - ndeye kugadzira mutsva, wakaenzana muenzaniso wekugovana ruzivo unoramba kushandiswa kwezivo nevekutengesa masangano. Kupinda pachena kuri kukura musimba, uye sezvo mamwe masangano anoona kukosha kwayo, kufamba kuri kuwedzera. Nekudaro, pachine nzira refu yekuenda, kunyanya muminda yakaita seyavanhu nesainzi yezvemagariro, uko kuvhura-kuwanikwa kwekutanga kushoma. e. kuvandudzwa kwemasangano: kudanwa kwekupa rubatsiro Nepo hurongwa hwekuvhurika huri kudzvanya miganhu, kuchine basa rakakosha rekuti mayunivhesiti, hurumende nemamwe masangano aite mukupa rubatsiro rwekuwana zviwanikwa zvedzidzo. Kana isu tichitenda zvechokwadi kuti ruzivo rwakanaka kune veruzhinji, saka yave nguva yekuti masangano akwire uye aite kuti izvi zviitike kune wese munhu, kwete chete avo vane nzira dzekubhadharira kuwana. Mayunivhesiti mazhinji uye masangano ezvidzidzo anotonyorera kune akasiyana dhatabhesi ezvidzidzo, asi kuwana kunowanzo kugumira kumadhipatimendi chaiwo kana kuvadzidzi vanokwanisa mari yechikoro. Nekuwedzera kunyoreswa uku kana kupa mukana wakaenzana kune dziva rakakura revashandisi-kunyanya mumasangano asina mari shoma-mayunivhesiti anogona kuita basa rakakosha mukuputsa zvipingamupinyi zvinogadzirwa nemapaywall. Hurumende dzinewo basa rakakosha rekuita. Tsvagiridzo yedzidzo, kunyanya muminda senge mushonga, sainzi yezvakatipoteredza, uye tekinoroji, inowanzopihwa mari nevateresi. Nekudaro, kana tsvagiridzo yaitwa uye nekuburitswa, veruzhinji vanowanzovharirwa kunze, vachimanikidzwa kubhadhara kuwana ruzivo rwavakatopa mari. Kudai hurumende dzaizoisa mari mukutsigira kuwana zviwanikwa zvedzidzo—zvichida negadziriro dzeraibhurari yenyika kana kuti rubatsiro rwakananga kumayunivhesiti—muripo wokuwana ruzivo waigona kuderedzwa zvikuru. Izvi zvingaita kuti tsvakurudzo iwanikwe kwete kune avo vari munyika dzakapfuma chete asiwo kune avo vari munzvimbo dziri kusimukira, uko mari yekuwana zvinyorwa zvesayenzi inogona kurambidza. Munyika dzine zviwanikwa zvishoma, kugona kuwana zviwanikwa zvekutsvagisa kunowanzo kuve kwakaganhurirwa, zvichireva kuti dziva repasi rose rezivo rinoramba rakaganhurirwa. Nekudyara muzvirongwa zvakaita kana , izvo zvinoshanda kuti zvipe mukana wemahara kana unokwanisika wekutsvaga nyika dzichiri kusimukira, hurumende dzinogona kuita basa rakakosha kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwepasi rose mukugovera ruzivo. seResearch4Life Sci-Hub Uye ndizvo zvinokatyamadza zvose: zivo—hwaro humene hwefambiro mberi—iri kubatwa neboka revaparidzi. Vakashandura kudzidza kuita umbozha, vachimanikidza vanhu kuti vasarudze pakati pekugara vaine ruzivo kana kuramba vari pamusoro. Funga nezvazvo: isu tinorarama munguva yatinokwanisa kufambisa raibhurari yese yemafirimu nemadhora gumi pamwedzi, asi kuwana bepa rimwe chete rekutsvagisa? Ndiyo $40, ndapota-uye haitombouyi nemadikidiki. Kana tichida ramangwana iro sainzi inotungamirira nzira, tinofanira kuputsa zvipingamupinyi izvi. Mafambiro ekupinda pachena ari kuwedzera kusimba, asi ari kupikisana nehomwe dzakadzika uye zvishuwo zvakadzika midzi. Izvi hazvisi zvemari chete — ndezvesimba. Simba rekutonga kuti ndiani anodzidza, ndiani achabatsira, uye ndiani anowana mutsauko. Saka uyu mubvunzo wandichakusiya nawo: tinoda kugara munyika yakaita sei? Imwe umo ruzivo iropafadzo kuvashoma? Kana imwe iyo inokodzera vese? Nekuti chero ma paywall aripo, budiriro yese, kurapwa kwese, uye kuwanikwa kwese kunouya nechinoti: Inowanikwa chete kune avo vanokwanisa. Uye iyo, shamwari dzangu, ndiyo nhamo chaiyo yeinonzi 'zera reruzivo.'
