This is the second part of my HCL series. You may find the first part here (Part 1) In the second post of my HCL series I want to extend our example with: Cobra Commandline Variables Functions Cobra is my favorite library to build command-line tools. Cobra We start off with the example program from the first post ( ). source As I write before I want to introduce you to the Cobra command-line tool. In order to use it we have to add a new import: import ( "fmt" "os" "github.com/spf13/cobra" // ... Next rename the function to and refactor it to return a main() newRunCommand() cobra.Command func newRunCommand() *cobra.Command { // contains all variables given by the user with --var "key=value" vars := []string{} cmd := cobra.Command{ Use: "run" Short: "Executes tasks", RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error { config := &Config{} err := hclsimple.Decode("example.hcl", []byte(exampleHCL), nil, config) if err != nil { return err } for _, task := range config.Tasks { fmt.Printf("Task: %s\n", task.Name) for _, step := range task.Steps { fmt.Printf(" Step: %s %s\n", step.Type, step.Name) var runner Runner switch step.Type { case "mkdir": runner = &MkdirStep{} case "exec": runner = &ExecStep{} default: return fmt.Errorf("unknown step type %q", step.Type) } diags := gohcl.DecodeBody(step.Remain, nil, runner) if diags.HasErrors() { return diags } err = runner.Run() if err != nil { return err } } } return nil }, } // Define an optional "var" flag for the commnd cmd.Flags().StringArrayVar(&vars, "var", nil, "Sets variable. Format <name>=<value>") return &cmd } The field describes the subcommand name. The field allows defining a short command description. Use Short The implements the execution of the (sub-)command. It contains our HCL parsing code. Since allows us to return an error we also have refactored the code to just return an error instead of using . RunE RunE os.Exit(1) After that we implement a new function looking like: main func main() { root := cobra.Command{ Use: "taskexec", } root.AddCommand(newRunCommand()) err := root.Execute() if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) os.Exit(1) } } The root command is just an empty . To the root command we add our subcommand with . cobra.Command root.AddCommand(newRunCommand()) Let's try out what happens if we run our program: go run main.go Usage: taskexec [command] Available Commands: completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell help Help about any command run Executes tasks Flags: -h, --help help for taskexec Let's try to show the help for the subcommand: go run main.go run -h Executes tasks Usage: taskexec run [flags] Flags: -h, --help help for run --var stringArray Sets variable. Format <name>=<value> Great! Next, we want to make use of the variables. To use variables in our HCL config, we must learn about the hcl.EvalContext EvalContext The allows as to define variables and functions. hcl.EvalContext type EvalContext struct { Variables map[string]cty.Value Functions map[string]function.Function } For now, we focus on the variables. The map allows us to define the variable name as key and as value a . The is part of the package. The package provides a dynamic type system. Variables cty.Value cty.Value github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty You can read more about on the . cty github project Let's come back to . Where is this context struct actually used? In our example code we have two instances: hcl.EvalContext hclsimple.Decode("example.hcl", []byte(exampleHCL), /*&hcl.EvalContext{}*/ nil, config) and diags := gohcl.DecodeBody(step.Remain, /*&hcl.EvalContext{}*/ nil, runner) Variables In our command we have defined a slice which contains the user-defined variables in the format: vars --var "key=value" ... So let's get started and create and populate it with the parameters from the command line. hcl.EvalContext vars func newEvalContext(vars []string) (*hcl.EvalContext, error) { varMap := map[string]cty.Value{} for _, v := range vars { el := strings.Split(v, "=") if len(el) != 2 { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid format: %s", v) } varMap[el[0]] = cty.StringVal(el[1]) } ctx := &hcl.EvalContext{} ctx.Variables = map[string]cty.Value{ "var": cty.ObjectVal(varMap), } return ctx, nil } We use the function in our subcommand to create the EvalContext and use the context in all places where we decode the HCL document: newEvalContext() // ... RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error { ctx, err := newEvalContext(vars) if err != nil { return err } config := &Config{} err = hclsimple.Decode("example.hcl", []byte(exampleHCL), ctx, config) // ... for _, task := range config.Tasks { fmt.Printf("Task: %s\n", task.Name) for _, step := range task.Steps { // ... diags := gohcl.DecodeBody(step.Remain, ctx, runner) // ... } } return nil }, // ... And finally, we change our to make use of variables: exampleHCL exampleHCL = ` task "first_task" { step "mkdir" "build_dir" { path = var.buildDir } step "exec" "list_build_dir" { command = "ls ${var.buildDir}" } } ` Let's try to execute the command without defining the variable: buildDir go run main.go run ... example.hcl:4,15-24: Unsupported attribute; This object does not have an attribute named "buildDir"., and 1 other diagnostic(s) exit status 1 Good, it fails with a detailed error message. Now we try to execute the command with the needed variable: go run main.go run --var buildDir=./build Task: first_task Step: mkdir build_dir Step: exec list_build_dir And it works as expected! You can see the full source code here Functions Next, we want to explore how e.g. Terraform provides these nice inline functions which makes life so much easier to deal with input variables. It might not make much sense in our example but let's try to implement a function that converts all cased letters into uppercase: helloValue = "${upper("hello")} World" To implement a function we must add a new module to our import . "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function" We have to use the struct to create with our function implementation: function.Spec function.New var upperFn = function.New(&function.Spec{ // Define the required parameters. Params: []function.Parameter{ { Name: "str", Type: cty.String, AllowDynamicType: true, }, }, // Define the return type Type: function.StaticReturnType(cty.String), // Function implementation: Impl: func(args []cty.Value, retType cty.Type) (cty.Value, error) { in := args[0].AsString() out := strings.ToUpper(in) return cty.StringVal(out), nil }, }) And last we add the new function to our EvalContext: func newEvalContext(vars []string) (*hcl.EvalContext, error) { // ... ctx.Functions = map[string]function.Function{ "upper": upperFn, } return ctx, nil } Update the to make use of our brand new define function: exampleHCL exampleHCL = ` task "first_task" { step "mkdir" "build_dir" { path = upper(var.buildDir) } step "exec" "list_build_dir" { command = "ls ${ upper(var.buildDir) }" } } ` Add some debug output to our example Step execution (mkdir, exec) and run the program: go run main.go run --var "buildDir=./build" Task: first_task Step: mkdir build_dir Path:./build Step: exec list_build_dir Command: ls ./BUILD and as expected we have an upper case build directory. If you don't want to implement all the functions yourself or you need some inspiration to implement a function you find want you looking for here: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function/stdlib https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform/blob/main/internal/lang/functions.go Resources Resources: Part 1 - Hate YAML? Build your next tool with HCL! Full Source Code Gist Full Source Code package main import ( "fmt" "os" "strings" "github.com/spf13/cobra" "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty" "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2" "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/gohcl" "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2/hclsimple" "github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/function" ) var ( exampleHCL = ` task "first_task" { step "mkdir" "build_dir" { path = upper(var.buildDir) } step "exec" "list_build_dir" { command = "ls ${ upper(var.buildDir) }" } } ` ) func main() { root := cobra.Command{ Use: "taskexec", } root.AddCommand(newRunCommand()) err := root.Execute() if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) os.Exit(1) } } func newRunCommand() *cobra.Command { vars := []string{} cmd := cobra.Command{ Use: "run", Short: "Executes tasks", RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error { ctx, err := newEvalContext(vars) if err != nil { return err } config := &Config{} err = hclsimple.Decode("example.hcl", []byte(exampleHCL), ctx, config) if err != nil { return err } for _, task := range config.Tasks { fmt.Printf("Task: %s\n", task.Name) for _, step := range task.Steps { fmt.Printf(" Step: %s %s\n", step.Type, step.Name) var runner Runner switch step.Type { case "mkdir": runner = &MkdirStep{} case "exec": runner = &ExecStep{} default: return fmt.Errorf("unknown step type %q", step.Type) } diags := gohcl.DecodeBody(step.Remain, ctx, runner) if diags.HasErrors() { return diags } err = runner.Run() if err != nil { return err } } } return nil }, } cmd.Flags().StringArrayVar(&vars, "var", nil, "Sets variable. Format <name>=<value>") return &cmd } func newEvalContext(vars []string) (*hcl.EvalContext, error) { varMap := map[string]cty.Value{} for _, v := range vars { el := strings.Split(v, "=") if len(el) != 2 { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid format: %s", v) } varMap[el[0]] = cty.StringVal(el[1]) } ctx := &hcl.EvalContext{} ctx.Variables = map[string]cty.Value{ "var": cty.ObjectVal(varMap), } ctx.Functions = map[string]function.Function{ "upper": upperFn, } return ctx, nil } var upperFn = function.New(&function.Spec{ // Define the required parameters. Params: []function.Parameter{ { Name: "str", Type: cty.String, AllowDynamicType: true, }, }, // Define the return type Type: function.StaticReturnType(cty.String), // Function implementation: Impl: func(args []cty.Value, retType cty.Type) (cty.Value, error) { in := args[0].AsString() out := strings.ToUpper(in) return cty.StringVal(out), nil }, }) type Config struct { Tasks []*Task `hcl:"task,block"` } type Task struct { Name string `hcl:"name,label"` Steps []*Step `hcl:"step,block"` } type Step struct { Type string `hcl:"type,label"` Name string `hcl:"name,label"` Remain hcl.Body `hcl:",remain"` } type ExecStep struct { Command string `hcl:"command"` } func (s *ExecStep) Run() error { fmt.Println("\tCommand: " + s.Command) return nil } type MkdirStep struct { Path string `hcl:"path"` } func (s *MkdirStep) Run() error { fmt.Println("\tPath:" + s.Path) return nil } type Runner interface { Run() error }
