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Each participant stores a tree of pending commands locally, in addition to the state variables viewNumber (starting at 1, stores the highest QC it voted to commit), and prepareQC (starts at nil) Each participant sends signed messages to the leader participant in a p2p channel (the star topology communication network) Using threshold digital signature schemes, HotStuff achieves linear authenticator complexity regardless of whether the leader is correct or faulty or faulty. Using the star communication network, the network can achieve consensus with reduced communication complexity but increased round complexity. When a participant gives up on a round, it broadcasts a timeout message with the round-entry certificate.