Cosmetic improvements to checkboxes and radios using CSS Radios (or ) and checkboxes are very important input elements commonly found in so many forms on the web. radio buttons are used where multiple values from a list of predefined values may apply — for example, marking multiple files for deletion from a list of files. Checkboxes on the other hand are used where only one value is applicable — for example, selecting gender from a list. Radio buttons In this tutorial, we’ll examine using a step-by-step approach, how to of radios and checkboxes using CSS of the input elements. improve the aesthetics and appearance while still preserving the accessibility In order to fully appreciate this tutorial, a basic understanding of CSS — selectors and style rules is required. However, you don’t really have to be a CSS expert to follow through. Motivation When it comes to appearances, radios and checkboxes are somewhat awkward and inconsistent across different browsers. Often times, a uniform appearance is desired for checkboxes and radio buttons, irrespective of the browser being used. Most frameworks like Bootstrap already provide custom styling for the appearance of these input elements. However, if you are not using a CSS framework, you may need to be able to customize your own checkboxes and radio buttons — hence this tutorial. CSS Design Blueprint in order to create a customized radio button or checkbox. In this list, I will keep referring to a or as just . Here is an outline of steps to follow checkbox radio button input element .Wrap the input element with a element and attach a label text for the input element if necessary. This is also useful for maintaining the accessibility of the input element. Ensure you have a label for the input element <label></label> **Add the customization element after the input element.**The customization element is an empty element that will hold all the styles for the custom appearance of the input. It must come after the input element and they must both have the same parent element. **Make the native input element go away.**Add the necessary styles to prevent the native input element from being visually presented. Avoid using styles that will remove the input element from the visual flow of the page, since they will be ignored by screen readers and will also impact keyboard accessibility negatively. **Customize all you want.**Add the necessary styles to the customization element to get the desired custom appearance of the input. Use the pseudo-class to add styles based on the checked state of the input element.CSS generated content may be used if necessary, leveraging on and pseudo-elements. :checked ::before ::after Implementation We will go ahead and implement our customizations based on the blueprints we’ve just seen. We’ll start with a minimalistic markup for the custom input element and then the styles. design Basic Markup Here is a sample markup HTML for the input element. The checkbox element here is defined with a class. The customization element for the checkbox is given a class of . check-custom check-toggle Using classes in this way makes it easy to opt in or out of the customization. For example — if the class is not passed, the native checkbox is shown instead. check-custom Hide the Native Element You could easily attach the attribute to the input element to prevent it from being visually presented like so: hidden <input type="checkbox" class="check-custom" hidden> However, this should be discouraged. CSS styles should be used to hide the native input element instead. Here is a simple style definition to ensure that the native input element is not visually presented. Here, an attribute selector and a class selector are used with the type selector to ensure that the styles apply to only checkboxes with the specified class. .check-custom input Customize the Checkbox First, we will add the basic styles for the appearance of the checkbox as follows: Notice how the ( ) was used in the selector to target the customization element after the input element. Here it is again: general sibling combinator **A ~ B** input[type='checkbox'].check-custom ~ .check-toggle This selector will match any element with a class, that is a direct sibling of and comes after any checkbox element with a class. check-toggle input check-custom Finally, it’s time to add styles for the various states of the check box. Notice here that I have used an inline SVG of a white checkmark in addition to a blue derivative color as the background for the custom checkbox when it is checked. Though I have used very simple styles here, it is completely up to you to use as much styling as will be required for the customization you desire. Here are the complete styles for the custom checkbox: Comparison Demo Here is a very simple demo, comparing the appearances of the custom and native checkboxes. (A_dditional styles have been applied to aid the visual presentation_) Implementing Custom Radio Button We’ve already seen an implementation for a custom checkbox. Let’s quickly see how we can implement a custom radio button by following the design blueprint we saw earlier. Basic Markup Here is a sample markup HTML for the radio button. Here, we have changed the input type to . We have also retained the class names on the elements for consistency. radio Before we go on to writing the styles for our custom radio button, let’s have a fair idea of what our radio button should look like. Here is a side-by-side comparison between the appearance of our custom radio button and the native one. Styling the Radio Button From the screenshot above, it can be seen that our custom radio button has something that looks like a small box at its middle when it is in checked state. To create that box for the checked state, we will leverage on the pseudo-element of the customization element. ::after All other styles are almost the same with what we saw before for the checkbox. Here are the styles needed to create our custom radio button. Notice here that we are now using the base selector to ensure that we are targeting only radio buttons. Remember again that it’s completely up to you to style the custom radio button however you seem fit. input[type=’radio’] Case Study: Toggle Switch There are a couple of use cases for customized checkboxes and radio buttons that may not be so apparent. One of these is the . toggle switch A can be seen as a checkbox that toggles between two values based on its checked and unchecked state — usually having the appearance of a switch. toggle switch We can modify the styles for the customization element of our custom checkbox to give it the appearance of a switch. The Markup Let’s start with a sleight modification of the markup to add a class to the input element. Here is what it is: toggle-switch Checkbox — Why not Radio? Notice, in the markup for the toggle switch, that we are using an input type of for the toggle switch. A good question will be — checkbox “Can we also use a **radio** input element?” The reason is due to the difference in the toggle behavior of a radio button and a checkbox when they are already in checked state. The answer is NO. A radio button on its own cannot be unchecked by mere user interaction when already in checked state. Hence, it is not ideal for use as a toggle switch. This simple demo shows the difference between using a radio button and a checkbox as the basis for a toggle switch. The Styles We will make a couple of modifications to the styles for the customization element to make it look like a switch. A typical switch consists of an and an that aligns to either the left or right side of the frame depending on the state of the switch. outer frame inner slider To achieve this design, we will leverage on the and pseudo-elements of the customization element. The pseudo-element will be the outer frame, while the pseudo-element will be the inner slider. ::before ::after ::before ::after The resulting toggle switch will look like the following screenshot — (Additional styles have been applied to aid the visual presentation) Here are the styles for the toggle switch: About Accessibility For all the customizations we did in this tutorial, we were able to ensure that our custom radio buttons and checkboxes remained accessible — which is a very good feat by the way. Hence, tab focusing, check toggling with spacebar and all other accessibility characteristics of the input elements are preserved. This is possible because: the element was used to wrap the input elements. Hence always remember to wrap the native input element and the customization element in a parent element. <label></label> <label> the native input elements are still preserved in the visual flow of the page, even though they are not visually presented. Another important improvement on the accessibility of our customized elements will be to add a text or element that provides a readable label — using any of the following options: a child element or text within the parent element. <label> a hidden label text specified using the attribute. aria-label a separate element linked to the input element using the attribute. aria-labelledby Still on ARIA attributes, you can also use the attribute together with the basic to indicate checked state of the input elements. aria-checked checked For the toggle switch, you should add the ARIA role to the input element to indicate that it is a toggle switch. role=”switch” Finally, always ensure that you employ adequate styles for the state of the input element in order to provide a useful visual cue. focus Conclusion Finally, we’ve come to the end of this tutorial and we’ve seen a very simple design blueprint that can guide us in making cosmetic changes to native radio buttons and checkboxes with just CSS, and still preserving their accessibility. Like stated in the tutorial, you are not restricted to the customization styles used in the tutorial. In fact, it’s completely up to you to style the custom elements however you seem fit. Clap & Follow If you found this article insightful, feel free to give some rounds of applause if you don’t mind. You should follow me on ( ) for updates on more insightful articles like this one. You can also follow me on my handle ( ). Medium Glad Chinda Twitter @gladchinda Enjoy coding…

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