Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Related Work
Model
Experiments
Ablation Study
Conclusion, Limitations, and Risks 6. Conclusion We propose SEAMLESSEXPRESSIVELM to achieve expressive S2ST with chain-of-thought, which unifies semantic and acoustic language modeling, and improves efficiency over cascaded approach. 7. Limitations and Risks Limitations. One limitation of this work is that it focuses on speech-only modeling. Existing works have shown improved speech translation quality with different data types such as aligned speechtext data. The experiments are conducted in a limited setting where the model and training data sizes are not large. Scaling up model and data would help to enhance the translation performance. Ethical considerations. The proposed model is intended to use for expressive speech-to-speech translation with both semantics and vocal style preserved. In case of failure, the system will generate inaccurate semantic meaning or vocal styles, thus negatively impacting the translation quality. One example of unintended use is that bad actors misappropriate the model for nefarious activities such as online scams. References Loïc Barrault, Yu-An Chung, Mariano Cora Meglioli, David Dale, Ning Dong, Mark Duppenthaler, Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Brian Ellis, Hady Elsahar, Justin Haaheim, John Hoffman, Min-Jae Hwang, Hirofumi Inaguma, Christopher Klaiber, Ilia Kulikov, Pengwei Li, Daniel Licht, Jean Maillard, Ruslan Mavlyutov, Alice Rakotoarison, Kaushik Ram Sadagopan, Abinesh Ramakrishnan, Tuan Tran, Guillaume Wenzek, Yilin Yang, Ethan Ye, Ivan Evtimov, Pierre Fernandez, Cynthia Gao, Prangthip Hansanti, Elahe Kalbassi, Amanda Kallet, Artyom Kozhevnikov, Gabriel Mejia Gonzalez, Robin San Roman, Christophe Touret, Corinne Wong, Carleigh Wood, Bokai Yu, Pierre Andrews, Can Balioglu, Peng-Jen Chen, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Maha Elbayad, Hongyu Gong, Francisco Guzmán, Kevin Heffernan, Somya Jain, Justine Kao, Ann Lee, Xutai Ma, Alexandre Mourachko, Benjamin Peloquin, Juan Pino, Sravya Popuri, Christophe Ropers, Safiyyah Saleem, Holger Schwenk, Anna Sun, Paden Tomasello, Changhan Wang, Jeff Wang, Skyler Wang, and Mary Williamson. 2023. Seamless: Multilingual expressive and streaming speech translation. CoRR, abs/2312.05187. Sanyuan Chen, Chengyi Wang, Zhengyang Chen, Yu Wu, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Jinyu Li, Naoyuki Kanda, Takuya Yoshioka, Xiong Xiao, Jian Wu, Long Zhou, Shuo Ren, Yanmin Qian, Yao Qian, Jian Wu, Michael Zeng, Xiangzhan Yu, and Furu Wei. 2022. Wavlm: Large-scale self-supervised pre-training for full stack speech processing. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., 16(6):1505–1518. Alexandre Défossez, Jade Copet, Gabriel Synnaeve, and Yossi Adi. 2022. High fidelity neural audio compression. CoRR, abs/2210.13438. Qianqian Dong, Zhiying Huang, Qiao Tian, Chen Xu, Tom Ko, Yunlong Zhao, Siyuan Feng, Tang Li, Kexin Wang, Xuxin Cheng, Fengpeng Yue, Ye Bai, Xi Chen, Lu Lu, Zejun Ma, Yuping Wang, Mingxuan Wang, and Yuxuan Wang. 2023. Polyvoice: Language models for speech to speech translation. CoRR, abs/2306.02982. Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Hongyu Gong, Ning Dong, Jingfei Du, Ann Lee, Vedanuj Goswami, Changhan Wang, Juan Pino, Benoît Sagot, and Holger Schwenk. 2023. Speechmatrix: A large-scale mined corpus of multilingual speech-to-speech translations. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), ACL 2023, Toronto, Canada, July 9-14, 2023, pages 16251–16269. Association for Computational Linguistics. Jarod Duret, Benjamin O’Brien, Yannick Estève, and Titouan Parcollet. 2023. Enhancing expressivity transfer in textless speech-to-speech translation. CoRR, abs/2310.07279. Hongyu Gong, Ning Dong, Sravya Popuri, Vedanuj Goswami, Ann Lee, and Juan Pino. 2023. Multilingual speech-to-speech translation into multiple target languages. CoRR, abs/2307.08655. Wei-Ning Hsu, Benjamin Bolte, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Kushal Lakhotia, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Abdelrahman Mohamed. 2021. Hubert: Self-supervised speech representation learning by masked prediction of hidden units. IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 29:3451–3460. Ye Jia, Michelle Tadmor Ramanovich, Tal Remez, and Roi Pomerantz. 2022. Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservation. In International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2022, 17-23 July 2022, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, volume 162, pages 10120–10134. PMLR. Ye Jia, Ron J. Weiss, Fadi Biadsy, Wolfgang Macherey, Melvin Johnson, Zhifeng Chen, and Yonghui Wu. 2019. Direct speech-to-speech translation with a sequence-to-sequence model. In Interspeech 2019, 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Graz, Austria, 15-19 September 2019, pages 1123–1127. ISCA. Ann Lee, Hongyu Gong, Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Holger Schwenk, Peng-Jen Chen, Changhan Wang, Sravya Popuri, Yossi Adi, Juan Miguel Pino, Jiatao Gu, and Wei-Ning Hsu. 2022. Textless speech-tospeech translation on real data. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL 2022, Seattle, WA, United States, July 10-15, 2022, pages 860–872. Association for Computational Linguistics. Yifan Peng, Ilia Kulikov, Yilin Yang, Sravya Popuri, Hui Lu, Changhan Wang, and Hongyu Gong. 2024. Mslm-s2st: A multitask speech language model for textless speech-to-speech translation with speaker style preservation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.12408. Paul K. Rubenstein, Chulayuth Asawaroengchai, Duc Dung Nguyen, Ankur Bapna, Zalán Borsos, Félix de Chaumont Quitry, Peter Chen, Dalia El Badawy, Wei Han, Eugene Kharitonov, Hannah Muckenhirn, Dirk Padfield, James Qin, Danny Rozenberg, Tara N. Sainath, Johan Schalkwyk, Matthew Sharifi, Michelle Tadmor Ramanovich, Marco Tagliasacchi, Alexandru Tudor, Mihajlo Velimirovic, Damien Vincent, Jiahui Yu, Yongqiang Wang, Vicky Zayats, Neil Zeghidour, Yu Zhang, Zhishuai Zhang, Lukas Zilka, and Christian Havnø Frank. 2023. Audiopalm: A large language model that can speak and listen. CoRR, abs/2306.12925. Chengyi Wang, Sanyuan Chen, Yu Wu, Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Yanqing Liu, Huaming Wang, Jinyu Li, Lei He, Sheng Zhao, and Furu Wei. 2023. Neural codec language models are zero-shot text to speech synthesizers. CoRR, abs/2301.02111. Neil Zeghidour, Alejandro Luebs, Ahmed Omran, Jan Skoglund, and Marco Tagliasacchi. 2022. Soundstream: An end-to-end neural audio codec. IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 30:495– 507. Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Chengyi Wang, Sanyuan Chen, Yu Wu, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Yanqing Liu, Huaming Wang, Jinyu Li, Lei He, Sheng Zhao, and Furu Wei. 2023. Speak foreign languages with your own voice: Cross-lingual neural codec language modeling. CoRR, abs/2303.03926. Authors:
(1) Hongyu Gong, Meta AI (hygong@meta.com);
(2) Bandhav Veluri, Meta AI (bandhav@meta.com). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and 1. Introduction Abstract and 1. Introduction Related Work Model Experiments Ablation Study Conclusion, Limitations, and Risks Related Work Related Work Model Model Experiments Experiments Ablation Study Ablation Study Conclusion, Limitations, and Risks Conclusion, Limitations, and Risks 6. Conclusion We propose SEAMLESSEXPRESSIVELM to achieve expressive S2ST with chain-of-thought, which unifies semantic and acoustic language modeling, and improves efficiency over cascaded approach. 7. Limitations and Risks Limitations . One limitation of this work is that it focuses on speech-only modeling. Existing works have shown improved speech translation quality with different data types such as aligned speechtext data. The experiments are conducted in a limited setting where the model and training data sizes are not large. Scaling up model and data would help to enhance the translation performance. Limitations Ethical considerations. The proposed model is intended to use for expressive speech-to-speech translation with both semantics and vocal style preserved. In case of failure, the system will generate inaccurate semantic meaning or vocal styles, thus negatively impacting the translation quality. One example of unintended use is that bad actors misappropriate the model for nefarious activities such as online scams. Ethical considerations. References Loïc Barrault, Yu-An Chung, Mariano Cora Meglioli, David Dale, Ning Dong, Mark Duppenthaler, Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Brian Ellis, Hady Elsahar, Justin Haaheim, John Hoffman, Min-Jae Hwang, Hirofumi Inaguma, Christopher Klaiber, Ilia Kulikov, Pengwei Li, Daniel Licht, Jean Maillard, Ruslan Mavlyutov, Alice Rakotoarison, Kaushik Ram Sadagopan, Abinesh Ramakrishnan, Tuan Tran, Guillaume Wenzek, Yilin Yang, Ethan Ye, Ivan Evtimov, Pierre Fernandez, Cynthia Gao, Prangthip Hansanti, Elahe Kalbassi, Amanda Kallet, Artyom Kozhevnikov, Gabriel Mejia Gonzalez, Robin San Roman, Christophe Touret, Corinne Wong, Carleigh Wood, Bokai Yu, Pierre Andrews, Can Balioglu, Peng-Jen Chen, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Maha Elbayad, Hongyu Gong, Francisco Guzmán, Kevin Heffernan, Somya Jain, Justine Kao, Ann Lee, Xutai Ma, Alexandre Mourachko, Benjamin Peloquin, Juan Pino, Sravya Popuri, Christophe Ropers, Safiyyah Saleem, Holger Schwenk, Anna Sun, Paden Tomasello, Changhan Wang, Jeff Wang, Skyler Wang, and Mary Williamson. 2023. Seamless: Multilingual expressive and streaming speech translation. CoRR, abs/2312.05187. Sanyuan Chen, Chengyi Wang, Zhengyang Chen, Yu Wu, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Jinyu Li, Naoyuki Kanda, Takuya Yoshioka, Xiong Xiao, Jian Wu, Long Zhou, Shuo Ren, Yanmin Qian, Yao Qian, Jian Wu, Michael Zeng, Xiangzhan Yu, and Furu Wei. 2022. Wavlm: Large-scale self-supervised pre-training for full stack speech processing. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., 16(6):1505–1518. Alexandre Défossez, Jade Copet, Gabriel Synnaeve, and Yossi Adi. 2022. High fidelity neural audio compression. CoRR, abs/2210.13438. Qianqian Dong, Zhiying Huang, Qiao Tian, Chen Xu, Tom Ko, Yunlong Zhao, Siyuan Feng, Tang Li, Kexin Wang, Xuxin Cheng, Fengpeng Yue, Ye Bai, Xi Chen, Lu Lu, Zejun Ma, Yuping Wang, Mingxuan Wang, and Yuxuan Wang. 2023. Polyvoice: Language models for speech to speech translation. CoRR, abs/2306.02982. Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Hongyu Gong, Ning Dong, Jingfei Du, Ann Lee, Vedanuj Goswami, Changhan Wang, Juan Pino, Benoît Sagot, and Holger Schwenk. 2023. Speechmatrix: A large-scale mined corpus of multilingual speech-to-speech translations. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), ACL 2023, Toronto, Canada, July 9-14, 2023, pages 16251–16269. Association for Computational Linguistics. Jarod Duret, Benjamin O’Brien, Yannick Estève, and Titouan Parcollet. 2023. Enhancing expressivity transfer in textless speech-to-speech translation. CoRR, abs/2310.07279. Hongyu Gong, Ning Dong, Sravya Popuri, Vedanuj Goswami, Ann Lee, and Juan Pino. 2023. Multilingual speech-to-speech translation into multiple target languages. CoRR, abs/2307.08655. Wei-Ning Hsu, Benjamin Bolte, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Kushal Lakhotia, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Abdelrahman Mohamed. 2021. Hubert: Self-supervised speech representation learning by masked prediction of hidden units. IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 29:3451–3460. Ye Jia, Michelle Tadmor Ramanovich, Tal Remez, and Roi Pomerantz. 2022. Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservation. In International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2022, 17-23 July 2022, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, volume 162, pages 10120–10134. PMLR. Ye Jia, Ron J. Weiss, Fadi Biadsy, Wolfgang Macherey, Melvin Johnson, Zhifeng Chen, and Yonghui Wu. 2019. Direct speech-to-speech translation with a sequence-to-sequence model. In Interspeech 2019, 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Graz, Austria, 15-19 September 2019, pages 1123–1127. ISCA. Ann Lee, Hongyu Gong, Paul-Ambroise Duquenne, Holger Schwenk, Peng-Jen Chen, Changhan Wang, Sravya Popuri, Yossi Adi, Juan Miguel Pino, Jiatao Gu, and Wei-Ning Hsu. 2022. Textless speech-tospeech translation on real data. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL 2022, Seattle, WA, United States, July 10-15, 2022, pages 860–872. Association for Computational Linguistics. Yifan Peng, Ilia Kulikov, Yilin Yang, Sravya Popuri, Hui Lu, Changhan Wang, and Hongyu Gong. 2024. Mslm-s2st: A multitask speech language model for textless speech-to-speech translation with speaker style preservation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.12408. Paul K. Rubenstein, Chulayuth Asawaroengchai, Duc Dung Nguyen, Ankur Bapna, Zalán Borsos, Félix de Chaumont Quitry, Peter Chen, Dalia El Badawy, Wei Han, Eugene Kharitonov, Hannah Muckenhirn, Dirk Padfield, James Qin, Danny Rozenberg, Tara N. Sainath, Johan Schalkwyk, Matthew Sharifi, Michelle Tadmor Ramanovich, Marco Tagliasacchi, Alexandru Tudor, Mihajlo Velimirovic, Damien Vincent, Jiahui Yu, Yongqiang Wang, Vicky Zayats, Neil Zeghidour, Yu Zhang, Zhishuai Zhang, Lukas Zilka, and Christian Havnø Frank. 2023. Audiopalm: A large language model that can speak and listen. CoRR, abs/2306.12925. Chengyi Wang, Sanyuan Chen, Yu Wu, Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Yanqing Liu, Huaming Wang, Jinyu Li, Lei He, Sheng Zhao, and Furu Wei. 2023. Neural codec language models are zero-shot text to speech synthesizers. CoRR, abs/2301.02111. Neil Zeghidour, Alejandro Luebs, Ahmed Omran, Jan Skoglund, and Marco Tagliasacchi. 2022. Soundstream: An end-to-end neural audio codec. IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 30:495– 507. Ziqiang Zhang, Long Zhou, Chengyi Wang, Sanyuan Chen, Yu Wu, Shujie Liu, Zhuo Chen, Yanqing Liu, Huaming Wang, Jinyu Li, Lei He, Sheng Zhao, and Furu Wei. 2023. Speak foreign languages with your own voice: Cross-lingual neural codec language modeling. CoRR, abs/2303.03926. Authors: (1) Hongyu Gong, Meta AI (hygong@meta.com); (2) Bandhav Veluri, Meta AI (bandhav@meta.com). Authors : Authors (1) Hongyu Gong, Meta AI (hygong@meta.com); (2) Bandhav Veluri, Meta AI (bandhav@meta.com). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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Advancements in Speech Translation Address Inefficiency and Errors in Cascaded Models

SEAMLESSEXPRESSIVELM Transforms Speech Translation by Preserving Semantics and Speaker Vocal Style

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