FOD 37: Can We Genuinely Trust LLMs?

The recent surge in the sophistication of Large Language Models (LLMs) — both proprietary and open-source — presents a paradox of potential and perplexity. These systems, characterized by their remarkable natural language processing capabilities, have propelled us into a new era of technological marvels. Yet, they also bring many challenges, chiefly in the realm of trustworthiness.

Last week’s paper, “TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in LLMs” — a joint work of almost 70 researchers — underscores the multifaceted nature of trustworthiness in LLMs. It highlights how these models, while excelling in tasks like stereotype rejection and natural language inference, still grapple with issues of truthfulness, safety, fairness, and privacy. These findings echo the complexities of ensuring AI that is both effective and ethically sound.

The paper also poses a question: “To what extent can we genuinely trust LLMs?”

But can we genuinely trust LLMs? We can’t.

Much better would be to adopt the principle of ‘trust, but verify.’ This approach, reminiscent of Cold War-era diplomacy, is increasingly relevant in the digital age, especially with advancements in AI. It suggests a balanced strategy: embracing the utility and potential of these models while stringently scrutinizing their mechanisms and outcomes.

When working with LLMs, you can trust your expertise in verifying the work that LLM automates or accelerates for you. But you can’t just genuinely trust it. I even think that, along with the new role of an AI engineer, we should have a new job position for an in-house AI Verifier, akin to a fact-checker in a media publication.

The other news from last week ‘complements’ the insights from the paper. Anthropic’s research on AI systems reveals a startling facet of deceptive ‘sleeper agents’ within LLMs. The paper studies threat models where AI models could be secretly trained or emerge to behave safely during training but unsafely in deployment. This discovery of hidden, hazardous capabilities within models, capable of evading standard safety protocols, exposes a critical vulnerability.

Meanwhile, the nuanced shift in OpenAI’s policy, discreetly lifting the prohibition on military applications, adds another layer to the debate. This move, aligning with the U.S. Defense Department’s stance, prompts a critical examination of the ethical and safety implications of AI in high-stakes domains like defense and intelligence. Here, a question of the trustworthiness of the people who build Large Language Models (LLMs) also raises its head.

On a more commercial and, so to speak, physical note, the launch of the Rabbit R1, a standalone AI device, exemplifies the rapid integration of AI in consumer technology. Its innovative use of a Large Action Model (LAM)* signals a shift towards more intuitive, seamless interactions between humans and AI-powered devices. However, it also raises concerns about the trustworthiness and security of such pervasive AI integration in everyday life.

Adding to the global perspective: In its “Global Risks Report 2024,” the World Economic Forum identified AI-generated misinformation and disinformation, along with the resultant societal polarization, as more significant threats in its list of top 10 risks for the next two years, surpassing concerns such as climate change, war, and economic instability.

As we navigate this era of groundbreaking AI advancements, the “trust, but verify” principle remains a beacon. We need to balance the excitement of AI’s potential with rigorous, ongoing scrutiny of its trustworthiness, safety, and ethical implications.

The freshest research papers, categorized for your convenience

Efficient Model Architectures

• MoE-Mamba: Efficient Selective State Space Models with MoE. Researchers from the University of Warsaw developed MoE-Mamba, integrating Mamba, a State Space Model (SSM), with a Mixture of Experts (MoE) layer. This model outperforms both Mamba and Transformer-MoE in efficiency and performance, achieving equivalent results to Mamba with fewer training steps →read the paper

• Blending Is All You Need: Cheaper, Better Alternative to Trillion-Parameters LLM. Researchers from the University of Cambridge and University College London introduced “Blending,” a method combining smaller AI models to match or exceed the performance of larger models like ChatGPT →read the paper

• Soaring from 4K to 400K: Extending LLM’s Context with Activation Beacon. Researchers from the Beijing Academy of AI and Gaoling School of AI developed Activation Beacon, a module enhancing LLMs’ context window length →read the paper

  
  

Benchmark and Evaluation

• CRUXEval: A Benchmark for Code Reasoning, Understanding and Execution. Researchers from MIT CSAIL and Meta AI developed CRUXEval, a benchmark comprising 800 Python functions for evaluating code models’ reasoning and execution skills →read the paper

• Narrowing the Knowledge Evaluation Gap: Open-Domain Question Answering with Multi-Granularity Answers. Researchers from Google Research and Tel Aviv University introduce GRANOLA QA, an evaluation setting for open-domain question answering (QA) that considers multi-granularity answers →read the paper

• TOFU: A Task of Fictitious Unlearning for LLMs. Researchers from Carnegie Mellon University introduced TOFU, a benchmark for evaluating unlearning in LLMs using synthetic author profiles →read the paper

  
  

Attention Mechanisms and Model Efficiency

• Lightning Attention-2: A Free Lunch for Handling Unlimited Sequence Lengths in LLMs. Researchers from OpenNLPLab developed Lightning Attention-2, an advanced linear attention mechanism for LLMs that efficiently handles unlimited sequence lengths without increased memory usage or decreased speed →read the paper

• Transformers are Multi-State RNNs. Researchers from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and FAIR AI at Meta, redefined decoder-only transformers as a variant of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) called infinite Multi-State RNNs (MSRNNs) →read the paper

• Patchscopes: A Unifying Framework for Inspecting Hidden Representations of Language Models. Researchers from Google Research and Tel Aviv University introduce “Patchscopes,” a new framework for analyzing hidden representations in LLMs →read the paper

  
  

Enhancing Model Performance

• Chain-of-Table: Evolving Tables in the Reasoning Chain for Table Understanding. Researchers from University of California, San Diego and Google introduce “Chain-of-Table,” a framework that enhances table-based reasoning in LLMs for tasks like table-based question answering and fact verification →read the paper
• Secrets of RLHF in LLMs Part II: Reward Modeling. Researchers from Fudan NLP Lab & Fudan Vision and Learning Lab investigate Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) in LLMs, focusing on improving reward models used for alignment →read the paper
• DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models. Researchers introduced DeepSeekMoE, an innovative Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture for LLMs →read the paper

Machine Translation and Cross-Lingual Applications

• Tuning LLMs with Contrastive Alignment Instructions for Machine Translation (MT) in Unseen, Low-resource Languages. Researchers from Apple introduced “contrastive alignment instructions” (AlignInstruct) to enhance MT in LLMs for unseen, low-resource languages →read the paper

  
  

Efficient Model Inference

• Efficient LLM Inference Solution on Intel GPU. Researchers from Intel developed an efficient inference solution for LLMs on Intel GPUs. This solution focuses on reducing latency and increasing throughput for LLMs →read the paper

In other newsletters

1. Is this what will replace Transformers? Long-Context Retrieval Models with Monarch Mixer · Hazy Research (stanford.edu)
2. If you are interested in reportage from CES — Hardcore software is the one to go to (a very long reportage!)
3. A wonderful overview of Self-Attention, Multi-Head Attention, Cross-Attention, and Causal-Attention in LLMs by Sebastian Raschka
4. 12 techniques to reduce your LLM API bill and launch blazingly fast products by AI Tidbits
5. DPO praise by Andrew Ng — a very interesting read

Also published here.