Whenever I read about working with DOM in Angular I always see one or few of these classes mentioned: ElementRef, TemplateRef, ViewContainerRef and others. Unfortunately, although some of them are covered in Angular docs or related articles, I’ve yet to found the description of the overall mental model and examples of how these work together. This article aims to describe such model. If you come from angular.js world, you know that it was pretty easy to manipulate the DOM. Angular injected DOM element into link function and you could query any node within component’s template, add or remove child nodes, modify styles etc. However, this approach had one major shortcoming — it was tightly bound to a browser platform. The new Angular version runs on different platforms — in a browser, on a mobile platform or inside a web worker. So a level of abstraction is required to stand between platform specific API and the framework interfaces. In angular these abstractions come in a form of the following reference types: ElementRef, TemplateRef, ViewRef, ComponentRef and ViewContainerRef. In this article we’ll take a look at each reference type in detail and show how they can be used to manipulate DOM. @ViewChild Before we explore the DOM abstractions, let’s understand how we access these abstractions inside a component/directive class. Angular provides a mechanism called DOM queries. It comes in a form of @ViewChild and @ViewChildren decorators. They behave the same, only the former returns one reference, while the latter returns multiple references as a object. In this article in examples I’ll be using mostly ViewChild decorator and will not be using @ symbol before it. QueryList Usually, these decorators work in pair with . A is simply a named reference to a DOM element within a template. You can view it as something similar to id attribute of an html element. You mark a DOM element with a template reference and then query it inside a class using ViewChild decorator. Here is the basic example: template reference variables template reference variable @Component({ selector: 'sample', template: ` <span #tref>I am span</span> ` }) export class SampleComponent implements AfterViewInit { @ViewChild("tref", {read: ElementRef}) tref: ElementRef; ngAfterViewInit(): void { // outputs `I am span` console.log(this.tref.nativeElement.textContent); } } The basic syntax to ViewChild decorator is the following: @ViewChild([reference from template], {read: [reference type]}); In this example you can see that I specified tref as a template reference name in html and receive ElementRef associated with this element. The second parameter read is not always required, since angular can infer the reference type by the type of the DOM element. For example, if it’s a simple html element like span, angular returns ElementRef. If it’s a template element, it returns TemplateRef. Some references, like ViewContainerRef cannot be inferred and have to be asked for specifically in read parameter. Others, like ViewRef cannot be returned from the DOM and have to be constructed manually. Okay, now that we know how to query for the references, let’s start exploring them. ElementRef This is the most basic abstraction. If you observe it’s class structure, you’ll see that it only holds the native element it’s associated with. It’s useful for accessing native DOM element as we can see here: // outputs `I am span` console.log(this.tref.nativeElement.textContent); However, such usage by Angular team. Not only it poses security risk, but it also creates tight coupling between your application and rendering layers which makes is difficult to run an app on multiple platforms. I believe that it’s not the access to nativeElement that breaks the abstraction, but rather usage of specific DOM API like textContent. But as you’ll see later the DOM manipulation mental model implemented in Angular hardly ever requires such a lower level access. is discouraged ElementRef can be returned for any DOM element using ViewChild decorator. But since all components are hosted inside a custom DOM element and all directives are applied to DOM elements, component and directive classes can obtain an instance of ElementRef associated with their host element through DI mechanism: @Component({ selector: 'sample', ... export class SampleComponent{ constructor(private hostElement: ElementRef) { //outputs <sample>...</sample> console.log(this.hostElement.nativeElement.outerHTML); } So while a component can get access to it’s host element through DI, the ViewChild decorator is used most often to get a reference to a DOM element in their view (template). And it’s vice verse with directives — they have no views and they usually work directly with the element they are attached to. TemplateRef The notion of template should be familiar for most web developers. It’s a group of DOM elements that are reused in views across the app. Before HTML5 standard introduced tag, most templates arrived to a browser wrapped in a script tag with some variations of type attribute: template <script id="tpl" type="text/template"> <span>I am span in template</span> </script> This approach certainly had many drawbacks like the semantics and the necessity to manually create DOM models. With template tag a browser parses html and creates DOM tree but not renders it. It then can be accessed through content property: <script> let tpl = document.querySelector('tpl'); let container = document.querySelector('tpl'); insertAfter(container, tpl.content); </script> <div class="insert-after-me"></div> <template id="tpl"> <span>I am span in template</span> </template> Angular embraces this approach and implements TemplateRef class to work with a template. Here is how it can be used: @Component({ selector: 'sample', template: ` <template #tpl> <span>I am span in template</span> </template> ` }) export class SampleComponent implements AfterViewInit { @ViewChild("tpl") tpl: TemplateRef<any>; ngAfterViewInit() { let elementRef = this.tpl.elementRef; // outputs `template bindings={}` console.log(elementRef.nativeElement.textContent); } } The framework removes template element from the DOM and inserts a comment in its place. This is how it looks like when rendered: <sample> <!--template bindings={}--> </sample> By itself the TemplateRef class is a simple class. It holds a reference to its host element in elementRef property and has one method createEmbeddedView. However, this method is very useful since it allows us to create a view and return a reference to it as ViewRef. ViewRef This type of abstraction represents an angular View. In angular world a View is a fundamental building block of the application UI. It is the smallest grouping of elements which are created and destroyed together. Angular philosophy encourages developers to see UI as a composition of Views, not as a tree of standalone html tags. Angular supports two types of views: which are linked to a Embedded Views Template which are linked to a Host Views Component Creating embedded view A template simply holds a blueprint for a view. A view can be instantiated from the template using aforementioned createEmbeddedView method like this: ngAfterViewInit() { let view = this.tpl.createEmbeddedView(null); } Creating host view Host views are created when a component is dynamically instantiated. A component can be created dynamically using ComponentFactoryResolver: constructor(private injector: Injector, private r: ComponentFactoryResolver) { let factory = this.r.resolveComponentFactory(ColorComponent); let componentRef = factory.create(injector); let view = componentRef.hostView; } In Angular, each component is bound to a particular instance of an injector, so we’re passing the current injector instance when creating the component. Also, don’t forget that components that are instantiated dynamically must be added to of a module or hosting component. EntryComponents So, we’ve seen how both embedded and host views can be created. Once a view is created it can be inserted into the DOM using ViewContainer. The next section explores its functionality. ViewContainerRef Represents a container where one or more views can be attached. The first thing to mention here is that any DOM element can be used as a view container. What’s interesting is that Angular doesn’t insert views inside the element, but appends them after the element bound to ViewContainer. This is similar to how router-outlet inserts components. Usually, a good candidate to mark a place where a ViewContainer should be created is ng-container element. It’s rendered as a comment and so it doesn’t introduce redundant html elements into DOM. Here is the example of creating a ViewContainer at the specific place in a components template: @Component({ selector: 'sample', template: ` <span>I am first span</span> <ng-container #vc></ng-container> <span>I am last span</span> ` }) export class SampleComponent implements AfterViewInit { @ViewChild("vc", {read: ViewContainerRef}) vc: ViewContainerRef; ngAfterViewInit(): void { // outputs `template bindings={}` console.log(this.vc.element.nativeElement.textContent); } } Just as other DOM abstractions, ViewContainer is bound to a particular DOM element accessed through element property. In the example about it’s bound to ng-container element rendered as a comment, and so the output is template bindings={}. Manipulating views ViewContainer provides a convenient API for manipulating the views: class ViewContainerRef { ... clear() : void insert(viewRef: ViewRef, index?: number) : ViewRef get(index: number) : ViewRef indexOf(viewRef: ViewRef) : number detach(index?: number) : ViewRef move(viewRef: ViewRef, currentIndex: number) : ViewRef } We’ve seen earlier how two types of views can be manually created from a template and a component. Once we have a view, we can insert it into a DOM using insert method. So, here is the example of creating an embedded view from a template and inserting it in a particular place marked by ng-container element: @Component({ selector: 'sample', template: ` <span>I am first span</span> <ng-container #vc></ng-container> <span>I am last span</span> <template #tpl> <span>I am span in template</span> </template> ` }) export class SampleComponent implements AfterViewInit { @ViewChild("vc", {read: ViewContainerRef}) vc: ViewContainerRef; @ViewChild("tpl") tpl: TemplateRef<any>; ngAfterViewInit() { let view = this.tpl.createEmbeddedView(null); this.vc.insert(view); } } With this implementation, the resulting html looks like this: <sample> <span>I am first span</span> <!--template bindings={}--> <span>I am span in template</span> <span>I am last span</span> <!--template bindings={}--> </sample> To remove a view from the DOM, we can use detach method. All other methods are self explanatory and can be used to get a reference to a view by the index, move the view to another location or remove all views from the container. Creating Views ViewContainer also provides API to create a view automatically: class ViewContainerRef { element: ElementRef length: number createComponent(componentFactory...): ComponentRef<C> createEmbeddedView(templateRef...): EmbeddedViewRef<C> ... } These are simply convenient wrappers to what we’ve done manually above. They create a view from a template or component and insert it at the specified location. ngTemplateOutlet and ngComponentOutlet While it’s always good to know how the underlying mechanism works, it’s usually desirable to have some sort of a shortcut. This shortcut comes in a form of two directives: ngTemplateOutlet and ngComponentOutlet. At the time of the writing both are experimental and ngComponentOutlet will be available as of version 4. But if you’ve read everything above it’ll be very easy to understand what they do. ngTemplateOutlet This one marks a DOM element as a ViewContainer and inserts an embedded view created by a template in it without the need to explicitly doing this in component class. This means that the example above where we created a view and inserted it into #vc DOM element can be rewritten like this: @Component({ selector: 'sample', template: ` <span>I am first span</span> <ng-container [ngTemplateOutlet]="tpl"></ng-container> <span>I am last span</span> <template #tpl> <span>I am span in template</span> </template> ` }) export class SampleComponent {} As you can see we don’t use any view instantiating code in the component class. Very handy. ngComponentOutlet This directive is analogues to ngTemplateOutlet with the difference that it creates a (instantiates a component), not an embedded view. And you can use it like this: host view <ng-container *ngComponentOutlet="ColorComponent"></ng-container> Wrapping up Now all this information may seem a lot to digest, but actually it’s pretty coherent and lays out into a clear mental model for manipulating DOM via views. You get a reference to Angular DOM abstractions by using ViewChild query along with template variable references. The simplest wrapper around a DOM element is ElementRef. For templates you have TemplateRef that allows you to create an embedded view. Host views can be accessed on componentRef created using ComponentFactoryResolver. The views can be manipulated with ViewContainerRef. There are two directives that make the manual process automatic: ngTemplateOutlet — for embedded views and ngComponentOutlet for host views (dynamic components). P.S. If you’ve made this far I’ve probably written a useful article. Don’t hesitate to . I am the guy who likes to dig deep to understand things. 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