Courtesy: Kailash Ahirwar (Co-Founder & CTO, Mate Labs ) Intro: Understanding what Artificial Intelligence is and learning how Machine Learning and Deep Learning power it, are overwhelming experiences. We are a group of self-taught engineers who have gone through that experience and are sharing, our understanding ( ) of it and what has helped us along the way, in simplified form, so that anyone who is new to this field can easily start making sense of the technicalities of this technology. through blogs Moreover, during this mission of ours we have created a for anyone to be able to . platform build Machine Learning & Deep learning models without writing even a single line of code — It is the basic unit of a neural network. It gets certain number of inputs and a bias value. When a signal(value) arrives, it gets multiplied by a weight value. If a neuron has 4 inputs, it has 4 weight values which can be adjusted during training time. Neuron(Node) Operations at one neuron of a neural network — It connects one neuron in one layer to another neuron in other layer or the same layer. A connection always has a weight value associated with it. Goal of the training is to update this weight value to decrease the loss(error). Connections — It is an extra input to neurons and it is always 1, and has it’s own connection weight. This makes sure that even when all the inputs are none (all 0’s) there’s gonna be an activation in the neuron. Bias(Offset) — Activation functions are used to introduce non-linearity to neural networks. It squashes the values in a smaller range viz. a Sigmoid activation function squashes values between a range 0 to 1. There are many activation functions used in deep learning industry and ReLU, SeLU and TanH are preferred over sigmoid activation function. . Activation Function(Transfer Function) In this article I have explained the different activation functions available Activation Functions Source — http://prog3.com/sbdm/blog/cyh_24/article/details/50593400 Basic neural network layout — This is the first layer in the neural network. It takes input signals(values) and passes them on to the next layer. It doesn’t apply any operations on the input signals(values) & has no weights and biases values associated. In our network we have 4 input signals x1, x2, x3, x4. Input Layer Hidden layers have neurons(nodes) which apply different transformations to the input data. One hidden layer is a collection of neurons stacked vertically(Representation). In our image given below we have 5 hidden layers. In our network, first hidden layer has 4 neurons(nodes), 2nd has 5 neurons, 3rd has 6 neurons, 4th has 4 and 5th has 3 neurons. Last hidden layer passes on values to the output layer. All the neurons in a hidden layer are connected to each and every neuron in the next layer, hence we have a fully connected hidden layers. Hidden Layers — — This layer is the last layer in the network & receives input from the last hidden layer. With this layer we can get desired number of values and in a desired range. In this network we have 3 neurons in the output layer and it outputs y1, y2, y3. Output Layer — It is the shape of the input matrix we pass to the input layer. Our network’s input layer has 4 neurons and it expects 4 values of 1 sample. Desired input shape for our network is (1, 4, 1) if we feed it one sample at a time. If we feed 100 samples input shape will be (100, 4, 1). Different libraries expect shapes in different formats. Input Shape — A weight represent the strength of the connection between units. If the weight from node 1 to node 2 has greater magnitude, it means that neuron 1 has greater influence over neuron 2. A weight brings down the importance of the input value. Weights near zero means changing this input will not change the output. Negative weights mean increasing this input will decrease the output. A weight decides how much influence the input will have on the output. Weights(Parameters) Forward Propagation Forward propagation is a process of feeding input values to the neural network and getting an output which we call predicted value. Sometimes we refer forward propagation as inference. When we feed the input values to the neural network’s first layer, it goes without any operations. Second layer takes values from first layer and applies multiplication, addition and activation operations and passes this value to the next layer. Same process repeats for subsequent layers and finally we get an output value from the last layer. Forward Propagation — Backward Propagation — After forward propagation we get an output value which is the . To calculate error we compare the predicted value with the . We use a (mentioned below) to calculate the . Then we calculate the derivative of the with respect to each and every weight in the neural network. Back-Propagation uses chain rule of Differential Calculus. In chain rule first we calculate the derivatives of with respect to the of the last layer. We call these derivatives, and use these values to calculate the of the second last layer. We repeat this process until we get for each and every weight in our neural network. Then we subtract this from the to reduce the . In this way we move closer (descent) to the (means minimum loss). Back-Propagation predicted value actual output value loss function error value error value error value weight values gradients gradient gradients gradients gradient value weight value error value Local Minima — When we train neural networks we usually use to optimize the weights. At each iteration we use back-propagation to calculate the derivative of the loss function with respect to each weight and subtract it from that weight. Learning rate determines how quickly or how slowly you want to update your (parameter) . Learning rate should be high enough so that it won’t take ages to converge, and it should be low enough so that it finds the local minima. Learning rate Gradient Descent weight values Precision and Recall — Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. Accuracy — Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. It is the repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement. Precision — Recall refers to the fraction of relevant instances that have been retrieved over the total amount of relevant instances Recall(Sensitivity) — As Wikipedia says: Confusion Matrix In the field of and specifically the problem of , a , also known as an error matrix, is a specific table layout that allows visualization of the performance of an algorithm, typically a one (in it is usually called a ). Each row of the matrix represents the instances in a predicted class while each column represents the instances in an actual class (or vice versa). The name stems from the fact that it makes it easy to see if the system is confusing two classes (i.e. commonly mislabelling one as another). machine learning statistical classification confusion matrix supervised learning unsupervised learning matching matrix Confusion Matrix — Convergence is when as the iterations proceed the output gets closer and closer to a specific value. Convergence — It is used to overcome the over-fitting problem. In regularization we penalise our loss term by adding a L1 (LASSO) or an _L_2(Ridge) norm on the weight vector (it is the vector of the learned parameters in the given algorithm). Regularization w L(Loss function) + ( ) — here λ is your and N(w) is L1 or L2 norm λN w regularization term — Data normalization is the process of rescaling one or more attributes to the range of 0 to 1. Normalization is a good technique to use when you do not know the distribution of your data or when you know the distribution is not Gaussian (a bell curve). It is good to speed up the learning process. Normalisation — When activations of all nodes in one layer goes to each and every node in the next layer. When all the nodes in the Lth layer connect to all the nodes in the (L+1)th layer we call these layers fully connected layers. Fully Connected Layers Fully Connected Layers The loss function computes the error for a single training example. The cost function is the average of the loss functions of the entire training set. Loss Function/Cost Function — ‘ : for mean squared error. mse’ ‘ : for binary logarithmic loss (logloss). binary_crossentropy’ ‘ : for multi-class logarithmic loss (logloss). categorical_crossentropy’ — The optimizer is a search technique, which is used to update weights in the model. Model Optimizers : Stochastic Gradient Descent, with support for momentum. SGD : Adaptive learning rate optimization method proposed by Geoff Hinton. RMSprop : Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) that also uses adaptive learning rates. Adam — Performance metrics are used to measure the performance of the neural network. Accuracy, loss, validation accuracy, validation loss, mean absolute error, precision, recall and f1 score are some performance metrics. Performance Metrics — The number of training examples in one forward/backward pass. The higher the batch size, the more memory space you’ll need. Batch Size — It is the number of times that the model is exposed to the training dataset. Training Epochs One = one forward pass and one backward pass of the training examples. epoch all About At have built , a Machine Learning Platform, where you can build s . enables everyone to easily build and train Machine Learning models, without writing a single line of code. Mate Labs we Mateverse customized ML models in minute without writing a single line of code Our platform Let’s join hands. Share your thoughts with us on . Twitter Tell us if you have some new suggestion. Our ears and eyes are always open for something really exciting.

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