What is BERT? How does one use BERT to solve problems? Google Colab, Tensorflow, Kubernetes on Google Cloud Overview This for people who want to create a REST service using a model built with , the best NLP base model available. I spent a lot of time figuring out how to put a solution together so I figured I would write up how to deploy a solution and share! BERT Why should you read this? Today we have machine learning engineers, software engineers, and data scientists. The trend in deep learning is that models are getting so powerful that there is little need to know about the details of the specific algorithm and can be immediately applied to custom use cases. This trend will turn the job of machine learning engineers into a skill that software engineers have. There will still be data scientists because there will be the need to apply traditional machine learning methods and incorporate domain knowledge on “small” data to solve problems and get the desired performance. What is ? BERT BERT, or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a new method of pre-training language representations which obtains state-of-the-art results on a wide array of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. — Github Project Page Why is important? BERT #1 When performed state-of-the-art on 11 NLP tasks. released On , BERT achieves 93.2% F1 score (a measure of accuracy), surpassing the previous state-of-the-art score of 91.6% and human-level score of 91.2% SQuAD v1.1 BERT also improves the state-of-the-art by 7.6% absolute on the very challenging , a set of 9 diverse Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. GLUE benchmark #2 The main driver for performance Visual Common Sense Deep text-only models perform much better: most notably, BERT [17] obtains 35.0% accuracy. […] Our model, R2C obtains an additional boost over BERT by 9% accuracy, reaching a final performance of 44%. […] The model suffers most when using GloVe representations instead of BERT: a loss of 24%. The empirical evidence demonstrated by using BERT on different tasks across different domains gives good reason to try BERT. Let’s use BERT to solve a classification problem! Find a problem to solve started . Sebastian Ruder a project to track the progress in Natural Language Processing tasks This walkthrough is going to tackle a text classification problem. For simplicity, we are going to choose the since the dataset is a reasonable size and closely aligns with a traditional classification problem. AG News Dataset Refer to this article to get the AG News Dataset ready for training. Part 1: Fine-tune BERT using AG News Dataset The result of following this entire tutorial is . The Google Colab notebook to process the dataset, train, and export the model can be found . The following will go over recreating needed resources for the REST service at a high level. here here , clone the so that we extend the project to meet our needs. First BERT repo , is the file to extend for sentence classification. To add a new data source add a class that extends DataProcessor. The DataProcessor class specifies the methods to implement and you can refer to the other classes that extend DataProcessor to figure out reasonable implementations. Second run_classifier.py class AgnewsProcessor(DataProcessor):"""Processor for the MultiNLI data set (GLUE version).""" def get_train_examples(self, data_dir):"""See base class."""return self._create_examples(self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "train.tsv")), "train") def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir):"""See base class."""return self._create_examples(self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "dev.tsv")),"dev_matched") def get_test_examples(self, data_dir):"""See base class."""return self._create_examples(self._read_tsv(os.path.join(data_dir, "test.tsv")), "test") def get_labels(self):"""See base class."""return ["World","Entertainment","Sports","Business",] def _create_examples(self, lines, set_type):"""Creates examples for the training and dev sets."""examples = []for (i, line) in enumerate(lines):if i == 0:  # for headercontinuesingle_example = self._create_example(line, set_type)examples.append(single_example)return examples def _create_example(self, line, set_type):guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[0]))text_a = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[1])if set_type == "test":label = "World"else:label = tokenization.convert_to_unicode(line[-1])single_example = InputExample(guid=guid, text_a=text_a, label=label)return single_example , copy this to train, evaluate and export the model. For training, this tutorial will use Google Colab notebooks. To use the notebook as designed, create a Google Storage Bucket to store the base model and trained model. Third notebook Why use Google Colab notebooks? They are a free compute resource and easy to share. The initial evaluation results are not very promising. For a deeper analysis look here . ***** Eval results *****eval_accuracy = 0.25eval_loss = 7.6698585global_step = 12000loss = 7.3534603 At the end of Part 1, you should have exported a fine-tuned BERT model trained on data of your choosing. This tutorial saves the model into Google Cloud Storage. Part 2: Write Tenorflow Serving Client Now that we have a saved model. We need to create some code to call the Tensorflow model and get predictions. The code needs to run on a server and the easiest lightweight code to use is . Flask , parse and process the input with FullTokenizer using a call to which outputs an which the BERT model expects. First _create_example InputExample inputExample = processor._create_example([request_id, content['description']], 'test') transform to using Second, InputExample tf.train.Example from_record_to_tf_example tf_example = classifiers.from_record_to_tf_example(3, inputExample, label_list, 64, tokenizer) now send the formatted input to the Tensorflow Serving container. Third, ### create predict request objectmodel_request = predict_pb2.PredictRequest() ### specify name of modelmodel_request.model_spec.name = 'bert' ### specify name of function to callmodel_request.model_spec.signature_name = 'serving_default' ### specify dimetion of requestdims = [tensor_shape_pb2.TensorShapeProto.Dim(size=1)]tensor_shape_proto = tensor_shape_pb2.TensorShapeProto(dim=dims) ### create model input objecttensor_proto = tensor_pb2.TensorProto(dtype=types_pb2.DT_STRING,tensor_shape=tensor_shape_proto,string_val=[model_input]) ### actually send request to model and wait for outputmodel_request.inputs['examples'].CopyFrom(tensor_proto)result = stub.Predict(model_request, 10.0)  # 10 secs timeoutresult = tf.make_ndarray(result.outputs["probabilities"])pretty_result = "Predicted Label: " + label_list[result[0].argmax(axis=0)]app.logger.info("Predicted Label: %s", label_list[result[0].argmax(axis=0)]) Part 3: Build Docker Containers for Tensorflow-Serving and Tenorflow-Serving Client Using the flask app and Tensorflow model, we can create docker containers and deploy them using Kubernetes. (k8s) is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. — Project Page Kubernetes If you don’t know anything about Kubernetes I suggest you go over this set of . tutorials One of the real benefits of using Kubernetes is the abstraction of networking. You can have different pieces of an application deployed in different pods on different nodes and talk to each other internally seamlessly while exposing a single point of entry called a ‘service’. Image Credit: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/kubernetes-basics/expose/expose-intro/ Build Docker Containers and Push Containers to Dockerhub Prerequisite: Create a Dockerhub account # Create Tensorflow Serving Container and host on DockerhubIMAGE_NAME=tf_serving_bert_agnewsVER=1547919083_v2MODEL_NAME=bertDOCKER_USER=lapolonio ~ run -d --name $IMAGE_NAME tensorflow/serving ~/models cp -r  gs://bert-finetuning-ag-news/bert/export/AGNE/1547919083 ~/models cp ~/models/1547919083/ $IMAGE_NAME:/models/$MODEL_NAME cd docker mkdir gsutil docker MODEL_NAME is an internal convention in Tensorflow Serving used to refer to the model and create/name the corresponding model REST endpoint_docker_ commit --change "ENV MODEL_NAME $MODEL_NAME" $IMAGE_NAME $USER/$IMAGE_NAME ### the tag $USER/$IMAGE_NAME $DOCKER_USER/$IMAGE_NAME:$VER push $DOCKER_USER/$IMAGE_NAME:$VER docker docker # Create client to call Bert Model clone https://github.com/lapolonio/bert.git ~/bert git cd CLIENT_IMAGE_NAME=bert_agnews_clientCLIENT_VER=v3DOCKER_USER=lapolonio asset cp gs://cloud-tpu-checkpoints/bert/uncased_L-12_H-768_A-12/vocab.txt asset/ build -t $USER/$CLIENT_IMAGE_NAME . tag $USER/$CLIENT_IMAGE_NAME $DOCKER_USER/$CLIENT_IMAGE_NAME:$CLIENT_VER push $DOCKER_USER/$CLIENT_IMAGE_NAME:$CLIENT_VER mkdir gsutil docker docker docker Create a Kubernetes cluster, deploy containers to Kubernetes in Google Cloud container clusters create bert-cluster ### create k8s clustergcloud config set container/cluster bert-cluster ### set the target cluster to the created clutergcloud container clusters get-credentials bert-cluster --zone us-east1-b --project bert-227121 ### get credentials from google cloud to allow deploymentgcloud convert --stdout | apply -f - ### deploy containerskompose kubectl In Google Cloud Console there is an option to connect to Google Cloud when you select that option the following prompt opens: Image Credit: Google Cloud Console Interface Conclusion: Enterprise-Ready vs Production-Ready This tutorial goes over deploying a Tensorflow model built using BERT in Kubernetes on Google Cloud. We used BERT as the base model to solve an NLP classification task. This solution pattern creates a proof of concept ecosystem to test if Kubernetes is a viable solution to provide Tensorflow models in production in the cloud. There could be barriers to using Kubernetes / Tensorflow Serving such as networking or performance constraints. If Kubernetes is viable there is still a number of steps to get this solution Production-Ready: AutoScaling (to handle different workloads) Logging CNAMES (unless you are ok with referring to possibly changing IPs) Alerts (to notify if service goes down) Automatic builds and deployments (CI/CD) Different Environments for testing Kubernetes is an excellent solution for serving stateless applications at scale. Tensorflow Serving is a robust platform for serving Tensorflow models. Tensorflow Serving provides model versioning functionality and model status endpoints that fit nicely with heartbeats and ready to be used for alerts. __________ Additional Resources: _The year 2018 has been an inflection point for machine learning models handling text (or more accurately, Natural…_jalammar.github.io The Illustrated BERT, ELMo, and co. (How NLP Cracked Transfer Learning) https://github.com/google-research/bert#sentence-and-sentence-pair-classification-task _TensorFlow Variables are the best way to represent shared, persistent state manipulated by your program…_www.tensorflow.org Save and Restore | TensorFlow _The RESTful APIs support a canonical encoding in JSON, making it easier to share data between systems. For supported…_www.tensorflow.org RESTful API | TensorFlow Serving | TensorFlow _This will run the docker container and launch the TensorFlow Serving Model Server, bind the REST API port 8501, and map…_www.tensorflow.org Using TensorFlow Serving with Docker | TensorFlow Serving | TensorFlow _To interact with the Terminal, please use the desktop/tablet version Continue to Module 3›_kubernetes.io Interactive Tutorial — Deploying an App _Google Cloud delivers secure, open, intelligent, and transformative tools to help enterprises modernize for today’s…_cloud.google.com Deploying a containerized web application | Kubernetes Engine Tutorials | Google Cloud _Google Cloud Platform (GCP) is a cloud computing service by Google that offers a set of enterprise cloud services that…_scotch.io Google Cloud Platform I: Deploy a Docker App To Google Container Engine with Kubernetes _Google Cloud delivers secure, open, intelligent, and transformative tools to help enterprises modernize for today’s…_cloud.google.com Exposing applications using services | Kubernetes Engine | Google Cloud

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