Disclosure: , has previously sponsored Hacker Noon. Manifold , the marketplace for independent developer services Use code HACKERNOON2018 to get $10 off any service. In , we described how we set up our cluster. We also went over the initial configuration to support our applications. Now that we have our cluster up and running, it’s time to start deploying these applications. a previous blog post Kubernetes In this blog post, we’ll look at some changes we made at the level. application Health checks Migrating to Kubernetes gave us opportunity to set up . The readiness checks are useful if your application needs to do some bootstrapping. The liveness checks are especially useful for long running services. liveness and readiness probes To simplify this, we created the . We hooked this into our framework, enabling this by default for all our services and workers. healthz package Caveat: Circular Dependencies When a service speaks to another service, it’s sensible to set up a check for this. This comes with the risk of building a . When this occurs, you could face a complete cluster outage which is hard to recover from. To mitigate this, use the “ ” status. This can let you know that there is an issue, but won’t mark your service unavailable. Circular Dependency Degraded 3 applications which depend on each other Outage in Application C Due to the Application C dependency in Application A, Application A becomes unavailable Application A is now unavailable, making Application B unavailable. None of the apps can reboot. Securing Docker Images Whilst migrating over, we also decided to increase the security of our . We did this by ensuring our containers were . Docker Images running unprivileged To go a step further, we also looked into setting up in Kubernetes. With these policies in place, we’d enforce users to run their containers as non-root users. Sadly, we didn’t manage to get the working yet. We didn’t have this enforcement in our legacy setup, so we agreed to postpone this. Pod Security Policies Admission Controller Google have support for this on their . PS: announced Kubernetes Engine Network Policies Some services should only receive requests from a select group of sources. Your log aggregator doesn’t need to speak to your user service. This is where come into play. Network Policies By default, none of our services are available from outside the cluster. The only way to speak to one of these services is through our . Nginx Ingress Within our own application network, we’ve set up a rule so that all services can speak to each other. For this, we labeled each application with a component label, like . Now we can set up a selector for this specific component. component: marketplace By adding service labels, you can also create more fine-grained policies. One of these policies could be to only allow traffic to your from your . money service billing service We can restrict Ingress and Egress traffic as well as inter-application traffic with Network Policies. Tolerating Node Failure In our previous blog post, we looked at how we can set up High Availability (HA) for our instances. This does not translate in ensuring that our applications run in a HA fashion. Scheduling First, you’ll want to . This will ensure that when one of replicas fails, the others can still serve traffic. A new healthy replica will then replace the unhealthy one. run multiple replicas of your Kubernetes Deployment The most common setup is having several Availability Zones. Each Availability Zone then has a set of nodes as well. In an ideal scenario, replicas are spread across these instances. By using , we can exactly do that. We can ask the to look for instances where this type of service isn’t running yet. We can also ask to find an Availability Zone where this service isn’t active yet. Kubernetes will then decide on a node and deploy the application there. Deployment Affinity Kubernetes Scheduler You can see a full example here: podAntiAffinity example to spread load across multiple instances and zones. 2 different applications are deployed across different zones and nodes One of the nodes becomes unavailable, marking all the applications within unhealthy. The unhealthy applications are rescheduled on healthy nodes. By configuring this, you lower the chances of scheduling pods on the same instance. This in turn increases your availability. We’ve configured our cluster to use the preferedDuringScheduling stanza. This tells Kubernetes to try and do this, but don’t enforce it in case there is no instance available which meets the requirements. Rescheduling Kubernetes makes the decision of where to launch your pod when it sees the pod for the first time. As described above, we can also put some constraints on this. Seeing that a cluster is dynamic — pods come and go — and scheduling is static, these constraints could get violated over time. This could for example be due to a lack of resources on other instances or due to instance failure. We resolved this by installing a into our cluster. This can do several things. One of them is making sure the load across instances is within a given range. The other is Descheduling pods that violate their affinity rules. Descheduler This is what it looks like if we continue our previous example: The AutoScaling Group creates a new instance Once the new node becomes available, apps get rescheduled on the new node. An important thing to take note off is that the Descheduler respects . If not configured, all replicas of a specific Deployment could get descheduled at the same time. This could lead to unexpected service outage. PodDisruptionBudgets Conclusion Kubernetes does a great job right off the shelf. It does however need some help to make it aware of your application setup. Once you know this, you’ll be able to use a set of powerful tools: Health Checks Pod (Anti)Affinity Network Policies Security Policies Rescheduling PodDisruptionBudgets To make this easier, we started building . It will set up a bunch of sensible defaults for you. If you then want to, you can overwrite these. Heighliner

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